兽药抗生素对土壤微生物群落的影响

兽药抗生素广泛应用于畜禽养殖业,用于预防、治疗动物疾病及促进动物生长。然而,养殖过程中使用的抗生素不能被动物完全吸收,其中40%～90%以母体或其代谢物的形式排出动物体外并随畜禽粪便进入土壤环境,对土壤微生物群落结构和功能产生影响。在汇总了畜禽粪便和土壤中兽药抗生素的残留特征之后,概述了抗生素对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响以及微生物产生的污染诱导群落耐性。重点探讨了抗生素微生物毒性的影响因素和近年来对微生物共耐性方面的研究,并对未来的研究方向及目标提出了建议。     

恩诺沙星对土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性的影响（Effects of Enrofloxacin on the Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities）

为了评价恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin)对土壤微生物群落的影响,借助BIOLOG检测法比较了不同浓度恩诺沙星影响下的土壤微生物的群落特征.结果表明,加药组土壤微生物的丰富度指数和多样性指数显著低于空白对照组,且药物浓度越高丰富度和多样性越小.用药后第3d、14d,恩诺沙星含量0.1～100μg·g-1使土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性显著降低(p<0.05);第35d,恩诺沙星含量10～100μg·g-1使土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性显著降低,随着药物作用的时间延长,药物含量0.01～1μg·g-1组土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性与空白对照组之间的差异变小.     

磷肥和黑麦草结合修复铅污染贫磷潮土的研究（Remediation of Lead Polluted Chaotu Soil with Low Phosphorus Availability by Phosphorus Fertilizer Amendment and Ryegrass）

在Pb污染土壤中施用磷肥是降低Pb有效性的有效方法.在低磷或高Pb胁迫下,植物根际的一系列变化将促进植物对磷的吸收或对Pb毒性的降低,但低磷胁迫下植物对土壤Pb有效性的影响研究不多.为探讨Pb污染低磷土壤上施用磷肥对Pb有效性、植物吸收Pb的影响及黑麦草(LoliumperenneL.)对土壤Pb有效性的影响,设置0、500和1000mg·kg-13个Pb用量和0、2729mg·kg-1两个普通过磷酸钙磷肥用量,种植黑麦草,0和1000mg·kg-1Pb下设置不种植植物的对照的盆栽试验,植物生长48d后收获,测定植物地上部和根系产量、长度、Pb浓度及土壤DTPA-Pb含量.结果表明,施用磷肥后植物产量和地上部长度增加、根冠比、根系长度和Pb浓度减小,500mg·kg-1Pb用量时,未施用磷肥和施用磷肥时植物产量分别为0.37和1.70g·pot-1,1000mg·kg-1Pb用量时这两个数值分别为0.24和1.50g·pot-1,500mg·kg-1Pb用量时,植物产量与未施Pb处理(产量为0.75g·pot-1)差异显著(p<0.05);施用磷肥后,地上部吸收的Pb的比例和植物体吸收的Pb数量均增加.1000mg·kg-1Pb用量下,植物产量、地上部长度均小于500mg·kg-1Pb用量处理时的水平,而土壤DTPA-Pb浓度、植物Pb浓度、Pb吸收量均大于500mg·kg-1Pb处理,表明2729mg·kg-1普通过磷酸钙用量并不能完全抵消1000mg·kg-1Pb对植物生长的抑制作用.施用磷肥降低了土壤DTPA-Pb含量,但500mg·kg-1Pb用量时降低效果不显著(p>0.05).0mg·kg-1Pb用量下,种植植物的处理土壤DTPA-Pb含量比未种植植物处理高54.3%;1000mg·kg-1Pb处理时,种植植物处理土壤DTPA-Pb含量比未种植植物平均低18.5%.以上结果表明,在0mg·kg-1Pb用量下,植物生长受到了一定程度的磷胁迫.在磷胁迫下,种植植物提高了土壤Pb有效性,而在1000mg·kg-1Pb用量下,不管是否施用磷肥,种植植物均降低了土壤Pb有效性.本研究结果表明,在低磷和高Pb胁迫下,施用水溶性磷肥可降低土壤Pb有效性,促进黑麦草生长,促进Pb向植物地上部转移;在低磷胁迫且无Pb污染条件下,黑麦草对土壤Pb的有效性表现为促进;在高Pb胁迫下,不管是否施用磷肥,黑麦草均可降低土壤Pb有效性.     

