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1.
Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the city air in Oba Akran road, Lagos were investigated. The chlorinated VOCs and xylene in Oba Akran were high. The average benzene/toluene ratio in Oba Akran was 1.7 suggesting that vehicular emission was a possible VOC source in most areas of Oba Akran. The toluene/(m+p-xylene) ratio also suggests a common source of toluene and xylene at these sites, presumably organic solvent used by industries located at Oba Akran. Our results showed that 7.10 tons of CO 2 equivalents of VOCs are being emitted per year from Oba Akran. Xylenes were found to be the largest contributor to the ozone formation followed by trichloroethylene. A multivariate statistical analysis (Factor analysis extracted with Principal Component Analysis) has been applied to a set of data, and it was found that the main principal components, extracted from the air VOC pollution data, were related to gasoline and oil combustion/industrial activities.  相似文献   

2.
A total of 168 PM10 samples were collected during the year of 2005 at eight sites in the city of Wuxi in China. Fifteen chemical elements, three water-soluble ions, total carbon and organic carbon were analyzed. Six source categories were identified and their contributions to ambient PM10 in Wuxi were estimated using a nested chemical mass balance method that reduces the effects of colinearity on the chemical mass balance model. In addition, the concentrations of secondary aerosols, such as secondary organic carbon, sulfate and nitrate, were quantified. The spatially averaged PM10 was high in the spring and winter (123 ??g·m?3 and low in the summer-fall (90 ??g·m?3). According to the result of source apportionment, resuspended dust was the largest contributor to ambient PM10, accounting for more than 50% of the PM10 mass. Coal combustion (14.6%) and vehicle exhaust (9.4%) were also significant source categories of ambient PM10. Construction and cement dust, sulfates, secondary organic carbon, and nitrates made contributions ranging between 4.1% and 4.9%. Other source categories such as steel manufacturing dust and soil dust made low contributions to ambient PM10.  相似文献   

3.
香港大气中有毒挥发性有机物研究   总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22  
用吸附/热脱除-GC=/MS方法研究了香港不同功能区大气中挥发笥有机物的组成。分析结果表明,香港大气中存在60多种VOCS,其主要成分是苯系物,烷烃和卤代烃。在检出物中有17种是有毒挥发性有机物,其主要成分是苯系物和氯代烃。其中氯仿,苯,甲苯,四氯乙烯,三氯乙烯和1,2-二氯乙烷是含量最高的组分。  相似文献   

4.
Indoor air quality in elementary schools of Lisbon in spring   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Analysis of indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools usually reveals higher levels of pollutants than in outdoor environments. The aims of this study are to measure indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO2, speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls at 14 elementary schools in Lisbon, Portugal. The investigation was carried out in May–June 2009. Three of the schools were selected to also measure comfort parameters, such as temperature and relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), total VOCs, and bacterial and fungal colony-forming units per cubic metre. Indoor concentrations of CO2 in the three main schools indicated inadequate classroom air exchange rates. The indoor/outdoor (I/O) NO2 ratio ranged between 0.36 and 0.95. At the three main schools, the total bacterial and fungal colony-forming units (CFU) in both indoor and outdoor air were above the advised maximum value of 500 CFU/m3 defined by Portuguese legislation. The aromatic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, followed by ethers, alcohols and terpenes, were usually the most abundant classes of VOCs. In general, the indoor total VOC concentrations were markedly higher than those observed outdoors. At all locations, indoor aldehyde levels were higher than those observed outdoors, particularly for formaldehyde. The inadequate ventilation observed likely favours accumulation of pollutants with additional indoor sources.  相似文献   

5.
The behaviour of this group of substances may be considered as an example for the ubiquitous occurence of xenobiotics in the environment. Regrettably, the measurements presented in numerous publications often cannot be directly compared with each other. A first step towards harmonization can be achieved by referring the measuring programmes or the presentation of results to the six aromatics of the German Drinking Water Ordinance (TWV) (Σ6) or the sixteen compounds of the EPA list. The tendency of the PAH group to fractionation in air, water, and soil as well as in some cases during analysis must be taken into acount. In this respect, the first six aromatics of the EPA list are only partially suitable for comparisons of results. The six TWV aromatics in soils, sediments, aquatic suspended solids, and sewage sludges, and to a certain extent also in airborne dust, make up a mass portion of CΣ6=40–50% of the Σ16 according to EPA. For Fluoranthene (Fluo) and Benzo(a)pyrene (Bap) as quide parameters, concentration quotients [single aromatic versus (Σ6)] may be given as estimates, which are on average CFluo=33%, and CBap=13%. By means of these quotients it is possible to calculate the values for the whole list by means of the data of the single aromatic CFluo×3=CΣ6, or CBap×7,7=CΣ6, and as a check CFluo/CBap=2,5. For estimating purposes, the relation between the two lists may be assumed als CΣ6×2=CΣ16. These estimating values apply to mixes of PAH, which originate from many single sources (emitters), are transported through the atmosphere with dust and settle, and/or enter water bodies after being washed from road surfaces. The estimates serve as plausibility check and for extrapolation, but they cannot replace the analysis for individual substances in the identification of the pollution source or in the study of their environmental behaviour.  相似文献   

