供氧方式对SBR法硝化过程控制的影响

采用SBR法对不同供氧方式下硝化过程的控制进行研究，结果表明：在曝气量恒定的条件下，DO和PH值可联合作为硝化时间的控制参数，但ORP无法单独作为控制参数，在DO恒定的情况下，DO无法作为控制参数；PH值在硝化过程中缓慢下降或趋于稳定，当硝化反应结束时突然升高，因此，PH值可作为硝化时间较好的控制参数；ORP的硝化初期快速升高，然后升高的速度愈来愈慢，直至趋于平稳，对硝化结束的指示作用不是很明显，无法单独作为控制参数；为维持硝化过程中DO的恒定，曝气量将逐渐减小，只要系统污泥浓度和所要控制的DO水平相同，任何浓度的原水在硝化结束时调节的最小曝气量都是相同的，因此，将曝气量下限值的控制方法与PH值控制相结合，可使SBR硝化时间的控制更稳定可靠。     

溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响

文章研究溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化效率的影响。研究结果表明：在一定DO范围内，随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低，总氮去除率呈上升趋势，即好氧反硝化效率随溶解氧浓度的降低而提高；在一定MLSS范围内，反应器内混合液污泥浓度越高，出水总氮越低，反硝化现象越明显。     

序批式膜反应器处理高氨氮渗滤液同步硝化反硝化特性

应用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理实际垃圾渗滤液,在DO浓度分别为0.45mg.l-1和1.19mg.l-1条件下,研究了系统的有机物,氨氮和总氮去除特性以及游离氨(FA),DO对系统同步硝化反硝化(SND)类型的影响.250d试验研究表明:SBRR系统能够稳定高效地同步去除渗滤液内高浓度有机物和高浓度氨氮.在初始COD浓度为122—2385 mg.l-1的情况下,出水COD浓度为23—929 mg.l-1,有机物最大去除速率25.6 kgCOD.m-2载体.d-1.在初始NH4+-N浓度为40—396.5 mg.l-1的情况下,出水NH4+-N浓度为0—41.2 mg.l-1,最大硝化速率2.87 kgN.m-2载体.d-1.SBBR系统内发生了明显的同步硝化反硝化(SND)现象,TN平均去除率分别为73.8%(DO=0.45 mg.l-1)和30%(DO=1.19 mg.l-1)左右.当FA浓度在1.5—11.6 mg.l-1范围内时,系统中共存硝酸型SND和亚硝酸性SND.当FA从18.6 mg.l-1增加到56 mg.l-1,系统中形成稳定的亚硝酸SND.因此,FA是影响系统SND类型的主要因素,DO可促进亚硝酸性SND向硝酸型SND转化.     

不同进水有机物浓度下移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)脱氮除磷特性

考察了不同进水有机物浓度下厌氧/好氧序批式移动床生物膜反应器（SBMBBR）污染物去除特性,实验结果表明,SBMBBR能够实现低碳源污水中氮和磷的同步去除,在进水TN和TP浓度分别为116.7 mg.L-1和11.5 mg.L-1、COD浓度为456 mg.L-1的条件下,TN和TP去除率分别达到94.3%和92.2%以上.反应器除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程实现的,脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同时硝化反硝化（SND）作用而完成.由于生物膜内部存在的DO扩散梯度,在好氧阶段混合液DO浓度不断提高的条件下反应器内具有良好SND反应的发生.进水COD浓度由149 mg.L-1提高至456 mg.L-1的过程中,反应器硝化效果不变,反硝化和除磷效果改善.反应器在好氧阶段pH值基本维持在7.0—7.1之间,为各类菌群的生长创造了条件.碱度变化较pH值更能反映硝化和反硝化反应发生的程度.反应器中微生物相丰富,生物膜以丝状菌为骨架,其上附着大量的球状菌和杆状菌,而悬浮活性污泥中丝状菌较少,形成了由细菌、真菌到原生动物和后生动物的复杂的生态体系,为系统取得稳定的污水处理效果提供了有效的保证.     

