Interference of three weed extracts on uptake of nutrient in three different varieties of paddy through radio tracer techniques

Interference of three dominant weed extracts viz., Ageratum conyzoides L., Melilotus indica All. and Parthenium hysterophorus L. were examined on seed germination, seedling growth, and nutrient uptake (32P and 65Zn) in three different varieties (PD-10, PD-12 and PB) of paddy (Oryza sativa L.). Among the three different varieties irrespective of weed extracts, PD-10 and PD-12 were resistant and PB was susceptible in terms of seed germination, radicle length and plumule dry weight; and PD-12 and PB were resistant and susceptible, respectively, in terms of plumule length and total seedling dry weight. A. conyzoides caused maximum reduction in seed germination and M. indica in seedling growth in different varieties of paddy. The weed extracts interfered in uptake of both 32P and 65Zn and there was a gradual decrease in uptake of both nutrients with increasing concentration of extracts in both root and shoot. The uptake of 32P and 65Zn was more inhibitory with the extracts of A. conyzoides and M. indica, respectively in different varieties. The inhibition in seed germination, seedling growth and nutrient uptake may be due to the presence of phenolics and other secondary metabolities. The phenolics such as gallic, vanillic, protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were identified from these weed extracts.     

Effect of weed extracts on seedling growth of some varieties of wheat

Allelopathic effect ofAvena fatua L., Cyperus rotundus L., Polygonum hydropiper L., and Solanum nigrum L. were examined on seedling growth of certain commonly used varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Tarai region of U.P. state. The weed extracts inhibited the length of plumule in all the varieties (100%) with Solanum and it was in 12 (92%), 10 (77%) and 06 (46%) varieties with Polygonum, Avena and Cyperus, respectively. In radicle length, it was in 92% with both Polygonum and Solanum; and 85% and 69% of the varieties with Avena and Cyperus, respectively. However, all the four weed extracts reduced the dry weight of plumule, radicle and total seedling in all the varieties (100%) of wheat except in HD--2329 with Cyperus, in which it was positive. The percent reduction (percentage of control) was more than 50% in 92%, 77%, 54% and 39% of the varieties, respectively with Solanum, Polygonum, Avena and Cyperus. Among the weed extracts, the inhibitory effect on seedling growth in different varieties followed the order: Solanum > Polygonum > Avena and > Cyperus. On the basis of the present results, UP--2003 and WH--542 followed by PBW--226, Sangam and HD--248 were more susceptible to all the four weed extracts compared to the rest of the varieties of wheat.     

Allelopathic effects of weeds extracts against seed germination of some plants

This study investigated the allelopathic effects of various weeds extracts on seed germination of 11 crop species. Most of the weed extracts tested had inhibitory effects on seed germination of common bean, tomato, pepper, squash, onion, barley, wheat, and corn at different application rates as compared with the 10% acetone control. Chickpea seed germination was inhibited by extracts of Solanum nigrum L., Chenopodium album L., and Matricaria chamomilla L. (10%, 20% and 22.5%, respectively) at the end of 21 day incubation period. However, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., and Reseda lutea L. extracts stimulated chickpea seed germination at the rates of 95%, 94%, and 93%, respectively, compared to control. It was concluded that some of the weed extracts tested in this study could be used as inhibitor while others could be used as stimulator for the crops.     