6.
There is diverse phosphorus (P) in eutrophicated waters, but it is considered as a crucial nutrient for cyanobacteria growth due to its easy precipitation as insoluble salts. To uncover the effects of complex P nutrients on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cyanobacteria and their toxic effects on other algae, the VOCs from Microcystis flos-aquae supplied with different types and amount of P nutrients were analyzed, and the effects of VOCs and their two main compounds on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growth were investigated. When M. flos-aquae cells were supplied with K2HPO4, sodium pyrophosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate as the sole P source, 27, 23 and 29 compounds were found, respectively, including furans, sulfocompounds, terpenoids, benzenes, aldehydes, hydrocarbons and esters. With K2HPO4 as the sole P source, the VOC emission increased with reducing P amount, and the maximum emission was found under Non-P condition. In the treatments of M. flos-aquae VOCs under Non-P condition and two main terpenoids (eucalyptol and limonene) in the VOCs, remarkable decreases were found in C. reinhardtii cell growth, photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic abilities. Therefore, we deduce that multiple P nutrients in eutrophicated waters induce different VOC emissions from cyanobacteria, and P amount reduction caused by natural precipitation and algal massive growth results in more VOC emissions. These VOCs play toxic roles in cyanobacteria becoming dominant species, and eucalyptol and limonene are two toxic agents.  相似文献   

7.
In the present study, we focus on the analysis of the volatile organic compound (VOC) contents in the grain of a representative set of winter wheat cultivars grown in Central Europe. The cultivars were grown in control conditions or were inoculated with the fungus Fusarium culmorum. In the analysed samples, hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, aromatics, terpenes and others were found. Among them, results for terpenes seem particularly important. The discriminant analysis allowed complete separation of the quality groups of wheat based on VOCs. Simultaneously, a genetic matrix was created based on the genetic distance between the wheat cultivars and the Mantel test was used to compare it with the VOC matrix. The analysis revealed relationships between the genetic matrix and the overall VOCs, as well as terpenes. The obtained results indicate a significant relationship between microorganisms that exist in the environment, genetic features of plants and VOCs formed in the grain.  相似文献   

8.
自2013年6月以来,利用Airmo VOC在线分析仪在北京市典型城区开展了环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的连续观测,选取2014年4个季节中各1个月的苯系物在线数据,分析了其浓度水平、变化特征、光化学反应活性,利用美国环保署(US EPA)提出的健康风险评价方法开展了有毒有害苯系物物种的健康风险评价,结合来源分析结果,明确北京市应重点控制的苯系物污染来源。研究区观测期间环境空气中16种苯系物的质量浓度为(22.64±16.83)μg·m-3,且具有秋季冬季春季夏季的特点,其中BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)的质量浓度为(19.27±14.46)μg·m-3,占苯系物浓度水平的41.09%~95.16%。研究区观测期间苯系物质量浓度夜间高于日间,日变化呈V字形,在13:00—15:00时质量浓度低。16种苯系物的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的范围为66.62~170.67μg·m-3,其中间+对二甲苯、甲苯和邻二甲苯的OFP值相对较大;二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)的范围为0.71~1.86μg·m-3,其中甲苯、间+对二甲苯和乙苯的SOAFP值相对较大。研究区观测期间6种苯系物(BTEX和苯乙烯)的危害指数在8.19E-03~5.01E-02之间,在4个季节中对暴露人群尚不存在非致癌性风险;而Ⅰ类致癌物质苯的风险值处于7.13E-08~8.13E-06之间,在夏、秋和冬季对研究区暴露人群的人体健康均存在潜在的致癌性风险。来源分析结果表明,研究区春、秋季苯系物主要来源于机动车尾气的排放,其中春季还受到溶剂等挥发的影响,夏、冬季苯系物则主要来自于燃煤源。  相似文献   

