不同比例钾钙锌共存对土壤镉吸附的影响

采用等温平衡法,测定了锌、钾、钙两两共存下赤红壤镉的吸附量,应用Freundlich方程分析了土壤镉的吸附特征,并计算了镉的分配系数(KdCd).结果表明,用Freundlich吸附等温方程拟合土壤镉的吸附特征具有很好的相关性.与单钠体系相比,钙钾、钙锌及锌钾共存均使赤红壤吸附镉的能力减弱,赤红壤的总吸附容量(Kf值)分别降低了56.5%、96.73%和91.3%.不同离子两两共存下改变土壤吸附镉能力的程度不同,钙钾共存的Kf值明显高于钙锌、钾锌共存,对Kf值的影响程度的次序为:锌钾≈钙锌,钙钾.钙锌、钾共存时,增加吸附体系中锌质量浓度将明显降低镉的分配系数(KdCd值),共存离子中锌含量与KdCd值呈明显负相关.钙锌、钾锌以不同比例与镉共存时,锌含量高低是制约KdCd值大小的主要因子.     

不同比例钙锌共存对土壤镉有效性的影响及其机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了赤红壤上两种镉污染水平下,施用不同比例钙锌对小油菜(Brassica Campetris,Lvar Conmuni)生物量、镉吸收量及土壤溶液中镉、钙、锌质量浓度的影响.结果表明,钙、锌以不同比例共存时并不会对赤红壤上小油菜的生长产生明显的影响;随着锌用量增加,土壤溶液中锌的质量浓度明显增加,土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度明显升高.小油菜体内镉含量明显降低;高镉污染赤红壤上,钙锌共存中钙用量增加,土壤溶液中钙的质量浓度明显增加.低、高镉污染赤红壤上,钙、锌共存摩尔比例为4:1时,小油菜体内镉含量较对照平均分别降低34.2%和27.3%(两季平均值);而土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度较对照分别增加307%和120%.在低镉污染赤红壤上,锌施用量与小油菜体内镉含量呈显著负相关;高镉污染赤红壤上,锌施用量与土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度呈显著正相关.钙、锌以不同比例施入土壤时,锌施用量多少是控制土壤镉有效性高低的主要因素.     

不同比例钾锌共存对土壤镉有效性的影响

单一施用钾或锌肥会改变污染土壤中镉的有效性,但钾与锌共存对镉在土壤-植物系统中迁移和转化影响效果尚待明确.采用盆栽试验,研究了赤红壤上2种镉污染水平下,施用不同比例钾、锌对小油菜(Brassica campetris Lvar.Conmuni)生物量、镉吸收量及土壤溶液中镉质量浓度的影响.结果表明,钾、锌以不同比例与镉共存时并不会对赤红壤上小油菜的生长产生明显影响;增加共存体系中锌的用量,土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度明显升高,而小油菜植株镉含量明显降低.低、高镉污染赤红壤上,钾、锌共存摩尔比例为4:1时,土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度较对照分别增加189%和159%(两季平均值);小油菜体内镉含量较对照平均分别降低26.0%和34.9%.在低镉污染赤红壤上,钾、锌施用量与小油菜体内镉含量呈显著负相关;高镉污染赤红壤上,锌施用量与土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度呈显著正相关.中轻度镉污染土壤上,小油菜钾、锌肥最佳施用比例为4:1.钾、锌以不同比例施入土壤时,锌施用量多少是控制土壤镉有效性高低的主要因素.     

红壤中镉的竞争吸持动力学

本文采用流动法研究了竞争性Zn~(2+),Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Na~+离子对红壤中镉吸持动力学特性的影响.实验结果表明:与Cd~(2+)离子等浓度的竞争性Zn~(2+),Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)离子的存在,使红壤中镉的吸持量降低,解吸量增加,影响的顺序为:Zn~(2+)≥Ca~(2+)>Mg~(2+)。大量竞争性Na~2+离子的存在,使红壤中镉的吸持量大大降低,解吸量亦降低.用一级反应动力学方程拟合实验数据,结果表明:竞争性Zn~(2+),Na~2+离子对红壤中镉吸持动力学特性影响明显;红壤中镉的吸持为多种化学吸持(高能)与物理吸附(低能)共存,高能吸持的主要贡献来自红壤中游离氧化铁组分对镉的专性化学吸持.     

酸性条件下可变电荷土壤对锌的吸附动力学特征

用自行设计的动力学装置,研究了酸性条件下Zn在可变电荷土壤表面的反应动力学吸附特征.结果表明,在酸性条件下,Zn吸附过程分快反应和慢反应.从一级动力学方程拟合的参数可知,土壤的最大吸附量依次为砖红壤>赤红壤>红壤,表观最大吸附量随酸度增加显著下降,砖红壤、赤红壤和红壤在流入液pH5.5时zn的吸附量为2.81、2.72和1.83 mmol·kg-1;pH3.3时为1.0、0.38和0.12 mmol·kg-1.用Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程常数b值,解释离子的表观扩散速率,三种土壤的b值依次为砖红壤>赤红壤>红壤,且随酸度的增大而降低.在Zn吸附过程中,pH5.5时,三种土壤流出液中有质子释放;当原液pH值为4.3、3.8和3.3时,都存在质子的消耗.砖红壤上快速消耗H+量远远大于红壤和赤红壤.反应初期,H+质子的消耗是快速反应,主要包括土壤交换阳离子的缓冲作用、土壤表面的质子化及硫酸专性吸附释放的羟基中和H+质子.     