入侵藤本薇甘菊的耐盐能力

薇甘菊Mikania micrantha Kunth为原产中南美洲的入侵藤本植物,现已在全球热带和亚热带地区照成严重的生态问题。野外观察发现薇甘菊已在珠三角沿海植被中滋生。为揭示薇甘菊的耐盐能力及其对滨海盐生植被的潜在危害性,分别对薇甘菊种子、根系和茎干在不同盐度胁迫下的响应进行了测定。在珠三角地区采集了薇甘菊3个批次的种子,并选取珠江三角洲6种常见植物（菊科假臭草Eupatorium catarium、藿香蓟Ageratum conyzoides、野茼蒿Crassocephalum crepidioides、鬼针草Bidens pilosa、翅果菊Pterocypsela indica和旋花科小花假番薯Ipomoea triloba）作为对照,测定了它们在不同NaCl盐度（质量分数）胁迫下的萌发率和幼苗生长;为揭示薇甘菊种子是否可由海水传播,将薇甘菊和对照植物假臭草、藿香蓟和鬼针草在不同盐度条件下浸泡不同时间后解除胁迫再观测其种子萌发率;为确定薇甘菊能否在滨海盐土中无性繁殖,分别对薇甘菊的根系和茎干在盐水浸泡下的植株生长进行了测定。研究结果表明：1）总体而言,薇甘菊3个种群在≤0.6%盐度胁迫下的种子萌发率均与对照组无显著差异,个别种群的这一阈值可高达1.5%,明显高于其他对照植物;同一盐度胁迫条件下,薇甘菊幼苗根系和苗高生长受抑制程度明显低于对照植物。2）即使经高达3.0%盐度胁迫浸泡长达12 d后,薇甘菊、藿香蓟和假臭草种子的萌发率也没有受到显著影响,而鬼针草种子的萌发率有明显下降;四种植物受浸泡后萌芽的幼苗生长均正常。3）薇甘菊根系受0.5%盐度胁迫时没有植株死亡,但苗高增长仅为对照组的53.3%;根系在1.0%盐度胁迫下有95%的植株能存活至少25 d,但苗高增长仅为对照的18.9%;根系在≥1.5%盐度胁迫下薇甘菊无法存活。4）被清水浸泡的薇甘菊茎茎叶均能存活且在全部被浸泡的节上萌芽。当薇甘菊茎干受≥1.0%盐水浸泡时,受浸泡的叶片全部死亡,在1.0%、2.0%和3.0%盐度胁迫下受试茎第21天的死亡率分别为42.9%、40.9%和86.4%。以上结果表明薇甘菊对盐生生境具一定的适应能力,可能通过种子萌发或无性繁殖扩张的方式对滨海盐生植被构成威胁,应当引起重视。     

几种菊科入侵植物和非入侵植物的化感作用比较

以萝卜为受体,采用培养皿法比较研究了几种菊科入侵种和非入侵种的化感潜力。结果表明：入侵种和非入侵种都具有化感作用,且入侵种在高浓度下的化感抑制作用强度不一定都大于非入侵种。在0.2 g.mL-1浓度时,艾蒿和黄鹌菜的综合化感作用强度分别是小飞蓬的2.5和3.1倍;而紫茎泽兰和银胶菊则是小飞蓬的3.8和3.5倍。而不同植物浸提液对萝卜的不同检测指标影响不同。其中,紫茎泽兰对萝卜种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响主要表现为化感抑制作用。银胶菊和除0.025 g.mL-1外的黄鹌菜各浸提液都使萝卜种子萌发受较强的抑制,且抑制强度随浸提液浓度的升高而增大,而对幼苗生长则表现为＂低促高抑＂的规律。小飞蓬和苦荬菜对萝卜种子萌发和幼苗根长为抑制作用,但对其苗高和鲜质量为促进作用。除0.025 g.mL-1外,艾蒿对萝卜种子萌发和幼苗根长有较强的抵制,对其苗高和鲜质量则呈＂低促高抑＂的规律。     

Studies on seed germination and growth in weed species of rice field under salinity stress

An investigation was made to see the salt tolerance of 10 weed species of rice. Properly dried and treated seeds of weed species were placed on 9 cm diameter petridishes lined with Whatman No. 1 filter paper under 6 salinity regimes, viz. 0 (control), 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 dS m(-1). The petri dishes were then kept in germinator at 25 +/- 1.0 degrees C and 12 hr light. The number of germinated seeds were recorded daily. The final germination percentage, germination index (GI), seedling vigour index, mean germination time and time for 50% germination were estimated. Root and shoot lengths of the weed seedlings were measured at 20 days after salt application and relative growth values were calculated. Results revealed that salinity decreased final germination percentage, seed of germination as measured by GI, and shoot and root length in all the species. Germination of most of the weed seeds was completely arrested (0) at 32 dS m(-1) salinity except in E. colona (12%) and C. iria (13.9%). The species C. iria, E. colona, J. linifolia and E. crusgalli showed better germination (above 30%) upto 24 dS m(-1) salinity level and were regarded as salt-tolerant weed species. J. linifolia, F. miliacea, L. chinensis and O. sativa L. (weedy rice) were graded as moderately tolerant and S. zeylanica, S. grosus and C. difformis were regarded as least tolerant weed species.     