9.
地下水中VOC挥发因子模型的研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
陈炼钢  武晓峰 《环境化学》2007,26(6):810-814
建立了一个计算地下水中挥发性有机物(VOC)挥发因子的模型.选用半挥发性的1,2,4-三氯苯和挥发性的四氯乙烯为VOC的代表,分别计算了非饱和区土壤为砂土和粘土时的挥发因子.结果表明:蒸发使VOC的挥发因子增大,而下渗则使VOC的挥发因子减小;不论VOC的挥发性强弱,蒸发(下渗)对挥发因子的影响均比较明显;蒸发情况下,非饱和区土壤性质对挥发因子的影响不明显,而下渗情况下,非饱和区土壤性质对挥发因子的影响则趋于明显;此外,当非饱和区土壤为粘土时,VOC的挥发因子受蒸发(下渗)的影响更明显.  相似文献   

10.
Identifying the major sources contributing to air pollution is a problem of fundamental importance in developing effective air quality management plans. Multivariate receptor modeling aims to achieve this goal by unfolding the air pollution data into components associated with different sources based on factor analysis models. We analyze the PM10 data obtained from 17 monitoring sites in Seoul to locate the major source regions using multivariate receptor modeling. The model uncertainty caused by the unknown number of sources and identifiability conditions is assessed by posterior probability of each model. The estimated source spatial profiles seem to be consistent with our prior expectation about the PM10 sources in Seoul.  相似文献   

11.

The ambient air particulates pollutants of total suspended particulates (TSP) and PM2.5 were collected by using PS-1 and Wilbur PM2.5 sampler, simultaneously during the year of 2015–2017 at a photoelectric factory in Science Park of central Taiwan. And those of the ambient air atmospheric metallic elements (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) concentrations which attached on the TSP and PM2.5 were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. In addition, identifying anthropogenic and natural pollutants sources were conducted by using the enrichment factor (EF) and principal component analysis (PCA) methods. The results indicated that the average TSP and PM2.5 concentrations were ranked highest in winter season, while summer season was ranked lowest during the year of 2015–2016. In addition, the average highest metallic element concentrations were occurred in winter season for both TSP and PM2.5 during the year of 2015–2016, while the average lowest metallic elements concentrations in TSP and PM2.5 were also occurred in winter season during the year of 2016–2017. Moreover, the EF analysis results showed that the metallic element Zn came from anthropogenic emission source. As for metallic element Mn, the results showed that metallic element Mn was mainly attributed to natural emission in this study. Finally, the PCA results showed that metallic elements Cr, Zn and Pb were the dominant emissions metallic elements in this study. As for PM2.5, the results showed that the metallic elements Cr, Cu and Pb were the dominant emissions metallic elements at this HPB sampling site.

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12.
对广州大坦沙污水处理厂各工艺阶段污水中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的测试表明,进水中主要有害VOCs为苯系物和卤代烃;进水和出水比较,苯 甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯(合称BTEX) 的去除率接近100%,污水中几种主要卤代烃的去除效率范围为79%—89%.VOCs主要的去除作用发生在生物反应池,特别是厌氧阶段,本研究还对污水处理厂几种典型挥发有机物排放到周围空气中的量进行了理论估计,计算表明卤代烃进入空气中的比例高于BTEX.  相似文献   

13.
挥发性有机物(VOCs)来源广泛、组成复杂,是臭氧(O3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的重要前体物,且其中一些组分对人体健康存在潜在威胁。VOCs的主要排放方式包括点源、面源和无组织源排放,排放过程具有瞬时性,难以控制和监测。与传统的离线监测和在线监测相比,走航监测技术具有监测范围大、响应快速、机动性强的特点,但中国VOCs的走航监测研究还鲜有报道。该研究通过使用装载了单质谱分析仪与便携式气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)的走航车对珠三角沿海城市某工业集聚区进行VOCs走航监测,走航过程中对环境空气中的TVOCs进行快速监测并对TVOCs质量浓度高值点进行采样及VOCs组分的成分和浓度分析。该次走航共监测到32种优控污染因子和CW加油(加气)站、JH加油站、G空调电器生产企业的两器车间及南门货场等多个TVOCs质量浓度高值点,并通过分析进一步判断VOCs排放源。结合监测结果和实地调研推断:加油站的VOCs高值主要来源于油气挥发及机动车尾气排放;G空调企业的VOCs高值则主要来源于两器车间的喷涂、烘干、洗网工序及厂区内的机动车尾气排放。尽管VOCs走航监测技术目前还存在一定不足,该方法的应用能够为掌握区域VOCs污染现状及分布特征提供新的技术手段,为实现VOCs精细化管控提供新的思路。  相似文献   

