攀枝花工矿区土壤重金属人为污染的富集因子分析

在环境地球化学研究中,自然异常与人为异常往往同时存在,因此要判断环境污染状况,从自然异常中分离人为异常是十分重要的。文章根据重金属元素的环境地球化学行为,采用富集因子来判别表层土壤中重金属的人为污染情况,攀枝花工矿区的实例研究表明,应用富集因子可有效区分工矿区重金属污染的自然影响和人为影响。     

湖南某植烟土壤重金属含量及其生态风险评价

采集了湖南某植烟区表层土壤样品112份,测定了土壤中6种重金属元素的含量,并采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其污染状况进行评价.结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属平均含量分别为36.25(Cu)、69.78(Zn)、37.66(Pb)、0.36(Cd)、12.71(As)、0.27(Hg)mg·kg-1.6个元素的变异系数在32.57%—59.03%之间,属于中等变异,元素分布不均.污染评价结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、As的单因子污染指数平均值小于1,其污染较轻.而重金属Cd和Hg的超标率为54.46%和58.04%,土壤受到Cd和Hg污染.潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示植烟区土壤重金属属于轻度污染.相关性分析结果表明Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd之间呈显著相关性,As和Hg相关性显著,说明其同源性较高.来源分析表明,研究区Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd污染来源东北部主要为矿区污染,西南部主要是人为源,As主要来源为成土母质和生活源,Hg主要为大气污染源.     

雷州半岛土壤-水果作物系统重金属元素潜在生态风险评价及富集特征研究

通过测定雷州半岛土壤及水果作物As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量,分析雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤重金属元素潜在生态风险,并探讨土壤-水果作物系统中重金属元素的富集特征。结果表明,(1)雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤重金属元素含量的平均值除Pb元素之外,其他均超过广东省土壤环境背景值,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn元素分别为广东省土壤环境背景值的1.72、3.26、1.97、5.30、2.77、7.83、0.94和3.61倍,表明雷州半岛表层土壤重金属元素呈现一定程度的富集现象;从变异系数看,Ni元素的变异系数为115%,属于强变异性;其余7种元素的变异系数在10%—100%之间,具中等变异性,表明雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤重金属元素含量受人为活动影响较大。(2)雷州半岛水果作物表层土壤潜在生态风险平均值为267.16,总体上属于中等—强污染风险;其中,徐闻县、雷州市、麻章区为强污染风险,廉江市、霞山区、坡头区和吴川市为中等污染风险。(3)研究区水果重金属元素含量除了草莓外,其他水果的重金属含量均未超过国家食品污染物限量标准,总体上处于安全状态;但不同水果对同一种重金属元素的吸附能力存在差异,以草莓和番石榴对重金属元素的吸附能力最强,与农药化肥的施用有一定的关系。(4)研究区水果作物与土壤的重金属含量总体上为较弱正相关,富集系数平均值均1,表明重金属元素在土壤-水果作物系统中迁移、转化和富集能力较低。     

贵阳中心区土壤重金属污染及其环境影响

利用1∶25万贵州省多目标区域地球化学调查(贵阳中心区)成果,采用单因子和尼梅罗综合指数法对贵阳中心区表层土壤(0—20 cm)重金属污染及其环境影响进行评价和研究.结果表明,重金属污染程度依次为CdAsHgZnNiCuCrPb.As、Cd、Hg、Zn等元素出现污染,其中Cd最重,污染区占总面积的6.15%,且72%的土壤为警戒区,其次是As,污染区占5.31%,Hg、Zn主要为轻微点状污染,Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb等元素土壤环境质量以清洁和安全区为主,未对土壤造成污染.尼梅罗综合污染指数为0.58—26.72,平均值2.27,表明研究区土壤整体污染已达警戒级别,且区域内污染程度变化范围较大;贵阳中心区表层土壤重金属污染比较严重,清洁区仅占总面积的3.5%,安全区占48.6%,警戒区占32.9%,污染区占15%,近50%土壤不适宜种植农作物.生态环境影响调查结果表明,土壤重金属元素异常区农作物已遭到一定程度的重金属污染,地下水也存在Pb2+超标现象.     