模拟酸雨对外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草生长及化感作用的影响

外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa L.）对我国华南地区生态系统造成严重危害,同时华南地区也是强酸雨分布区域。采用不同pH值（2.5,4.0,5.6）的模拟酸雨对三叶鬼针草种子和幼苗进行处理,测定其对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响;室外模拟酸雨喷淋三叶鬼针草,生物测定三叶鬼针草叶片水浸提液对受体植物的化感作用的变化。结果表明：pH为4.0和5.6的酸雨处理后提高了三叶鬼针草种子的萌发率;pH为4.0的酸雨促进幼苗生长,增加幼苗苗高和生物量;而pH为2.5的酸雨抑制三叶鬼针草种子萌发率和幼苗生长。同时,pH 4.0和2.5酸雨增强了三叶鬼针草叶片水浸提液对受体植物的化感作用。研究表明：三叶鬼针草具有较强的耐酸能力,酸雨胁迫可能通过促进外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草的生长和提高化感潜力而有利于其进一步入侵。     

豆科牧草对4种农田常见杂草和水稻化感作用的研究

采用室内生测试验评价了白三叶、紫花苜蓿和毛苕子等3种豆科牧草新鲜茎叶的水浸提液对狗牙根、稗草、马唐和牛筋草等4种农田常见杂草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。利用盆栽试验研究3种豆科牧草的茎叶按不同比例与土混匀后对水稻秧苗生长的影响。结果表明：供体豆科牧草茎叶的水浸提液对狗牙根、稗草、马唐和牛筋草等的萌发率和幼苗生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,且随着水浸提液质量浓度的增加其抑制作用增强。浸提液质量浓度为0.1 g.mL-1时,毛苕子对稗草种子萌发的抑制作用强于其它3种,抑制率达50.8%;毛苕子对牛筋草幼苗根的抑制作用最强,抑制率达59.9%;白三叶对稗草幼苗茎的抑制率达54.3%。同时将豆科牧草的m（新鲜茎叶）-m（土）为1%和2%时,对水稻的苗高和地上部分的生物量有促进作用,3%时则抑制了水稻的生长。研究表明：施用适量的豆科牧草可以促进水稻生长,同时可有效控制稻田杂草。     

入侵物种三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用研究

对华南地区重要外来入侵物种三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用进行了研究,以揭示该物种的入侵机制。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取三裂叶蟛蜞菊地上部分的挥发油,提取率为2.58‰(质量比)。以稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙3种杂草种子为供试对象,用种子萌发法测定了三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用活性。结果表明:三裂叶蟛蜞菊的茎叶在密闭系统中产生的挥发性物质对稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的幼苗生长有显著抑制作用。稗草的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少49.1%、35.0%和27.3%,三叶鬼针草的分别比对照减少18.8%、20.9%和28.6%,青葙的分别比对照减少62.9%、21.2%和50.0%。水蒸气蒸馏法所得的挥发油对稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的幼苗生长也有显著抑制作用,且抑制作用随着浓度的增大而增强。稗草的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少88.2%、58.3%和45.5%,三叶鬼针草的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少38.6%、34.5%和71.4%,青葙的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少83.7%、51.5%和75.0%。结论:三裂叶蟛蜞挥发物具有化感作用,其作用机理值得深入研究。     