14.
Toxic elements in the atmosphere can enter and accumulate in the human body, seriously impacting human health. In this study, we analyzed a 14-year (1995-2008) measurement of three toxic elements (As, Cd and Cr) in PMlo in Hong Kong, China. The pollution of these toxic elements in Hong Kong was not serious. The trend analysis showed that As and Cr in PM10 increased at a statistically significant level (p〈0.05) during the 14-year period, while the Cd in PM10 did not change significantly. Typical seasonal variations were observed for all three toxic elements, largely in relation to the Asian monsoon. Hourly 10-day backward trajectories were computed and cate- gorised into four groups. The continental air masses showed much higher concentrations of the three toxic elements than the marine air masses. The abundances of As and Cd in the PM10 were much higher in the continental air masses than those in the marine air masses, while the abundances of Cr showed an opposite pattern. The trends of the three toxic elements in East China's air mass were consistent with those in the overall data set ofHong Kong. Examination of the toxic element data recorded at urban sites and a roadside site also indicated a large contribution of external air masses to particulate As and Cd in Hong Kong. These results suggest that the long-range transport from the mainland of China is the dominant contributor to particulate As and Cd, while both local and long-distance sources determine the particulate Cr in Hong Kong.  相似文献   

15.
厦门市隧道中挥发性有机物污染研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
徐亚  赵金平  陈进生  张福旺  张晗 《生态环境》2010,19(11):2619-2624
选择厦门市典型的7个隧道,采用三段预浓缩和气相色谱-质谱联用方法,对隧道口和隧道内空气中的VOCs进行了分析研究。结果表明:隧道内VOCs污染一般比隧道口严重,而当隧道口受到周围VOCs污染的影响时,将导致隧道口VOCs污染比隧道内严重;甲苯、乙醇、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯为本研究主要的活性组分,甲苯对隧道空气的光化学活性贡献最大;BTEX分析显示,除汽车尾气外,其它源也会对隧道内苯系物的污染有较大的影响;对隧道内和隧道口VOCs相关性分析发现,1,3-丁二烯、丙烯醛、二氯甲烷、正己烷、1,1-二氯乙烷、4-乙基甲苯、氟利昂-12、一氯甲烷的相关性较好,表明在隧道内和隧道口这些物质具有相同的来源。  相似文献   

16.
Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected at four sites in Xiamen, including Gulangyu (GLY), Hongwen (HW), Huli (HL) and Jimei (JM) during January, April, July and October 2013. Local source samples were obtained from coal burning power plants, industries, motor vehicles, biomass burning, fugitive dust, and sea salt for the source apportionment studies. The highest value of PM2.5 mass concentration and species related to human activities (SO4 2–, NO3 , Pb, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were found in the ambient samples from HL, and the highest and lowest loadings of PM2.5 and its components occurred in winter and summer, respectively. The reconstructed mass balance indicated that ambient PM2.5 consisted of 24% OM (organic matter), 23% sulfate, 14% nitrate, 9% ammonium, 9% geological material, 6% sea salt, 5% EC and 10% others. For the source profiles, the dominant components were OC for coal burning, motor vehicle, biomass burning and sea salt; SO4 2– for industry; and crustal elements for fugitive dust. Source contributions were calculated using a chemical mass balance (CMB) model based on ambient PM2.5 concentrations and the source profiles. GLY was characterized by high contributions from secondary sulfate and cooking, while HL and JM were most strongly affected by motor vehicle emissions, and biomass burning and fugitive dust, respectively. The CMB results indicated that PM2.5 from Xiamen is composed of 27.4% secondary inorganic components, 20.8% motor vehicle emissions, 11.7% fugitive dust, 9.9% sea salt, 9.3% coal burning, 5.0% biomass burning, 3.1% industry and 6.8% others.
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17.
Air quality in an urban atmosphere is regulated by both local and distant emission sources. For air quality management in urban areas, identification of sources and their relationships with local meteorology and air pollutants are essential. The critical condition of air quality in Indo-Gangetic plain is well known, but lack of data on both local and distant emission sources limits the scope of improving air quality in this region. Concentrations of particulate matter of size lower than 10 μm (PM10) were assessed in the highly urbanized Varanasi city situated in middle Indo-Gangetic plain of India from 2014 to 2017, to identify the distant air pollution sources based on trajectory statistical models and local sources by conditional bivariate probability function. Modifying effects of meteorology and air pollutants on PM10 were also explored. Mean PM10 concentration for the study period was 244.8 ± 135.8 μg m?3, which was 12 times higher than the WHO annual guideline. Several distinct sources of traffic as the major source of PM10 were identified in the city. Trajectory statistical models like cluster analysis, potential source contribution function and concentration-weighted trajectory showed significant contributions from north-west and eastern directions in the transport of polluted air masses to the city. Dew point, wind speed, temperature and ventilation coefficient are the major factors in PM10 formation and dispersion.  相似文献   