宁东基地不同燃煤电厂周边土壤5种重金属元素污染特征及生态风险

为了解宁东基地不同燃煤电厂周边土壤重金属污染特征,采集并测定了表层土壤样品的Cr、Cd、Pb、As和Hg等5种重金属含量,分析了土壤重金属元素的含量特征、不同风向上重金属含量的分布规律,采用单因子污染指数和综合污染指数对研究区域土壤重金属污染程度进行分析,并利用潜在生态风险指数法对其生态风险进行评价。结果表明:研究区域表层土壤中上述5种重金属元素质量分数的平均值分别为52.19~63.35、0.52~0.57、22.18~26.16、5.57~10.68和0.12~0.18 mg?kg~(-1),均没有超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)二级标准(p H7.5)和《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准(暂行)》(HJ350—2007)A级标准限值,但Cd、Pb和Hg的平均值超过了宁夏土壤背景值,其中Pb含量略高于背景值,Cd和Hg含量明显超出背景值,分别是背景值的4.6~5.1和6.0~9.0倍;Cr、Cd、Pb和As含量在不同燃煤电厂不同风向上的变化无明显规律,而Hg含量呈现西北风向最小,东南风向最大的分布规律,明显受主导风向影响;经单因子污染指数和综合污染指数评价,不同燃煤电厂周边表层土壤重金属的单项和综合污染指数均小于0.7,污染水平属于"清洁"。潜在生态风险指数评价结果进一步表明,电厂周边表层土壤呈轻微生态风险。尽管不同燃煤电厂周边表层土壤受重金属污染影响较小,但Cd和Hg含量在当地积累明显,这2种重金属元素的防治应受到重点关注。该研究可为宁东基地不同燃煤电厂周边土壤重金属污染防治和管理提供理论依据     

春、夏季长江口海水、沉积物及生物体中重金属含量及其评价

根据2009年5月（春季）、8月（夏季）长江口海域的环境调查资料,分析了长江口及其临近海域水相、表层沉积物及生物体内的6种重金属含量及分布特征,利用单因子指数法对污染状况进行了评价,并就污染来源进行了探讨。结果表明：研究海域春季表层水体中以Cu和Hg污染为主,超标率均为30%,而底层则主要为Hg污染,超标率为35%,Zn和Pb除个别站位超标外,其它站位状况良好;夏季表、底层水体中重金属污染以Cu、Zn和Hg污染较为严重,各重金属质量浓度约为春季水体中的2倍。研究海域春季表层沉积物中重金属污染状况由大到小依次为Cd、As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg,夏季表层沉积物中重金属污染状况由大到小依次为Cd、Cu、As、Hg、Zn、Pb,春、夏季沉积物中各重金属质量分数有所差异,总体表现为春季高于夏季。生物体内重金属质量分数状况较好,均符合各类食品安全标准。春、夏季沉积物对重金属的富集能力有所不同;但总体表现为春季富集能力高于夏季,这可能与泥沙再悬浮造成的重金属重新释放有关;鱼类和甲壳类对不同重金属的富集能力有所差异,鱼类对重金属的富集能力由大到小依次为Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg、As,而甲壳类对重金属的富集能力由大到小依次为Pb、Cd、Hg、Zn、Cu、As。     

合肥市城市土壤重金属元素含量及空间分布特征

研究了合肥市城市土壤中重金属的含量、空间分布特征及来源。结果表明,合肥市城市土壤中,Ni和As2种元素污染不明显,但受到Cu、Zn、Pb、Sr、Cd、Hg6种元素不同程度的污染,其中Hg污染最严重。Ni和As2种元素的分布主要受自然因素影响,Cu、Zn、Pb、Sr、Cd、Hg6种元素主要来源于人为输入。Zn,Cd,Pb3种元素的空间分布规律比较相似,表现为在东部工业区和老城区内明显出现富集。Cu和Hg2种元素在合肥市城市土壤中含量的分布规律比较相似,峰值出现在东部工业区、老城区、北部和南部交通干线交汇区。Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu、Hg5种元素可能主要来源于工业活动和交通污染。Sr元素峰值出现在老城区和工业区中间,主要交通干线沿线和交汇地区含量也较高,Sr元素可能主要来源于交通污染。     

