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1.
为研究北京城区PM_(2.5)中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的浓度水平、季节变化特征与主要来源,于2015年4月至2016年3月在北京西三环交通带附近采集4个季节PM_(2.5)有效样品95组,利用热光反射法测定了PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的质量浓度,并对OC/EC值、OC与EC相关性、二次有机碳(SOC)等特征及污染来源进行了分析.结果表明,采样期间PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为(109.9±7.99)μg·m~(-3). PM_(2.5)中OC的年平均质量浓度为(13.49±4.32)μg·m~(-3),占PM_(2.5)的13.13%; EC的年平均质量浓度为(5.41±1.83)μg·m~(-3),占PM_(2.5)的5.2%.OC和EC平均浓度及OC和EC在PM_(2.5)中所占比例的季节变化特征均为冬季最高,秋季大于春季,夏季最低.4个季节PM_(2.5)中OC/EC比值均大于2.0,表明各季节存在二次有机碳(SOC)的生成,采用OC/EC最小比值法对SOC含量进行了估算,SOC年平均浓度为(6.88±1.10)μg·m~(-3),占OC含量的50.86%,冬秋季节的SOC浓度水平高于春夏季节.夏季SOC对OC的贡献率为62.22%,高于其他季节.相关性分析表明,OC与EC的相关性在春季(R2=0.9046)和秋季(R2=0.8886)高于夏季(R2=0.4472)和冬季(R2=0.6018),表明春秋两季OC与EC来源相似且相对简单.进一步对PM_(2.5)中8个碳组分质量浓度进行分析显示,北京城区大气碳质气溶胶主要来自汽油车排放和燃煤.  相似文献   

2.
为研究太原市环境空气中含碳组分的时空分布变化规律,于2014年3月、5月、8月、12月采集了太原市3个点位春、夏、秋、冬等4个季节的PM_(2.5)样品,利用碳分析仪(DRI 2001A)测定了样品中OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3、OPC共8种碳组分含量,计算了有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)二者浓度,分析了OC和EC的时空分布特征.结果显示,太原市PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别是13.5±14μg·m~(-3)和6.5±6.1μg·m~(-3),其中OC浓度随季节变化顺序为冬季春季夏季秋季,EC浓度季节变化与OC一致.春、夏、秋、冬4个季节总含碳气溶胶(TCA)占PM_(2.5)比例分别为17.6%、9.5%、8.8%、42.3%,其中冬季最高,表明冬季含碳气溶胶污染较为严重.夏季中OC和EC相关性较弱(R~2=0.4054),而春季(R~2=0.7659)、秋季(R~2=0.8253)、冬季(R~2=0.8184)OC和EC相关性较强,表明夏季碳气溶胶来源不同.通过(OC/EC)min最小比值法估算二次有机碳(SOC)浓度,春、夏、秋、冬季SOC浓度分别为2.8±2.9μg·m~(-3)、1.0±0.8μg·m~(-3)、 0.5±0.4μg·m~(-3)、 3.6±3.5μg·m~(-3),冬季SOC浓度最高. 8种碳组分分析结果显示,不同季节一次排放源中生物质燃烧、机动车尾气排放及煤炭燃烧对太原市含碳气溶胶贡献不同,其中,冬季燃煤和机动车排放使太原市含碳气溶胶污染严重,应加强燃煤和机动车排放源管控,来减轻碳组分污染.  相似文献   

3.
以淡水微型生物群落作为受试靶生物,研究了米满(Tebufenozide)对淡水微型生物群落呼吸作用的影响.用五天耗氧量抑制强度(RΔDO5)来表征农药对淡水微型生物群落呼吸作用的影响,并探讨了十二烷基苯磺酸钠、腐殖酸和硝酸盐等共存物质对米满生物效应的影响.本方法的表征参数可以推广到其它农药或化学品的环境安全评价.  相似文献   

