深圳湾海域营养盐的时空分布及潜在性富营养化程度评价

根据深圳湾海域2008年2、5、8、11月4个航次的海水中营养盐监测数据,分析了深圳湾海域海水中营养盐的时空分布特征,应用Si：N：P比及潜在性富营养化评价模式对整个海域水质富营养化程度进行了评价。结果表明：深圳湾海域氮磷营养盐污染严重,劣于四类海水水质标准;且受珠江口水系夏季带来的高氮低磷低硅的海水的影响,整个深圳湾海水中氮磷硅营养盐的时空分布不尽相同：夏季DIN的分布由湾口向湾内逐渐降低;冬、春、秋3季DIN的分布和4个季节PO43--P、SiO32--Si的分布都是由湾内向湾口逐渐降低;受陆源输入的影响,秋季DIN和PO43--P表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐降低的趋势;受海底沉积物交换的影响,夏季SiO32--Si表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐升高的分布趋势。冬季整个海域都处于氮限制状态,基本无赤潮发生风险;春季整个海域基本处于富营养状态,是赤潮的高发期;夏季整个海域从湾内到湾口由氮限制逐渐过渡到磷限制状态,处于赤潮发生的危险期;秋季整个海域处于轻微的磷限制状态,也是深圳湾赤潮的高发期,但危险性较春季有所降低。     

埒子口海域表层沉积物重金属空间分布特征及生态风险评价

根据2012年5月埒子口海域17个站位的环境监测资料,采用地统计学方法分析表层沉积物中7种重金属(As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd)的空间分布特征,利用潜在生态风险指数法进行重金属生态风险评价。结果表明,埒子口海域表层沉积物重金属含量均达GB 18668—2002《海洋沉积物质量》中规定的1类标准,质量总体较好。重金属空间分布趋势表现为西墅河口和灌河口附近海域重金属含量偏高,靠近外海一侧海域偏低,西北-东南向相关性较好;西墅河口和灌河口入海污染物是重金属的主要污染来源。重金属综合污染系数与潜在生态风险指数具有较好的相关性和一致性,总体处于低~中等水平。Cd既是主要的重金属污染元素,也是重要的生态风险贡献因子。生态风险高值区主要分布在西墅河口和灌河口附近海域,说明排放入海的污染物对海洋生态环境影响较大。     

江苏近岸海域营养盐类污染分布特征与评价

江苏沿海大多属于淤泥质平原海岸,开发利用方式以农业为主,海水中的营养盐类污染物质量浓度分布与人海河流和海岸区域农田化肥施用强度有重要的关系,因此,了解和探讨江苏近岸营养盐类污染的污染程度及其分布有重要的意义。根据江苏近海区域特征,选择近岸海域19个站点作为研究地点,分别对这些地点的总氮、总磷、无机氮和磷酸盐等营养盐类污染物质量浓度进行了分析,首先探讨了这些营养盐污染物在分布江苏近岸海域沿岸方向和向海方向的空间分布特点,然后结合海水水质标准,利用等标污染指数和综合污染指数等方法进行了污染程度评价,得出了江苏沿海营养盐类污染物在空间分布上具有南北两端和中间部位都比较高,而中部辐射沙洲附近和南北两端之间的质量浓度较低的“w”形分布特征,在向海方向上具有营养盐污染物质量浓度基本上都表现为靠近海岸质量浓度高,远离海岸略低的变化趋势,在污染程度评价方面,总磷等标污染指数普遍超过1,总氮等标污染指数大多小于1,综合污染指数在1．63—14．08之间,差异比较明显,一般表现为南北高中间低的特点,最后结合江苏沿海地区河流排污人海情况以及农田化肥农药施用强度,对江苏近岸海域营养盐类污染分布状况进行了讨论。     