恩诺沙星对土壤细菌数量及微生物生物量碳的影响

为了评价兽药恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin,ENR)对土壤微生物的影响,采用平板计数法和熏蒸浸提法研究了不同含量恩诺沙星(wENR)对土壤细菌数量和土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量的影响.结果发现,添加药物组细菌数量和土壤微生物生物量碳含量均低于对照组,且药物含量越高,细菌数量和土壤微生物生物量碳含量越低;较低含量的恩诺沙星(wENR<0.1μg·g-1,细菌数量;wENR<1μg·g-1,MBC)对细菌数量和微生物生物量碳含量影响不显著(与对照组比较,p>0.05),而较高含量的恩诺沙星(wENR≥0.1μg·g-1,细菌数量;wENR≥1μg·g-1,MBC)则影响显著(与对照组比较,p<0.05).以上结果表明恩诺沙星残留可显著影响土壤细菌数量和微生物生物量碳含量,进而可能影响土壤特性和土壤的一些生态过程。     

水体中抗生素污染现状及其对氮转化过程的影响研究进展

近年来，抗生素引起的环境污染和生态风险备受关注.作为抗生素最重要的归宿地之一，自然水体中的抗生素污染日益加剧.逐渐累积的抗生素给水生生态系统带来风险，并会改变微生物群落的结构和功能，已成为水体中物质循环过程的重要影响因子.该文总结了我国河流和湖泊中抗生素的污染现状及其对水生生态系统产生的风险，综述了抗生素对水体中微生物群落以及硝化、反硝化和厌氧氨氧化等氮转化过程的影响.我国主要河流和湖泊中均有抗生素检出，类型包括磺胺类、四环素类、喹诺酮类和大环内酯类等，不同水体中抗生素的污染类型及浓度差异显著.目前，有关抗生素给水生生态系统造成的生态风险和对微生物群落的影响研究较多，而抗生素抗性基因在水环境中的传播扩散机制还需要更全面和深入的探索.抗生素可以通过改变氮循环功能微生物、酶活性和功能基因等影响水体中氮转化过程.对反硝化过程主要表现为抑制作用，对硝化过程的影响与其浓度和类型有关，而对厌氧氨氧化和硝酸盐异化还原为铵过程的影响研究相对匮乏.后续研究中还应探索水动力，盐度，水深和氧化还原梯度等典型水环境条件下，氮转化过程对抗生素的响应，为全面揭示抗生素对水体氮转化过程的影响提供依据.     

晋东南3种道地药材植物根际真菌群落特性

根际微生物与植物的生长、繁殖及代谢活动密切相关。区域气候和土壤因子决定了药用植物的道地性,而根际微生物群落的结构和功能与药用植物的关系有待研究。利用高通量测序方法分析了山西道地药材植物柴胡(Bupleurum chinese)、党参(Codonopsis piloula)和远志(Polygala tenuifolia)的根际土壤真菌群落,探讨道地药材植物根际土壤真菌群落构建的驱动机制。结果表明,土壤环境因子和植物种类(科水平)对根际土壤真菌群落结构和多样性具有显著影响。土壤pH、总氮、蔗糖酶、脲酶对根际土壤真菌群落结构的影响最大(RDA总解释率达65%),是3种植物根际土壤真菌群落构建的主要驱动因子。进一步的方差分解分析显示,植物种类对根际土壤真菌群落结构有较大的影响,解释率达27%。总之,植物种类和土壤环境是3种药用植物根际真菌群落结构和多样性的主要驱动因子,植物-土壤-微生物在土壤生态系统中协同作用,为道地中药材的生长提供了特定的生境。     

畜禽粪便中抗生素污染特征及堆肥化去除研究进展

养殖业抗生素的大量使用导致了畜禽粪便中多种抗生素残留,畜禽粪便成为了环境中抗生素污染的重要来源.本文总结了畜禽粪便中多种抗生素复合污染现状及其在土壤中的生态毒理效应,综述了堆肥化技术去除畜禽粪便中抗生素的影响因素和研究进展.堆肥化技术研究显示:针对不同种类抗生素的特性差异,控制堆肥过程的相关参数,提高堆肥化处理技术去除效果,是解决畜禽粪便多种抗生素污染问题的关键.     