4.
为合理评估印染废水对水环境造成的影响,以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、大型溞(Daphnia magna)和太湖花(鱼骨)(Hemibarbus maculates)为受试生物,印染废水分别用标准稀释液7346-2按照几何级数稀释成为100.00%、50.00%、25.00%、12.50%和6.25%的系列试验液,研究印染废水对3种水生生物的毒性效应.结果表明,印染废水对水生态系统中不同营养层次的3种生物均有一定的毒性,对斜生栅藻24、48h的半数生长抑制浓度(EC50)分别为(51.55±4.12)%、(20.40±6.27)%,对大型溞24、48h的EC50分别为(78.20±4.31)%、(53.10±1.88)%,对花(鱼骨)卵裂期胚胎、囊胚期胚胎、原肠期胚胎、初孵仔鱼和25日龄仔鱼96h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为(19.89±1.68)%、(25.95±2.14)%、(27.24±0.88)%、(19.61±2.21)%和(49.27±3.27)%.研究得出印染废水对水生生物的安全浓度为1.96%,生产中应严格控制其排放.  相似文献   

5.
为探索北京城区大气细颗粒物浓度水平及其碳组分和二次水溶性无机离子的浓度特征,于2014年6月1日至7月15日在车公庄地区使用微量振荡天平(TEOM+FDMS)、EC/OC在线分析仪以及水溶性离子在线分析仪对PM_(2.5)质量浓度及其主要化学组分(OC、EC、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+)进行了实时监测.研究结果表明,北京市城区夏季PM_(2.5)质量浓度平均值为69.0±47.9μg·m-3,PM_(2.5)中OC、EC、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+所占的比例分别为15.8%、2.4%、23.0%、15.7%和19.2%,SNA(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+)合计达到了PM_(2.5)质量浓度的57.9%.研究各组分的日变化特征发现,OC和SO_4~(2-)白天浓度变化较小,夜晚浓度稍高;NO_3~-和NH_4~+则随着光照和温度的增加而逐渐降低;EC呈现出夜晚浓度高白天浓度低的特点.研究各组分的相关性及比值发现,OC和EC的相关系数为0.62,OC/EC大于2.0,说明北京城区夏季存在着较为严重的二次污染;此外,NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)平均比值为0.68,SOR和NOR的变化趋势基本一致,两者的平均值分别为0.55和0.14.通过分析北京市城区夏季不同浓度级别各组分的变化发现,随着PM_(2.5)质量浓度的增加,OC和EC所占的比例不断降低,而SNA比例则不断升高,其中NO_3~-浓度水平的增加最为显著.  相似文献   

6.
以我国11种具有代表性的土壤为研究对象,通过外源添加Cr(Ⅵ)进行大麦根伸长毒性测试,以了解土壤理化性质对Cr(Ⅵ)的大麦毒性阈值包括半数效应抑制浓度(EC50)和10%效应抑制浓度(EC10)的影响.结果表明,土壤理化性质对Cr(Ⅵ)的植物毒性有显著影响,通过对数-对数剂量效应模型和刺激效应模型预测EC50值和EC10值,其变化范围分别为8.27~241.34 mg·kg-1和2.87~124.65 mg·kg-1,其最大值和最小值相差分别达到了29.2倍和43.4倍.相关分析结果表明,铁、铝氧化物含量、pH值和有机碳含量与Cr(Ⅵ)对大麦根伸长的毒性阈值相关关系显著(P<0.05),其中,铝氧化物含量和铁氧化物含量分别为控制EC50和EC10最重要的单一因子(R2=0.448、R2=0.429),其次为pH值和有机碳含量.基于相关性因子和Cr(Ⅵ)对大麦的毒性阈值建立了一元和多元线性回归方程,最优方程可以分别解释70.1%的EC50和60.4%的EC10变异,表明利用土壤理化性质建立的模型可以较好地预测土壤外源Cr(Ⅵ)对大麦的毒性阈值.  相似文献   

7.
2017年1月—12月期间在四川省宜宾市布置4个点位,共采集360个PM_(2.5)样品膜,采用美国沙漠研究所DRI Model 2001型热光分析仪测定PM_(2.5)样品中OC、EC的浓度值,应用OC/EC比值法对SOC进行了估算.结果表明,宜宾市PM_(2.5)年均浓度为75.2μg·m~(-3).OC、EC年均浓度分别为14.3μg·m~(-3)和4.30μg·m~(-3),季节变化趋势为冬季秋季春季夏季,OC占PM_(2.5)比例为19.0%,为PM_(2.5)重要组成部分.SOC年均浓度为4.70μg·m~(-3),对OC贡献较大,在OC中占比为29.3%;SOC在OC中的占比春季冬季≈秋季夏季.进一步对OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3、和OPC进行主成分分析,结果表明机动车尾气、燃煤排放和生物质燃烧是宜宾市PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的主要贡献源,可贡献PM_(2.5)中碳组分的54.0%—69.0%.  相似文献   