近25年广西北部湾海域营养盐时空分布特征

营养盐含量和结构的变化可反映海域潜在的生态安全。为广西北部湾经济区实施差别化的分区可持续发展战略提供数据基础,找出广西不同海湾营养盐的时空变化差异特征及影响因素,在全面梳理1990─2014年广西北部湾近岸海域水质监测数据的基础上,采用富营养化指数法对该水域主要海湾的湾内、湾口、湾外的富营养化状态、营养盐及无机氮组成的时空变化特征进行研究。结果表明,广西北部湾近岸海域富营养化状态总体良好,时空分布受入海径流及海域水团的影响,年际随入海径流量波动,营养盐质量浓度呈湾内-湾口-湾外递减趋势,位于沿岸水团的湾内采样点,出现中度/重/严重富营养,富营养化指数范围4.5~17.2,位于混合水团的湾口、湾外采样点,处于贫营养,富营养化指数低于0.5。溶解态无机氮与溶解态无机磷高值区的空间分布与富营养化指数基本一致,以硝态氮为主的无机氮污染比无机磷污染严重。多数点位氮磷比常年大于Redfield比值,处于磷限制状态。钦州湾内、廉州湾内、廉州湾口和大风江口是富营养化最为严重的水域,无机氮磷质量浓度长期劣于四类海水标准限值,而呈磷限制状态,氮磷比分别高达202、132、142、224,容易在磷污染增高时,爆发富营养化,应特别加以监测与控制。     

辽东湾及其附近海域重金属污染研究进展

综述了辽东湾及其附近海域的海水、表层沉积物和生物体内的重金属含量,时空分布特征以及风险评价等研究进展,发现Cd、Zn和Pb是海水中主要的污染因子,沉积物中的重金属含量从海岸和河口处向外海递减,这可能与人类的活动密切相关.辽东湾北部的污染比东部和西部严重,其附近海域的重金属污染水平总体上较轻,空间分布上呈现由近岸海域向中心海域递减的趋势.而锦州湾潮间带存在极强的潜在生态危害.生物体对重金属的富集程度受到海水环境质量的影响.辽东湾近岸贝类体内Cd含量普遍超出第二类国家海洋生物质量标准.     

厦门海域水华期间浮游植物群落演替及其与环境因子的关系(英文)

2000年6-7月在厦门海域11个测站进行赤潮监测,6月28-29日在西海域发生聚生角毛(Chaetoceros socialis)和金藻(Chromulina sp.)水华.根据表层浮游植物样品和同步观测的理化参数进行多元分析,揭示浮游植物群落演替和水华机理.聚类分析显示浮游植物聚群可分为与水华过程相关联的3个群落,群落Ⅰ位于半封闭性的水交换条件差的西海域,主要由微型浮游植物组成,这些赤潮原因种在赤潮爆发时剧增.群落Ⅱ位于受九龙江冲淡水影响较直接的外港,主要由低盐的小型浮游植物组成.群落Ⅲ位于受外海水影响较大的东北部,主要由广布性的小型浮游植物组成;主成分分析表明浮游植物细胞丰度与营养盐尤其铵氮含量密切相关;西海域样品因子载荷较大指示该海域富营养化程度比外港和东部海域严重.降雨是这次水华的激发因素,由其引起的降温抑制暖温性中肋骨条藻繁殖,促进寒冷性聚生角毛藻旺发;然而降雨带来的有机污染是水华的内在原因.此外,本文还讨论了浮游植物水华优势种小型化与营养盐结构的关系.     

江苏近岸海域营养盐类污染分布特征与评价

江苏沿海大多属于淤泥质平原海岸,开发利用方式以农业为主,海水中的营养盐类污染物质量浓度分布与入海河流和海岸区域农田化肥施用强度有重要的关系,因此,了解和探讨江苏近岸营养盐类污染的污染程度及其分布有重要的意义。根据江苏近海区域特征,选择近岸海域19个站点作为研究地点,分别对这些地点的总氮、总磷、无机氮和磷酸盐等营养盐类污染物质量浓度进行了分析,首先探讨了这些营养盐污染物在分布江苏近岸海域沿岸方向和向海方向的空间分布特点,然后结合海水水质标准,利用等标污染指数和综合污染指数等方法进行了污染程度评价,得出了江苏沿海营养盐类污染物在空间分布上具有南北两端和中间部位都比较高,而中部辐射沙洲附近和南北两端之间的质量浓度较低的"W"形分布特征,在向海方向上具有营养盐污染物质量浓度基本上都表现为靠近海岸质量浓度高,远离海岸略低的变化趋势,在污染程度评价方面,总磷等标污染指数普遍超过1,总氮等标污染指数大多小于1,综合污染指数在1.63～14.08之间,差异比较明显,一般表现为南北高中间低的特点,最后结合江苏沿海地区河流排污入海情况以及农田化肥农药施用强度,对江苏近岸海域营养盐类污染分布状况进行了讨论。     