北京表层土壤重金属污染分布及大气沉降贡献

土壤重金属污染已成为影响城市可持续发展和生态环境安全的重大环境问题。对城市表土重金属污染状况以及来源进行系统分析具有重要意义。于2013年11月—2014年3月同步采集了北京城区及周边不同位置的大气沉降和0—10 cm表层土壤样品,采用ICP-MS测试了样品中主要重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的质量分数。利用富集因子和地累积指数法探讨了北京表层土壤重金属的污染状况,并对大气沉降贡献进行了定量表征。结果表明,北京表层土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均质量分数分别为0.5、76.8、51.3、25、35.2和133.4 mg·kg~(-1)。6种重金属质量分数都存在明显的"粒径递减"效应,即在2—63μm粒径段,表土重金属质量分数一般随粒径的减小而升高,粒径越小重金属在表土中的富集越明显。北京表层土壤中重金属Cr和Ni基本无污染,Cu、Zn和Pb轻微污染,Cd轻度污染;6种重金属都呈现不同程度的轻度富集(CdCuZnPbCrNi),均受自然源和人为污染源的共同影响。海淀区、朝阳区、东城区和西城区这4个区的交界区域存在Cd、Cu和Pb连片轻度、中度污染至偏重污染。朝阳区和东城区的交界区域、海淀区东南部、西城区西部、东城区西部存在Zn连片轻度污染至中度污染。北京表土中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Pb的大气沉降平均贡献率分别为17.4%、21.2%、14.6%、12.2%、16.0%和20.0%。北京表层土壤重金属污染主要集中在细粒径颗粒,表现出较强的空间分异性,并且受大气沉降不同程度的影响。     

徐州市城区公园绿地土壤重金属污染及其评价

通过对徐州市泉山、云龙、鼓楼、九里4个城区的公园绿地土壤进行系统采样测定,对其土壤重金属富集与污染状况进行分析与评价。结果表明,该城区表层土壤中5种重金属(Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr)含量均高于中国土壤元素背景值,其中Cd单因子富集指数为30.00,污染指数为14.56,富集程度较高,污染较严重;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr单因子富集指数和污染指数均接近1,富集程度较低,无污染或轻度污染。     

海南岛西部农用地表层土壤重金属富集研究

对海南岛西部农业用地表层土壤进行了7种重金属元素含量测定,重金属元素的富集指数计算和相关性分析。结果表明：海南岛西部农业用地表层土壤中重金属元素富集程度大小依次为As〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu〉Ni〉Cd〉Cr。各采样点Cr、Cd和Cu元素处于贫乏状态,As和Pb元素达到严重富集,可能与当地农业活动密切相关。相关性分析表明,研究区土壤表层中重金属As与Pb元素可能存在复合富集与复合污染,应引起高度重视。     

Current state of heavy metal contents in Vienna soils

This study presents the current state of heavy metal contents in both urban and forest soils within the city area of Vienna, Austria. Based on a systematic survey of urban soils and on targeted sampling in forest areas, local and regional anomaly thresholds are derived using statistical methods and considering regional distribution patterns. For urban soils, local anomaly thresholds of elements Cu (60?mg/kg), Hg (0.5?mg/kg), Pb (100?mg/kg) and Zn (200?mg/kg) exceed national guideline values for uncontaminated urban soils and according to Austrian legislation fall into the category “anthropogenic contamination present but no damage to plants, animals or humans detectable”. In forest soils within the city, thresholds are very similar to reference values for similar geological settings outside the city, apart from higher concentrations of elements Cr and Ni (threshold values of 107 and 64?mg/kg, respectively). Grouping urban soils according to land use reveals that Cd contents are 25?% higher, Pb contents 36?% higher, in traffic and industrial areas than in parks and like Cu, Hg and Zn, these elements can be shown to be at least partly caused by anthropogenic contamination. A dependency between heavy metal concentrations in soils and underlying geological units is shown within the flysch zone at the western city margin where the contents of elements Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and V are controlled by geology and reveal distinct differences between geological units. In built-up areas, no clear dependency between heavy metal contents in soils and geology is evident as urban soils represent accumulations by anthropogenic activity rather than in situ weathering products of underlying sediments.     