土壤中稀土元素的生态毒性研究进展

为了解稀土元素对农田生态系统的影响,综述了近几十年来国内外有关土壤稀土元素生态毒性的研究进展,包括土壤稀土元素的主要来源途径,稀土元素对农田生态系统中植物、动物和微生物生长、发育、繁殖的影响。高浓度的稀土元素会破坏植物细胞膜的性质和结构,影响植物的抗氧化系统,扰乱植物对矿质营养元素的正常吸收和利用,诱使植物细胞发育不良、染色体畸变等现象发生。稀土元素可影响动物的消化、呼吸、生殖、神经、血液和免疫系统等。稀土元素对土壤微生物数量、种类、群落结构与功能多样性等均有影响。探讨了土壤稀土元素的生态毒性诊断方法,目前常见的植物毒性诊断法、蚯蚓毒性诊断法、土壤微生物诊断法、生物标记物诊断法和遗传毒性诊断法等可用来诊断土壤中稀土元素的生态毒性。提出了以后开展土壤稀土元素生态毒性研究应加强的方面:在群落、个体和细胞水平上研究稀土元素对土壤动物和微生物的影响,加强稀土元素生态毒性诊断新方法和新技术的探讨,进行稀土元素生物有效性与土壤因素关系的研究等。     

植物多样性对土壤微生物的影响

生物多样性强烈地影响生态系统的过程.生态系统过程的变化可导致生物多样性衰减并因此导致生态系统功能衰退.植物种丰度和植物功能多样性对土壤细菌群落的代谢活性和代谢多样性有成正比的影响.土壤细菌的代谢活性和代谢多样性随植物种数量的对数和植物功能组的数量而直线上升.其原因可能是由植被流入土壤的物质和能量的多样性和数量的增加,也可能是由土壤动物区系起作用的土壤微生境的多样性的增加造成的.由于植物多样性的丧失所引起的植物生物量的减少对分解者群落有强烈的影响微生物生物量将可能减少,因为在大多数陆地生态系统中,有机碳源限制着土壤微生物的活性.     

猪粪堆肥过程中四环素类抗生素的生物转化及降解研究进展

四环素类抗生素(TCs)是畜禽养殖业中一类重要的兽药。随着畜禽养殖集约化,越来越多的抗生素经畜禽机体代谢进入环境,导致了对人类健康和生物安全等的危害。堆肥是无害化去除畜禽粪便中TCs的常见方法,能最大程度削减畜禽粪便中TCs的残留。笔者根据国内堆肥处理猪粪中抗生素残留的现状,结合国内外猪粪堆肥化技术的最新研究进展,从TCs生物转化、生物和非生物降解途径,阐述了猪粪堆肥过程中环境因子的调控、微生物群落结构与组成的变化和TCs的生物降解机制,旨在为未来畜禽粪便无害化、肥料资源化利用提供理论依据和技术参考。     

土壤中抗生素的生态毒性及其分子生物标志物技术的研究进展

抗生素作为抑菌或杀菌药物被广泛应用于畜禽养殖中。不能完全被机体吸收的抗生素经由畜禽排泄物直接进入环境。随着耐药基因和超级病菌的出现,抗生素产生的环境问题引起了广泛关注。土壤是环境中抗生素最主要的累积场所之一,对土壤中抗生素的生态毒性及其分子生物指示指标的研究具有重要意义。本文在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,阐述了抗生素对土壤中微生物、动物和植物所产生的毒性以及分子生物标志物在土壤抗生素污染研究中的应用,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望。     

Antibiotika als Umweltkontaminanten — Effekte auf Bodenbakterien

Goal and scope

Among the human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, antibiotics form an important group. Recent research addressed the environmental ‘side effects’ of antibiotics. Evidence for environmental effects of antibiotics has for example been found for the respiratory activity of soil microorganisms. In the present contribution, results of studies on the ecotoxicology of antibiotics that are based on the utilization of carbon substrates in so-called Biolog plates are summarized.

Methods, Results and Conclusions

The method of pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) takes centre stage. PICT is based on the changes in community composition of environmental communities brought about by a toxicant, which lead to an overall increase in community tolerance to this toxicant. The suitability of such an increase in community tolerance as ecotoxicological endpoint had been the subject of several experiments. It was shown that effect testing of antibiotics requires supplementation of the communities with nutrients, and that the PICT method reveals antibiotic effects with a high specificity. In an application of PICT, effects of three classes of antibacterial compounds were investigated. Dose-response relationships were obtained for all substances, and effect concentrations were partly in the range of expected environmental concentrations. The possible risks of antibiotic use for an increase in the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment are also touched upon, including the extent of natural resistance.