城市高架公路雨水径流的污染特征

对上海市内环高架一段路面的7场降雨径流进行监测,分析了径流中固体悬浮物和营养盐的变化特征,以期加深对城市高架公路径流污染物的认识和为高架公路径流净化工艺的选择提供理论支持。结果表明：溶解态氮、颗粒态磷是径流中TN和TP的主要输出形式;TP质量浓度变化与TSS基本一致,但TN质量浓度变化与TSS相关关系较弱;通过分析不同粒径固体悬浮物与污染物的相关性,发现〈45μm固体悬浮物是径流中营养盐吸附的重要载体,去除细小固体悬浮物是治理城市高架径流污染的有效途径。     

水源生态净化系统沉积物中营养盐空间分布特征及污染评价

对盐龙湖水源生态净化系统预处理区、挺水植物区、沉水植物区及深度净化区沉积物中营养盐内源负荷及氮、磷的形态空间分布特征展开研究,并评价不同单元沉积物营养盐污染状况.结果表明:盐龙湖表层沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)含量范围分别为156. 43—1130. 00 mg·kg~(-1)、615. 23—1580.66 mg·kg~(-1)、5.00%—49.04%.盐龙湖TP含量在预处理单元的沉积物中最高(1508.09 mg·kg~(-1)),在挺水植物区B的沉积物中最低(932.30 mg·kg~(-1)),而TN和OM含量都在挺水植物区A的沉积物中达到顶峰(1126.91 mg·kg~(-1),48.89%),在深度净化区的沉积物中最低(272.47 mg·kg~(-1),5.23%).闭蓄态磷(Abs-P)的含量占总磷(TP)比例最多(75.3%—82.3%),易解析磷(Exch-P)占TP比例均不超过1%;顺水流方向,铁结合态磷(Fe-P)和铝结合态磷(Al-P)含量呈下降的趋势,而Exch-P和钙磷(Ca-P)呈U字型先减后增.弱酸可提取态氮(WAEF-N)占可转化态氮(TTN)比例最高(45.3%—68.94%),强氧化剂可提取态氮(SOEF-N)占TTN比例最低(10.45%—19.08%),沉积物TTN中各形态氮含量分布次序为弱酸可提取态氮(WAEF-N)强碱可提取态氮(SAEF-N)离子交换态氮(IEF-N)强氧化剂可提取态氮(SOEF-N).通过单一因子标准指数法、综合污染指数、有机氮和有机指数法进行评价,发现在预处理区和挺水植物区A营养盐污染最严重,其他处理单元也有不同程度的污染,深度净化区污染程度最低.     

长江口及邻近海域水体中石油烃分布特征及其污染评价

根据2001—2009及2013年的10年间5、8月份丰水期对长江口及邻近海域的调查监测资料,研究了水体中石油烃的时空分布特征及污染情况,分析了其污染来源,探讨了其影响机理.研究结果表明,10年间调查海域石油烃范围为0—0.41 mg·L-1,平均浓度为0.08 mg·L-1,各年际间石油烃浓度有显著性差异(P<0.05),且均存在不同程度的超标情况;水体中石油烃空间分布格局整体上呈由近岸向远岸递减的趋势,河口水动力稀释、颗粒悬浮物的吸附作用是控制石油烃分布的主要因素;调查海域空间分布尺度上可以划分为近岸海域和远岸海域两部分,聚类分析、MDS排序分析以及ANOSIM检验均支持了划分结果     

Seasonal and interannual variability of hydrology and nutrients in the Northeastern Black Sea

The main objective of this work was to investigate the temporal variability of hydrochemical parameters in two coastal regions of the Northeastern Black Sea: the Gelendzhik bay, influenced by anthropogenic activities and the Golubaya bay an open coastal region. Dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, alkalinity, phosphate, organic phosphorus, silicates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, organic nitrogen, oil products and heavy metals were measured. Si/P and Si/N ratios showed that the Gelendzhik bay waters were significantly enriched in nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Unlike the Golubaya bay, phosphates were always present in the Gelendzhik bay, and development of photo-synthesis was not limited by these. Features of seasonal variability of nutrients in the Gelendzhik bay (increased concentrations and pronounced summer-autumn maximum) appeared to be a result of human impact—outflow of nutrients with shore input and recreational activities during the summer holiday season. The data obtained indicate that pollution from local spots from the coast of the Black Sea, related primarily to eutrophication, could play a large role in the nutrient balance of the sea and could affect its ecological state.     