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物对花生作物营养效应及其机理

花生盆栽试验研究结果表明，施脱硫副产物可增强供试土壤的离子吸附能力，提高土壤持水性和阳离子交换量；施脱硫副产物可显著增强花生对养分的吸收，提高单盆花生养分吸收量，但由于钙的离子拮抗效应增强。在花生生长后期，植株叶片钾、镁、氮质量分数下降，其影响程度与供试物施用量有关；在供试物施用量4.5～15g／kg条件下，花岗岩红壤上花生增产21.45％-25.59％，砂页岩赤红壤上花生增产40.52%～57.18％。     

溶液中金属离子和pH对红壤吸附SO4^2—的影响

本文研究了溶液中金属离子和pH对红壤吸附SO_4~(2-)的影响。实验结果表明,溶液pH降低,红壤吸附SO_4~(2-)的量增加;溶液中金属离子种类不同,红壤吸附SO_4~(2-)的量差异很大。其次序为Al~(3+)>Zn~(2+)>Na~+。实验结果也表明,当溶液中有Al~(3+)Zn~(2+)离子存在时吸附的SO_4~(2-)较有Na~+离子存在时吸附SO_4~(2-)难被水解吸下来。     

活性炭吸附富集-火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定河水中微量铅、锌、镉、铜、镍的探讨

水中微量铅、锌、镉、铜、镍的测定,一般采用萃取法、加热浓缩法等。本文是利用活性炭在大体积水相中有吸附微量重金属的能力,富集河水中微量铅、锌、镉、铜、镍。探讨了吸附时pH条件、活性炭用量、洗脱条件及共存离子的影响,研究结果表明:镉、铅的富集浓度为0.002mg/L;锌、铜、镍的富集浓度为0.005mg/L。     

蒙脱石吸附Cr3+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的研究:pH值和有机酸的影响

粘土具有良好的离子交换和吸附特性，常被用作垃圾填埋场的衬层，吸附垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮及重金属离子，防止污染土壤和地下水。研究了pH值对蒙脱石吸附Cr^3 、Cd^2 、Cu^2 、Pb^2 和Zn^2 等五种重金属离子的影响，以及有化学络合剂EDTA和几种有机酸存在条件下，蒙脱石吸附Cr^3 、Cd^2 、Cu^2 、Pb^2 和Zn^2 五种重金属离子的效果。为了接近自然吸附状态，实验采用了离子交换柱进行连续吸附。结果表明，pH值对Cu^2 、Pb^2 和Cu^2 的吸附率影响极大；化学络合剂以及有机酸的存在降低了各重金属离子的吸附率，影响的强弱(设其符号为y)顺序为Y(Pb^2 )≤y(Cd^2 )≤y(Zn^2 )≤y(Cu^2 )≤y(Cr^3 )。     

三峡库区消落带土壤对Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附特征

以三峡库区消落带紫色土为对象,采用平衡吸附法研究了Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)在紫色土中的吸附特征,分析了紫色土对重金属的吸附能力.结果表明:(1)随着加入Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)浓度增高,紫色土对Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附量增大,碱性紫色土对Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附量最高分别为1499.5 mg.kg-1、2845.4 mg.kg-1;(2)土壤中有Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的专性吸附位点,在两者共存的条件下存在竞争吸附,Cu(Ⅱ)的竞争吸附能力大于Zn(Ⅱ),其各自的最大吸附量小于单一离子条件下的吸附量,碱性、中性、酸性紫色土Cu(Ⅱ)最大吸附量的下降幅度分别是14.5%、15.2%、15.9%,Zn(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量下降幅度分别为31.7%、28.1%、25.7%;(3)共存阳离子类型及浓度影响紫色土有效Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)含量,随着阳离子的加入,碱性紫色土的有效Cu(Ⅱ)含量增加,酸性紫色土减少,而3种紫色土的有效Zn(Ⅱ)含量均增加.消落带土壤淹水后,水体中Cu(Ⅱ)及其他阳离子的存在使土壤对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附力降低,造成Zn(Ⅱ)污染的环境风险增加.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Fractionation of trace metals (Mn,Zn, Cu,Pb) in Red Sea sediments,Gulf of Aden,Yemen

A sequential extraction technique was applied to estimate the chemical association of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in five chemical phases (exchangeable, carbonate, Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter and residual) in sediments of the Gulf of Aden, Yemen. The results indicated that a higher level of Mn was associated with the residual fraction (natural sources) than the non-residual fraction (anthropogenic sources). Zn fractionations revealed that it was associated more with Fe–Mn oxides and organic fractions than exchangeable and carbonate fractions. Most of the Cu was present in the residual form (60–72%) except for in the main port area (zone III), where it was associated with the organic phase (77% of the total Cu content, the organic matter content was 5%). Similarly, most Pb was bound in the residual fraction (56–71%) except the main port area where ～ 62% of the total Pb was bound in non-residual fractions. It was also found that the Pb concentration in the exchangeable fraction was very high compared with other metals. The risk assessment code for the metals showed a low risk for Zn and Cu, but low to medium risk for Mn. Fractionation of Pb showed medium risk at most of the regions except at the eastern area, which revealed a high risk for the aquatic environment.     

The distribution of,and relation among,mercury and methylmercury,organic carbon,carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus,in periphyton of the South Florida ecosystem

Periphyton samples from Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park in south Florida were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Concentrations of total mercury in periphyton decrease slightly along a gradient from north‐to‐south. Both total mercury and methylmercury are positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in periphyton. In horizontal sections of periphyton mats, total mercury concentrations tend to be largest at the tops and bottoms of the mats. Methylmercury concentrations tend to be the largest near the bottom of mats. These localized elevated concentrations of methylmercury suggest that there are “hot spots”; of methylmercury in periphyton.