三叶鬼针草生物量分配与化感作用对大气温度升高的响应

全球气候变暖已经成为不容置疑的事实,同时外来入侵植物对入侵地的生态环境造成严重的危害,外来入侵植物可能对温度升高做出积极地响应。文章研究了不同温度（22、26和30℃）处理对入侵植物三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa L.）种子萌发、幼苗生物量分配及化感作用的影响,探讨三叶鬼针草对全球气候变暖的响应策略。结果表明;温度为22和26℃比30℃有利于三叶鬼针草种子的萌发。温度升高显著增加三叶鬼针草的株高、生物量和叶面积,三叶鬼针草幼苗增加对茎和叶的生物量投资。同时相同浓度的三叶鬼针草水浸提液对马唐（Digitaria sanguinalis（L.）Scop）和牛筋草（Eleusine indica（L.）Gaertn）的化感作用随着温度升高而增强。研究表明：温度升高促进了三叶鬼针草的生长,改变生物量分配模式同时增强了对受体植物的化感作用。温度升高可能是促进三叶鬼针草入侵的生态环境因子之一,未来全球气温变暖可能使其入侵加剧。     

五爪金龙凋落叶腐解物的化感潜力研究

采用莴苣种子为受体,测试了五爪金龙凋落叶早期腐解物的化感作用,并与其鲜叶及凋落叶的化感潜力进行了比较分析。结果如下:凋落叶40d的腐解物、鲜叶及凋落叶的水提取液均具有较强的化感潜力,并表现出低促高抑的浓度效应,在FW0.1g﹒mL-1高质量浓度下的综合化感抑制强度为凋落叶未能加土壤的腐解物>鲜叶>凋落叶加土壤的腐解物>凋落叶,而在FW0.005g﹒mL-1低质量浓度下的综合化感促进作用是凋落叶>鲜叶>凋落叶加土壤的腐解物>凋落叶未加土壤的腐解物。鲜叶的抑制强度较凋落叶的大,表明叶片在衰老过程中抑制作用减弱。凋落叶未加土壤仅在空气微生物作用下的腐解物抑制作用最强,促进作用最小,而加入土壤后在土壤微生物作用下的腐解物的抑制作用却有所减弱,抑制强度介于鲜叶和凋落叶的之间,促进作用却小于鲜叶和凋落叶,说明凋落叶腐解过程中微生物的参与对化感作用产生了复杂的影响。     

水杨酸对小麦高盐毒害的缓解作用

以盐敏感品种中国春、农大８５０２１和抗盐品种冬６８、茶淀红等４个品种小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）为材料,研究盐分胁迫对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响以及水杨酸对盐害的缓解作用．结果表明,水杨酸能够相对提高盐分胁迫条件下小麦种子萌发的数量、速度和质量;提高幼苗根和叶内游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的含量,增强其渗透调节能力,同时提高幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等细胞保护酶的活性,抑制膜脂过氧化作用产物丙二醛的积累,降低叶片质膜透性和盐分胁迫对细胞膜的伤害．所有这些变化都有利于缓解盐害,提高小麦抗盐性     

Clove bud oil: an efficient, economical and widely available oil for the inhibition of wheat seed germination

Pre-harvest sprouting refers to the precocious germination of the grain in the spike prior to harvest as a result of moist weather conditions at harvest time. From the agricultural viewpoint, it is necessary to impose an exogenous dormancy to wheat seeds in order to improve the resistance of seed to pre-harvest sprouting. In this regard, we found that clove bud essential oil is a strong inhibitor for wheat seed germination. The extract obtained from clove bud by supercritical fluid extraction using CO₂ as solvent minimized the number of extracts to two compounds, eugenol and eugenyl acetate. Eugenol, as the main constituent of the oil, was responsible for its strong inhibitory activity in wheat seeds. The aqueous solution of clove bud oil was submitted to germination assay at various concentrations from 50 to 400 mg/L. Complete inhibition of seed germination was recorded when the concentration was 400 mg/L. Roots and sprouts have similar sensitivity to inhibitory effect. In an empirical study, the synergistic cooperation of eugenol and eugenyl acetate from clove bud oil in the inhibition of seed germination was found to be a 1:1 ratio. The clove bud essential oil is widely available and will broaden the horizon of applications for natural and safe inhibitors in the fields.     