Application of cluster analysis to the geochemistry zonation of the estuary waters in the Tinto and Odiel rivers (Huelva,Spain)

The combination of acid water from mines, industrial effluents and sea water plays a determining role in the evolutionary process of the chemical makeup of the water in the estuary of the Tinto and Odiel rivers. This estuary is in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula and is one of the estuarine systems on the northwest coast of the Gulf of Cádiz. From the statistical treatment of data obtained by analyzing samples of water from this system, which is affected by industrial and mining pollution processes, we can see how the sampling points studied form two large groups depending on whether they receive tidal or fluvial influences. Fluvial input contributes acid water with high concentrations of heavy metal, whereas industrial effluents are responsible for the presence of phosphates, silica and other nutrients. The estuarine system of the Tinto and Odiel Rivers can be divided into three areas – the Tinto estuary, the Odiel estuary and the area of confluence – based on the physical – chemical characteristics of the water.     

Seasonal variations of organic-carbon and nutrient transport through a tropical estuary (Tsengwen) in southwestern Taiwan

This paper reports the fluvial fluxes and estuarine transport of organic carbon and nutrients from a tropical river (Tsengwen River), southwestern Taiwan. Riverine fluxes of organic carbon and nutrients were highly variable temporally, due primarily to temporal variations in river discharge and suspended load. The sediment yield of the drainage basin during the study period (1995–1996, 616 tonne km^–2 year^–1) was ca. 15 times lower than that of the long-term (1960–1998) average (9379 tonne km² year^–1), resulting mainly from the damming effect and historically low record of river water discharge (5.02 m³ s^–1) in 1995. The flushing time of river water in the estuary varied from 5 months in the dry season to >4.5 days in the wet season and about 1 day in the flood period. Consequently, distributions of nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were of highly seasonal variability in the estuary. Nutrients and POC behaved nonconservatively but DOC behaved conservatively in the estuary. DOC fluxes were generally greater than POC fluxes with the exception that POC fluxes considerably exceeded DOC fluxes during the flood period. Degradation of DOC and POC within the span of flushing time was insignificant and may contribute little amount of CO₂ to the estuary during the wet season and flood period. Net estuarine fluxes of nutrients were determined by riverine fluxes and estuarine removals (or additions) of nutrients. The magnitude of estuarine removal or addition for a nutrient was also seasonally variable, and these processes must be considered for net flux estimates from the river to the sea. As a result, nonconservative fluxes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) from the estuary are –0.002, –0.09 and –0.59 mmol m^–2 day^–1, respectively, for dry season, wet season and flood period, indicating internal sinks of DIP during all seasons. Due to high turbidity and short flushing time of estuarine water, DIP in the flood period may be derived largely from geochemical processes rather than biological removal, and this DIP should not be included in an annual estimate of carbon budget. The internal sink of phosphorus corresponds to a net organic carbon production (photosynthesis–respiration, p–r) during dry (0.21 mmol m^–2 day^–1) and wet (9.5 mmol m^–2 day^–1) seasons. The magnitude of net production (p–r) is 1.5 mol m^–2 year^–1, indicating that the estuary is autotrophic in 1995. However, there is a net nitrogen loss (nitrogen fixation–denitrification < 0) in 1995, but the magnitude is small (–0.17 mol m^–2 year^–1).     

长江口浮游植物分布情况及与径流关系的初步探讨

利用2004—2008年5月（春季）和8月（夏季）共10个季度月航次调查资料,结合同时期长江口径流量的数据,研究了长江口海域浮游植物的分布特征、及其受长江径流影响的关系。分布情况的结果显示：同一年中,夏季调查航次鉴定的浮游植物种类数明显多于春季的种类数;浮游植物数量的基本趋势逐年增加,其中2008年调查航次的浮游植物数量急剧暴发;同时生物多样性指数呈逐年下降趋势,海域水质污染程度日趋严重。对浮游植物与长江口径流量的关系分析得到：拟合长江口5、8月平均径流量与对应调查航次的浮游植物数量呈正相关的幂函数关系,径流量与浮游植物多样度呈负相关的指数函数关系,径流量与浮游植物优势种数量百分比呈正相关的幂函数关系,关系都明显显著。其中长江口径流量的输入对优势种尤其是近岸低盐性的中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）分布有着决定性的影响;长江径流把大量的N、P等无机营养物质携带入海,导致长江口水域严重富营养化,造成长江口海域的局部区域频发赤潮。     

Eco-hydrological modelling in a highly regulated lowland catchment to find measures for improving water quality