8.
等效线图法(isobologram)是评估化学混合物毒性相互作用的经典方法之一,然而该方法仅能评估混合物在某一特殊浓度效应水平(通常为50%的浓度效应水平,即EC50)的联合毒性作用情况。因此,拓展等效线图法并用于不同效应水平下混合物毒性的评估显得尤为必要。以杀菌剂多果定(Dod)和3种离子液体(ILs)包括溴化丁基吡啶([bpy]Br)、溴化己基吡啶([hpy]Br)和溴化辛基吡啶([opy]Br)为混合物组分,采用直线均分射线法设计3组二元混合物体系(Dod-[bpy]Br、Dod-[hpy]Br和Dod-[opy]Br)共15条射线,应用微板毒性分析法系统测定各污染物及其混合物射线对青海弧菌Q67(Vibro qinghaisiense sp. Q67,Q67)的毒性,应用拓展等效线图法分析15条混合物射线在5个不同效应水平(EC20、EC30、EC40、EC50和EC60)的毒性相互作用,并与经典等效线图法和浓度加和模型(CA)评估的结果进行比较。结果表明:以p EC50为毒性指标,3种吡啶ILs对Q67的毒性具有烷基链效应,即毒性大小顺序为Dod-[opy]BrDod-[hpy]BrDod-[bpy]Br; 3组二元混合物体系的15条射线的毒性,随农药Dod浓度比的减少而减弱;拓展等效线图法可以比较直观地表征3组Dod-ILs混合物体系在5个不同效应水平的拮抗作用,且拮抗作用强度随Dod浓度比的增加而变化,即先增强后减弱;拓展等效线图法可以有效地评估二元混合物在多个效应水平的联合毒性相互作用。  相似文献   

9.
铜对夏腊梅种子萌发及抗氧化酶活性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用室内水培试验,研究不同浓度的外源铜处理对夏腊梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)种子萌发、根伸长抑制率、呼吸强度、丙二醛及抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果表明,(1)铜浓度与夏腊梅根伸长抑制率呈显著正相关(P<0.01),但与萌发率相关性不显著.(2)铜处理对夏腊梅种子的过氧化物酶(POD EC1.11.1.7)具有激活效应,且随着铜浓度的增加激活效应逐渐增强.丙二醛(MDA)含量随铜浓度的增大先略降而后逐渐升高.对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD EC 1.15.1.1)和过氧化氢酶(CAT EC 1.11.1.6)存在胁迫初期低浓度下的激活效应,随着铜浓度的增加及胁迫时间的延长,表现为抑制效应,且随着铜浓度的增加抑制效应逐渐增强.  相似文献   

10.
杭州市空气中PM10的化学组成特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
于2001年2月至2002年4月在杭州5个空气质量自动监测子站采集了176组PM10样品,分析了22种化学元素、5种离子以及有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量,并讨论了PM10的化学组成特征.杭州市空气中铅污染仍然存在,硫的存在形式主要为水溶性硫酸盐.5种水溶性离子的浓度由大到小排列的顺序是SO2-4> NO-3> NH+4>Cl->F-,大气中NH+4主要是以(NH4)2SO4,NH4HSO4和NH4NO3的形式存在.OC和EC浓度分别为20.4 μg·m-3和4.0 μg·m-3,其相关性不好表明碳的来源复杂.PM10的物质平衡计算表明,局地地质尘是最高的化学组分,达27.7%,其次为有机物23.9%,第三为硫酸盐16.2%,这3个组分占PM10的67.8%,其它为硝酸盐6.3%,铵盐6.1%,微量元素5.5%,元素碳3.4%以及未测组分11.0%.  相似文献   

11.
Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación  相似文献   

12.
A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.  相似文献   

13.
Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.  相似文献   

14.
Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.  相似文献   

15.
Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.  相似文献   

16.
17.
Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.  相似文献   

18.
The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.  相似文献   

19.
Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.  相似文献   

20.
An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.  相似文献   

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