Anthropogenic metal pollution in surface sediments of the Tambaraparni River Estuary

Estuarine sediments in the<63 μm size fraction were collected from 15 stations within the Tambaraparni River Estuary, located on the east coast of India. The distribution of the heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was recorded. Our analysis distinguished two groups of elements. First, Cd, Pb and Zn, which occurred in higher than expected concentrations indicative of pollution, and second, Co, Cr, Cu and Ni, which occurred at background levels. The highest metal concentration found in the study area was for Zn (1200 μ g·g^?1), and the lowest was for Cd (0.42 μ g·g^?1). It is presumed that river run-off, industrial waters and untreated domestic waters are major contributors to heavy metal pollution in the Tambaraparni River Estuary. The concentrations of heavy metal species in surface sediments (<2 m water depth) of the Tambaraparni Estuary were studied to determine the extent of anthropogenic inputs from catchment areas and to understand anthropogenic effects on geochemical process in this tropical estuarine system.     

攀枝花市水系沉积物与土壤中重金属的地球化学特征比较

水系沉积物和土壤都是表生作用的产物,是环境中污染物质的重要受纳体,但两者在物质来源和受纳污染物方面又有不同。重金属通过不同方式进入到水系沉积物和土壤之中产生污染,对于区域环境具有重要的影响。为了了解攀枝花市水系沉积物和土壤中重金属元素地球化学特征的异同和污染状况,在攀枝花市范围内系统采集了水系沉积物和土壤样品,从环境地球化学角度,应用地球化学方法研究了攀枝花市水系沉积物及土壤中重金属的地球化学特征,应用地质累积指数法评价了污染情况,并对二者进行了比较研究。结果表明,攀枝花市水系沉积物中重金属的含量普遍高于土壤;水系沉积物和土壤中重金属的分布具有相似的特征;水系沉积物中重金属的污染程度高于土壤,但总体上来说,重金属的污染程度较小。两者的污染程度不同是因为接受污染物的方式不同;两者的分布趋势相同,说明具有相同或相近的污染来源。     

Importance of background values in assessing the impact of heavy metals in river ecosystems: case study of Tisza River,Serbia

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate how a choice of different background values may affect assessing the anthropogenic heavy metal pollution in sediments from Tisza River (Serbia). The second objective of this paper is to underline significance of using geochemical background values when establishing quality criteria for sediment. Enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (I _geo), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI) were calculated using different background values. Three geochemical (average metal concentrations in continental crust, average metal concentrations in shale, and average metal concentrations in non-contaminated core sediment samples) and two statistical methods (delineation method and principal component analyses) were used for calculating background values. It can be concluded that obtained information of pollution status can be more dependent on the use of background values than the index/factor chosen. The best option to assess the potential river sediment contamination is to compare obtained concentrations of analyzed elements with concentrations of mineralogically and texturally comparable, uncontaminated core sediment samples. Geochemical background values should be taken into account when establishing quality criteria for soils, sediments, and waters. Due to complexity of the local lithology, it is recommended that environmental monitoring and assessment include selection of an appropriate background values to gain understanding of the geochemistry and potential source of pollution in a given environment.     

Heavy metals in top core sediments from the southern Campania shelf (Italy): Hints to define large-scale geochemical backgrounds

The results of a geochemical survey carried out on the southern Campania shelf (southern Italy) are illustrated, offering a tempting opportunity to discuss the statement and definition of regional geochemical backgrounds for selected heavy metals. A total of 104 top core sediments, collected on average 1.5 km from one another and covering a shelf area of about 1300 km², were analysed for grain size, organic carbon content (OC), and heavy-metal (As, Al, Fe, Cd, V, Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni, Hg, and Pb) concentrations. The characteristics of the area, scarcely influenced by industrial activities, and the extensive data set, make this study suitable for an appropriate multivariate and spatial geostatistical methodologies used for i) a reliable definition of large-scale marine sediments' geochemical backgrounds and ii) an accurate discrimination of different geological controls on trace-element distribution patterns. Enrichment factors estimated with respect to both the average shale composition and the weighted average metal concentrations measured in inland soils rule out significant anthropogenic inputs. A spatial-geostatistics approach (kriging of spatial component based on an accurate implementation of variographic surveying) was applied, and this is proposed as an appropriate quantitative methodology to define the geochemical backgrounds for the different heavy metals. Two nested spatial structures were identified for some of the heavy metals, thus allowing clear identification of local and regional geochemical controls related to the different spatial variability of grain size.     