Water quality modelling in the meso-scale Rhin catchment in the German federal state Brandenburg was done (1) to answer some specific questions concerning identification of point and diffuse sources of nutrient pollution in the catchment, (2) to assess the influences of possible climate and land use changes on water quantity and quality and (3) to evaluate potential measures to be done in order to achieve a “good ecological status” of the river and its lakes as required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD).The Rhin catchment is a typical highly regulated lowland river basin in Northern Germany. The regulations complicate water quantity and quality modelling in the catchment. The research was done by using the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which simulates water and nutrient fluxes in soil and vegetation, as well as transport of water and nutrients to and within the river network. The modelling period was from 1981 until 2005. After calibrating the hydrological processes at different gauges within the basin with satisfactory results, water quality (nitrogen and phosphorus) modelling was done taking into account the emissions of different point sources (sewage treatment plants, etc.) and identifying the amount of diffuse pollution caused mainly by agriculture.For suggesting some feasible measures to improve water quality and to reduce diffuse pollution considering possible climate and land use changes, different reasonable scenarios were applied in consultation with the Environmental Agency of Brandenburg (LUA). The study revealed that the amount of water discharge has significant influence on the concentration of nutrients in the river network, and that nitrogen pollution, caused mainly by diffuse sources, could be notably reduced by application of agricultural measures, whereas the pollution by phosphorus could be diminished most effectively by the reduction of point source emissions.     

Temporal-spatial dynamics of vegetation variation on non-point source nutrient pollution

The temporal-spatial interaction of land cover and non-point source (NPS) nutrient pollution were analyzed with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the temporal-spatial features of NPS nutrient loading in the upper stream of the Yellow River catchment. The corresponding land cover data variance was expressed by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) that was calculated from MODIS images. It was noted that the temporal variation of land cover NDVI was significantly correlated with NPS nutrient loading. The regression analysis indicated that vegetation not only detained NPS nutrient pollution transportation, but also contributed to sustainable loading. The temporal analysis also confirmed that regional NDVI was an effective index for monthly assessment of NPS nitrogen and phosphorus loading. The spatial variations of NPS nutrient loading can be classified with land cover status. The high loadings of NPS nitrogen in high NDVI subbasins indicated that forestry and farmland are the main critical loss areas. Farmland contributed sustainable soluble N, but the loading of soluble and organic N from grassland subbasins was much lower. Most P loading came from the areas covered with dense grassland and forestry, which cannot directly discharge to local water bodies. However, some NPS phosphorus from suburban farmland can directly discharge into adjacent water bodies. The interactions among nutrient loading, NDVI, and slope were also analyzed. This study confirmed that the integration of NPS modeling, geographic information systems, and remote sensing is needed to understand the interactive dynamics of NPS nutrient loading. Understanding the temporal-spatial variation of NPS nutrients and their correlations with land cover will help NPS pollution prevention and water quality management efforts. Therefore, the proposed method for evaluating NPS nutrient loading by land cover NDVI can be an effective tool for pollution evaluation and watersheds planning.     

苏北盐城海岸带陆源氮磷污染负荷估算初探

海岸带陆源氮磷污染输入是导致近海赤潮的主要原因,但目前尚缺乏系统的调查研究。文章采用野外实地调查和文献调研相结合的方法,从农田径流、养殖废水排放、居民生活污水和工业废水排放等几个方面,初步估算了盐城海岸带陆源氮磷污染负荷的分配情况。结果表明,盐城海岸带主要陆源污染源中,养殖水域氮磷排放总量为7641t和480t,分别占排放总量的75.1%、63.5%;其次为居民工矿的生活生产污水,其氮磷排放量为2083t和232t,占总排放量的20.5%、30.7%;农田目前看来不是盐城海岸带主要的陆源污染源,排放量仅占4.4%和5.8%。在当前海岸带陆源污染源治理中,除采取有力措施控制养殖水域养分流失外,农村和乡镇生活生产污水的排放也应引起重视。     

Sediment texture and nutrients of Arasalar estuary, Karaikkal, south-east coast of India

Sediment samples were collected for texture, composition and nutrient such as organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus for a period of two years from three stations in Arasalar estuary. The sediment temperature, pH and nutrients were higher during summer season and lower during monsoon season. At station 1, sediment texture was loamy sand during summer and premonsoon season. At station 2, clay type soil was recorded. Whereas, at station 3, clay was observed in summer and premonsoon and then it shifted to sandy loam type soil during monsoon. Sediment nutrients were lower than that of values of various ecosystem of India.