18.
In 2004, airborne particulate matter (PM) was collected for several aerosol episodes occurring in the southern region of Taiwan. The particulate samples were taken using both a MOUDI (Micro-orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor) and a nano-MOUDI sampler. These particulate samples were analyzed for major water-soluble ionic species with an emphasis to characterize the mass concentrations and distributions of these ions in the ambient ultrafine (PM0.1, diameter <0.1 μm) and nano mode (PMnano, diameter <0.056 μm) particles. Particles collected at the sampling site (the Da-Liao station) on the whole exhibited a typical tri-modal size distribution on mass concentration. The mass concentration ratios of PMnano/PM2.5, PM0.1/PM2.5, and PM1/PM2.5 on average were 1.8, 2.9, and 71.0%, respectively. The peak mass concentration appeared in the submicron particle mode (0.1 μm < diameter <1.0 μm). Mass fractions (percentages) of the three major water-soluble ions (nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium) as a group in PMnano, PM0.1, PM1, and PM2.5 were 18.4, 21.7, 50.0, and 50.7%, respectively. Overall, results from this study supported the notion that secondary aerosols played a significant role in the formation of ambient submicron particulates (PM0.1−1). Particles smaller than 0.1 μm were essentially basic, whereas those greater than 2.5 μm were neutral or slightly acidic. The neutralization ratio (NR) was close to unity for airborne particles with diameters ranging from 0.18 to 1 μm. The NRs of these airborne particles were found strongly correlated with their sizes, at least for samples taken during the aerosol episodes under study. Insofar as this study is exploratory in nature, as only a small number of particulate samples were used, there appears to be a need for further research into the chemical composition, source contribution, and formation of the nano and ultrafine mode airborne particulates.  相似文献   

19.

The main purpose of this study was to monitor ambient air particles and particulate-bound mercury Hg(p) in total suspended particulate (TSP) concentrations and dry deposition at the Hung Kuang (Traffic), Taichung airport and Westing Park sampling sites during the daytime and nighttime, from 2011 to 2012. In addition, the calculated/measured dry deposition flux ratios of ambient air particles and particulate-bound mercury Hg(p) were also studied with Baklanov & Sorensen and the Williams models. For a particle size of 10 μm, the Baklanov & Sorensen model yielded better predictions of dry deposition of ambient air particulates and particulate-bound mercury Hg(p) at the Hung Kuang (Traffic), Taichung airport and Westing Park sampling site during the daytime and nighttime sampling periods. However, for particulates with sizes 20–23 μm, the results obtained in the study reveal that the Williams model provided better prediction results for ambient air particulates and particulate-bound mercury Hg(p) at all sampling sites in this study.

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20.
Particulate matter (PM) is both a major driver of climate change and a source of toxicity for health. In the upper atmosphere, particulate matter modifies the earth radiation budget, cloud formation and acts as a reaction center for air pollutants. In the lower atmosphere, particulate matter changes atmospheric visibility and alters biogeochemical cycles and meteorology. Most critical effects are observed in ambient air, where particulate matter degrades human health. Here we review the sources, spatial and temporal variability, and toxicity of PM10, the particulate matter having particle sizes 10 micrometers or less in diameter, in world regions. For that we analyzed information from the world wide web and databases from government organizations after the year 2000. Findings show that PM10 is a major risk in both developed and developing countries. This risk is more severe in Asian countries compared to Europe and USA, where decreasing trends are recorded during the last two decades. Meteorological factors modify particulate matter variations at local and regional levels. PM2.5/PM10 ratio provides information of particulate matter sources under different environment conditions. Crustal matter, road traffic and combustion of fuels are major sources of particulate matter pollution. Health studies indicate that long-term exposure to particulate matter has multiple health effects in people from all age groups. Identification of possible sources and their control with regular epidemiological monitoring could decrease the impact of particulate matter pollution.  相似文献   

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