Accumulation and metal fluxes in the central Venice Lagoon during the last century

Samples from 18 short sediment cores were analyzed for major and trace metals (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Si, Ti, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cr), ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs, total organic carbon, grain size, and mineralogical composition to find the record of major environmental changes, either natural or anthropogenic, and to establish their chronologies. Some sediments are characterized by nearly constant composition over time, but others clearly show signs of an increasing marine influence, as an increase of the carbonate contents, after the opening of the Malamocco-Marghera Canal in 1969. These changes sometimes obscure the real pattern of pollutants and tracers, which is revealed by normalization against Al. Zn is the most important contaminant, with concentration factors up to 9.3 times the background level, and the most contaminated sediments are those within a few kilometers from the industrial district of Porto Marghera. ²¹⁰Pb activity-depth profiles were used to calculate apparent accumulation rates that provide a basis for the assessment of metal fluxes. The sediments of several sites show a significant increase in anthropogenic metal contamination starting from the second decade of last century, with maximum inputs from 1930 to 1970. The decrease of heavy metal concentrations observed in surficial sediments of some sampling sites could be related to a recent reduction of pollutant inputs.     

Distribution of Pb,Cr, Cu and Zn in the marine-coastal region of Zanzibar (Tanzanian archipelago,East Africa)

In Tanzania, a large amount of domestic and industrial wastes are daily released to the aquatic environment without prior treatment. The present paper establishes the status of distribution and environmental implications of heavy metals in water, sediment, suspended particulate matter and biota (Anadara antiquata) from two marine coasts in Zanzibar, Tanzania. These metals are derived from the industrial areas through rivers and storm water outflows. Heavy metal concentrations in the collected samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Concentrations were significantly higher in the Malindi compared to the Fumba coast (ANOVA, p?=?.001). Calculation of metal partition coefficients shows that the relative importance of the particulate and the water phases varies in response to water parameters and suspended solid content, but that most elements achieve a conditional equilibrium in these coasts. Higher metal concentrations found in Malindi suggest a pollution effect related to anthropogenic activities. Mean metal burdens in the tissues of A. antiquata from both Malindi and Fumba coasts were significantly higher than in other compartments analysed (ANOVA, p?<.05). Maximum values of contamination factor and contamination degree for metals were noticed for sediments from both Malindi and Fumba coasts. It is imperative to understand that metal concentrations of coastal environments depend not only on industrial and household waste inputs but also on the geochemical composition of the area.     

Source and Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Coastal Taiwan Sediments

Coastal sediments and oyster farming is severely affected by the industrial effluents in the coastal region near LuGong, Taiwan. Surficial sediments and oyster samples were collected from a coastal area near a major electro-plating industry. Spatial variation in heavy metal contents in sediments was studied in relationship to the main pathway of contamination and geochemical association with natural constituents of the sediments.

Spatial trends of heavy metals in the sediment reflected inputs of pollutants from the poorly-treated electro-plating effluents in the surrounding county and transported downstream by the Yang-tse-tru River. Effluent related heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Cd) is extremely high in the study region sediments. the highest concentrations were observed near shore, especially upstream in the Yang-tse-tru River sediments. Heavy metal concentrations decreased rapidly in a seaward direction. Heavy metal concentrations in near shore sediments were as high as some highly industrialized harbour sediments in the USA (e.g. Boston and San Diego).

Significant differences and high concentrations of heavy metals were also observed in oysters from the study region. Heavy metals from the study region were two to five times higher than in oysters from other pristine areas in Taiwan.     

人为活动对城市湖泊沉积物重金属污染的影响——以武汉墨水湖为例

人类活动使得大量的重金属向水环境中排放,导致了城市湖泊严重的重金属污染.为了研究中国的工业化、城市化发展对城市水体重金属污染的影响,以武汉墨水湖为例,测定了沉积物中几种常见痕量重金属Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr的含量和富集系数,并运用主成分分析对重金属的污染来源进行了初步探讨.结果表明,墨水湖表层沉积物重金属污染程度较重,主要受人为输入的影响;5种重金属在全湖区域上具有比较高的富集系数,尤以排污口为甚,排污口是重金属富集的主要区域.主成分分析表明,Pb可能主要来自于暴雨径流面源,而Cr可能主要来自于工矿企业的点源排放,其他3种金属则有着大小相当的点、面源输入贡献。以上结果表明,城市化和工业化进程已经给城市湖泊带来了很高的重金属污染负荷.