Chromium in tannery industry effluent and its effect on plant metabolism and growth

Different dilution levels of tannery treated effluent and their corresponding concentration of chromium (Cr6+) were studied in a petridish culture experiment on seed germination and seedling growth in radish (Raphanus sativus L). The different concentrations of Cr6+ (2, 5 and 10 ppm) and treated tannery effluent (10, 25 and 50%) showed reduction in seedling growth and related enzymatic activities with increase in concentration of Cr6+ in treatments and effluent both. The low concentration of chromium (2 ppm) and effluent dilution (10%) showed significant growth reduction separately. At this concentration of chromium and effluent dilution chlorophyll content, amylase, catalase and protein contents remained unchanged while with increase in Cr6+ concentration (>2ppm) and effluent dilution (> 10%) in treatments showed growth inhibitory effects.     

苗期棉花对向日葵列当种子萌发诱导作用初探

以5个推广棉花（Gossypium hirsutum L.）品种（中棉所63、中棉所57、中棉所47、中棉所44和中棉所41）为研究对象,利用盆栽试验分别采集棉花苗期3个时期（二叶一心、四叶一心和六叶一心期）的根际土和植株样品,并用其甲醇浸提测试对向日葵列当（Orobanche cumana Wallr.）种子的发芽率。结果表明,根际土、植株样（根、茎和叶）甲醇浸提液诱导种子发芽率高低顺序为根际土〉根〉茎〉叶,表明棉花的根际土和根的甲醇提取液对向日葵列当种子的萌发诱导作用较强。3个时期中,二叶一心期诱导向日葵列当的发芽在品种之间不存在显著性差异,表现为较稳定的诱导种子萌发作用。综合得出,棉花二叶一心期的根际土和根的甲醇提取液对向日葵列当种子萌发的诱导作用较强,二叶一心期为棉花作为＂诱捕作物＂生物防除寄生杂草提供科学依据。     

UV-B增加与酸雨复合处理对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了UV-B辐射增加与酸雨的复合处理对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：UV-B辐射增加对大豆种子的萌发没有影响，酸雨处理降低了大豆种子的发芽率。UV-B辐射增加与酸雨的复合处理，降低了幼苗的株高、绿叶数、叶面积、干质量、叶绿素和蒸腾速率，复合胁迫的下降幅度明显高于单一因子胁迫，并且下降幅度受UV-B辐射强度与酸雨pH的影响。UV-B辐射增加与酸雨处理在抑制幼苗生长上具有协同作用。     

非寄主植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的驱避与触杀活性

为了评估非寄主植物次生物质对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的驱避与触杀活性,本文用乙醇浸提了11种在华南地区分布广泛的植物获得其乙醇提取物。分析了这11种植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的驱避作用,采用药膜法测定了其对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的触杀作用。结果表明,10 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下,花椒（Zanthoxylum bungeanum）和小茴香（Foeniculum vulgare）提取物对褐飞虱若虫有显著地拒避作用,24 h的拒避率分别为53.3%和43.3%;塞楝（Khaya senegalensis）、胜红蓟（Ageratum conyzoides）、桉树（Eucalyptus exsetrta）和毛麻楝（Chukrasia tabularis）提取物对褐飞虱若虫有显著地引诱作用,24 h着落率分别为75.0%、73.3%、73.3%和71.7%。花椒和小茴香提取物对褐飞虱若虫的拒避作用随着质量浓度的上升而增加,在10~40 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下均对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫有显著地拒避活性,40 mg·mL-1时拒避作用最明显,24 h拒避率分别为66.7%和60.0%。塞楝、胜红蓟、桉树和毛麻楝提取物对褐飞虱若虫的引诱作用均随着质量浓度的上升先增加后降低。塞楝和毛麻楝乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的拒避与引诱活性因其质量浓度的不同而有差异,当质量浓度小时（10 mg·mL1）对褐飞虱若虫有显著地引诱作用;当质量浓度大时（40 mg·mL1）对褐飞虱若虫有显著地拒避作用,24 h后,拒避率分别为50.0%和40.0%。胜红蓟乙醇提取物在5和10 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下对褐飞虱若虫具有显著地引诱作用,24 h后,着落率分别为71.7%和73.3%;桉树乙醇提取物在10和20 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下对褐飞虱若虫具有显著地引诱作用,24 h后,着落率分别为73.3%和71.7%。辣椒（Capsicum annuum）、小茴香、花椒、胜红蓟和鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的触杀活性效果显著,在95.69μg·cm-2的剂量下,24 h校正死亡率达到85%以上,LD50值依次为15.46,25.66,33.61,33.57和37.85μg·cm-2。塞楝和蟛蜞菊（Wedelia chinensis）提取物对褐飞虱若虫也具有较好地触杀活性,在95.69μg·cm-2的剂量下,24 h校正死亡率达到50%以上。研究所选11种不同科属非寄主植物的乙醇提取物在一定质量浓度下,对褐飞虱均会产生不同程度的拒避作用。其中辣椒、小茴香、花椒、胜红蓟和鬼针草5种植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的触杀效果明显。辣椒、小茴香、花椒属于经济作物,本研究表明,这3种作物还具有开发为生物农药的价值。胜红蓟和鬼针草在华南地区分布广泛,易采集,植物资源丰富,具有开发成植物源杀虫剂的巨大潜力。     