Outlook

Due to its specificity, the PICT method has shown to be a suitable ecotoxicological assay. Due to possible effects of tetracyclines on the structure of the soil microbial community, it is advised to use veterinary antibiotics with caution. The risks of an increase in the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the environment should be investigated in more detail.     

Adsorption behavior of antibiotic in soil environment: a critical review

Antibiotics are used widely in human and veterinary medicine, and are ubiquitous in environment matrices worldwide. Due to their consumption, excretion, and persistence, antibiotics are disseminated mostly via direct and indirect emissions such as excrements, sewage irrigation, and sludge compost and enter the soil and impact negatively the natural ecosystem of soil. Most antibiotics are amphiphilic or amphoteric and ionize. A non-polar core combined with polar functional moieties makes up numerous antibiotic molecules. Because of various molecule structures, physicochemical properties vary widely among antibiotic compounds. Sorption is an important process for the environment behaviors and fate of antibiotics in soil environment. The adsorption process has decisive role for the environmental behaviors and the ultimate fates of antibiotics in soil. Multiply physicochemical properties of antibiotics induce the large variations of their adsorption behaviors. In addition, factors of soil environment such as the pH, ionic strength, metal ions, and organic matter content also strongly impact the adsorption processes of antibiotics. Review about adsorption of antibiotics on soil can provide a fresh insight into understanding the antibiotic-soil interactions. Therefore, literatures about the adsorption mechanisms of antibiotics in soil environment and the effects of environment factors on adsorption behaviors of antibiotics in soil are reviewed and discussed systematically in this review.     

Bewertung der Umweltrelevanz von Arzneistoffen

Aim The aim of this work was to investigate, which human and veterinary pharmaceuticals are of high ecological relevance due to the input into the environment as well as with regard to the effects and behaviour in the environment. Furthermore, the state of knowledge concerning the ecologically relevant substances and the need of research was evaluated. Methods A two-step approach considering the criteria quantity of sold pharmaceuticals, concentrations, effects and fate in the environment was developed to identify the pharmaceuticals of potential ecological relevance. In a second step the identified individual substances and groups of substances were considered in more detail concerning metabolism, environmental behaviour and ecological effects. Results In a first step 29 out of approximate 2,700 licensed human pharmaceuticals and seven substances as well as three substance groups used in veterinary medicine were identified as potentially ecologically relevant. The detailed assessment in a second step lead to the conclusion, that of the human pharmaceuticals 9 substances as well as two substance groups concerning the environmental behaviour and seven substances concerning the effects are of high environmental relevance. Concerning the environmental behaviour six out of seven veterinary pharmaceuticals as well as three substance groups and only three substances concerning the ecological effects were classified as relevant for the environment. Discussion By means of the presented method it was possible to limit the scope of a wide spectrum of pharmaceuticals, so that a detailed assessment of only relevant active agents was possible. Nevertheless, it is a precondition that investigations concerning the occurrence, fate and effects of the individual compounds in the environment have been already carried out and published in the literature. Conclusions The method is suitable for a comprehensive assessment of the ecological relevance of pharmaceuticals, but for a lot of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals the data available in the literature are insufficient. Recommendations For a final extensive assessment of the environmental relevance for some of the human and veterinary pharmaceuticals more studies are necessary. Especially data concerning the environmental behaviour in water and soils, data from long-term-studies for the assessment of ecological effects and data concerning metabolites and mixtures of pharmaceutical compounds are lacking.     

兽用抗生素在土壤环境中的行为及其生态毒理效应研究进展

目前全球至少有70%左右的抗生素被用于畜牧业和水产养殖业,这些抗生素大多不能被动物完全吸收,以母体或代谢物的形式排出动物体外的抗生素约占用药量的40～90%,排出体外的抗生素大多随粪便等进入环境尤其是土壤环境中并在其中累积.为了明确兽用抗生素对环境中生物等的影响,合理评价兽用抗生素的环境风险,论文就土壤环境中兽用抗生素的来源,兽用抗生素在土壤环境中的吸附、迁移、降解以及对环境中生物的影响等方面进行了综述,在此基础上提出了今后的重点研究方向.     

Antibiotic resistome mostly relates to bacterial taxonomy along a suburban transmission chain

• The α-diversities of resistome were lower in manure and compost than in soils. • There were significant correlations between the resistome and bacterial taxonomy. • Bacterial taxonomy was the highest in explaining resistome variances. Antibiotic resistance genes comprising antibiotic resistome are of great concern due to their increase in the environment. Recent evidence of shared resistomes between soils and animal husbandry has imposed potential risks to human health. However, the correlation between a given community’s resistome and bacterial taxonomic composition is controversial. Here, a transmission chain of resistomes from swine manure to compost and compost-amended soil were analyzed in five suburban areas of Beijing, China, with unamended agricultural soils as control soils. Antibiotic resistomes and bacterial taxonomic compositions were distinct between (I) manure and compost; and (II) compost-amended and control soils. In manure, compost, and compost-amended soils, the β-diversity of the resistome and bacterial taxonomic composition was significantly correlated, while no correlation was detected in control soils. Bacterial taxonomic composition explained 36.0% of total variations of the resistome composition, much higher than environmental factors. Together, those results demonstrated that antibiotic resistome was closely related to bacterial taxonomic composition along the suburban transmission chain.     

Culturomics and metagenomics: In understanding of environmental resistome

State of the art of culturomics and metagenomics to study resistome was presented. The combination of culturomics and metagenomics approaches was proposed. The research directions of antibiotic resistance study has been suggested. Pharmaceutical residues, mainly antibiotics, have been called “emerging contaminants” in the environment because of their increasing frequency of detection in aquatic and terrestrial systems and their sublethal ecological effects. Most of them are undiscovered. Both human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, are introduced into the environment via many different routes, including discharges from municipal wastewater treatment plants and land application of animal manure and biosolids to fertilize croplands. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the widespread problem of antibiotic resistance, modern and scientific approaches have been developed to gain knowledge of the entire antibiotic-resistant microbiota of various ecosystems, which is called the resistome. In this review, two omics methods, i.e. culturomics, a new approach, and metagenomics, used to study antibiotic resistance in environmental samples, are described. Moreover, we discuss how both omics methods have become core scientific tools to characterize microbiomes or resistomes, study natural communities and discover new microbes and new antibiotic resistance genes from environments. The combination of the method for get better outcome of both culturomics and metagenomics will significantly advance our understanding of the role of microbes and their specific properties in the environment.     

Arzneimittel in der aquatischen Umwelt

The German Environmental Advisory Council evaluated German water protection policies in its last environmental report (2004) concluded that despite some great successes in this area there is still considerable need for action. Specifically, diffuse nutrient and chemical substances inputs remain an unsolved problem. The contamination of surface and groundwater with pharmaceuticals has been identified as an environmental risk increasing in pertinence. Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are being detected in the whole aquatic environment, which they enter through sewage, soil contamination by agriculture, and waste storage facilities. Different pharmaceuticals have been tested for acute toxicity on various aquatic organisms, but almost nothing is known about chronic toxicity of these contaminants. This knowledge, however, is essential for estimating the ecotoxicological potential of pharmaceutical residues. In the opinion of the Environmental Council different strategies are necessary, to reduce the contamination of the environment with pharmaceuticals. Farmers should refrain from using pharmaceuticals for prophylactic purposes or from using hormonally or antibiotically active substances in livestock feed additives, so as to reduce inputs of veterinary drugs. As regards human medications, packaging should better correspond to appropriate dosage amounts, and environmentally responsible disposal measures should be followed. Still under discussion are a programme for the risk evaluation of existing pharmaceuticals and a ban on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. In the future, improvement of sewage treatment facilities, for instances through membrane technologies, will offer further potential to reduce inputs of hazardous substances.     

畜禽养殖过程抗生素使用与耐药病原菌及其抗性基因赋存的研究进展

兽用抗生素在提高畜禽生产性能、防治疾病方面发挥着重要作用,目前全球超过一半以上抗生素用于畜禽养殖,畜禽养殖源耐药病原菌、抗性基因及其传播风险愈益得到人们的重视。我国是畜禽养殖和抗生素使用大国,但兽用抗生素使用、病原菌耐药水平及其抗性基因类型等数据却较为缺乏,不利于今后畜禽养殖源耐药病原菌及其传播风险的控制。因此,本文通过文献调研,对我国和主要发达国家的兽用抗生素使用情况、畜禽养殖源耐药病原菌及其携带的抗性基因、基因移动元件以及向环境传播的途径进行分析、总结,以期为规范合理用药、降低耐药病原菌及其抗性基因传播风险,建立从畜禽养殖场至公共环境全过程的抗性污染控制链条提供借鉴。