Impact of fertilizer factory effluent on seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content of gram (Cicer aeritenum)

In the present study effect of fertilizer factory effluent on seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content of gram (Cicer aeritenum) has been carried out, at different concentration of the effluent and time intervals. The effluent is alkaline in nature with strong ammonia odour. The germination percentage of seed, seedling growth and chlorophyll content showed a gradual decline with increase in effluent concentration. At 25% concentration of the effluent, growth promotion in terms of root, shoot length and increase in chlorophyll content recorded at 21 days. However, at higher concentrations of the effluent toxic effects were observed at 21 days. The study suggests that the effluent can be used safely for Cicer aeritenum cultivation, only after proper treatment and dilution.     

Cd^2＋对玉米种子活力的影响及Ca^2＋的拮抗作用

用不同浓度（c）的Cd2＋和Cd2＋＋Ca2＋处理玉米种子，以研究Cd2＋对玉米种子活力的毒害及Ca2＋对Cd2＋的拮抗作用，结果表明：在0～0．5mmol／L的c（Cd2＋）范围内，种子的发芽率、幼苗生长量随c（Cd2＋）的增大而降低，Cd2＋能降低玉米幼苗中超氧物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性，并能增加膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的含量．用Cd2＋＋Ca2＋处理玉米种子时，Ca2＋能减少以至消除Ca2＋对种子活力和幼苗生长的毒害作用，其中c（Cd2＋）为10mmol／L的拮抗作用明显大于5mmol／L．     

部分菊科入侵种种子(瘦果)的萌发能力和幼苗建群特性

对入侵种种子生物学各方面的了解有助于更好地预测入侵趋势和评估可持续管理的策略.研究通过对部分菊科入侵种种子(瘦果)进行的室内萌发实验和土壤埋藏实验,通过与相关研究的对比和分析,对这些入侵种的萌发能力和幼苗建群特性进行了研究.10个入侵种种子室内萌发实验的结果表明,在25℃、12h光照的情况下,除钻形紫菀和一年蓬以外,被研究的其它8个种的终萌发率超过了50%,而且都显示出早期快速萌发的特点.用SPSS的曲线拟合工具对10个种的累积萌发趋势进行了曲线回归分析,对应的最佳模型均为三次曲线方程.不同土壤埋藏深度下幼苗出苗实验的结果表明,菊科8个入侵种的种子在表土的出苗率均最高,随着覆土厚度的增加,种子的出苗率逐渐降低,当覆土厚度超过3 cm以上时,所有种子均不能出苗.种子在不同的埋藏深度的出苗情况与种子的大小有关,较大种子破土能力相对较强;种子在不同的埋藏深度的出苗情况与种子本身的萌发能力也相关.土壤埋藏期限的实验结果表明,随埋藏时期的增加,小蓬草、苏门白酒草和一年蓬3个人侵种种子的活力逐步降低,在土壤中埋藏12个月后,其活力分别为21.34%、18.15%和27.38%.这些入侵种较广的种子萌发温度适应范围和高萌发率为防除工作带来了困难.在生产上,可通过不同时期的翻耕、将种子深埋等措施减少这些入侵种的危害.