常温SBR厌氧-好氧反应器的短程硝化

短程硝化-反硝化是污水节能脱氮新技术之一,其关键在于实现短程硝化,而水温是控制短程硝化的主要因素。在生活污水氨氮浓度小于100mg/L的水质条件下,采用SBR厌氧-好氧反应器进行了常温短程硝化试验研究。研究结果表明,水温14．5℃～16．5℃的条件下,在好氧段可以实现短程硝化,亚硝化率达到了94．9%。亚硝化的程度还与曝气时间的长短有关,曝气时间短时,可以将氨氧化控制在亚硝化阶段,积累大量的亚硝酸盐,但是氨转化率比较低;曝气时间延长,氨氮去除率增加,同时部分亚硝酸氮会被进一步氧化成硝酸氮。该研究结果打破了只有在中高温条件下才能实现短程硝化的普遍看法,从而为在常温下实现短程硝化提供了新的依据。     

以pH作为SBR法硝化过程模糊控制参数的基础研究

为实现SBR法处理啤酒废水硝化时间的在线模糊控制，系统地研究了不同碱度类型和浓度对SBR法硝化过程中pH变化规律的影响，同时考察了DO和ORP的变化规律。结果表明，硝化过程中pH的变化可以分为下降型和上升型，下降型有ρ(HCO3^-)适量和不足两种情况，ρ(HCO3^-)适量时，pH在硝化结束时由下降转为上升；ρ(HCO3^-)不足时，pH在硝化结束时下降速率变小；根据pH这些变化特征控制硝化终点；下降型是最普遍的情形,上升型是ρ(HCO3^-)过分充足的情况，在硝化过程和硝化结束之间，pH一直呈现上升趋势，不能根据pH的变化来控制硝化时间，若ψ(曝气量)适宜，可以通过DO来判断硝化终点；上升型在实际中很少出现，pH以上变化规律不仅可以判断硝化时间，还可以判断硝化反应过程中ρ(HCO3^-)充足与否,在此基础上，建立了SBR法硝化时间的模糊控制规则。图7表1参16。     

COD与DO对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响

COD和DO浓度对好氧颗粒污泥的同步硝化反硝化反应有明显影响．COD浓度在400～1200mg／L范围内，好氧颗粒污泥去除COD的能力均在85％以上．颗粒污泥能吸附有机物，使废水中COD浓度快速下降．COD浓度小于800mg／L，好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的脱氮能力，氮去除率最高达85．3％．在溶氧浓度为1-4mg／L条件下，颗粒污泥对COD去除率均在90％以上．不同的溶氧浓度对氮的去除率有一定影响，在溶氧浓度3mg／L时，氮去除率最高，达83％．图7参7     

氯仿作为抑制剂对沉积物-水系统中氮转化的影响

氯仿是土壤的营养物释放实验中常用的微生物活性抑制剂。文章探讨了在滇池沉积物-自配水系统中投加氯仿后系统中上覆水的氮质量浓度变化(上覆水初始质量浓度:总氮15.0mg·L-1,氨氮7.5mg·L-1,硝氮7.5mg·L-1)以及沉积物中的硝化和反硝化活性的变化。结果表明,实验过程中上覆水的总氮、氨氮和有机氮的质量浓度升高,硝氮的质量浓度降低,加氯仿组和未加氯仿组的总氮分别升高35.9%和46.9%。这是因为实验过程中硝化速率降低而反硝化速率升高导致的。加抑制剂组的上覆水中的总氮和氨氮质量浓度总体上高,硝氮和有机氮总体上低,说明氯仿对硝化反应的抑制作用持续到第816h,在最初和后期抑制作用更显著。加氯仿组的pH值明显高于未加氯仿组,DO质量浓度稍高于未加氯仿组。实验结束后,加氯仿组的沉积物的硝化速率和反硝化速率略低于未加氯仿组的。氯仿在沉积物-水系统中起到一定的抑制作用,使沉积物的硝化速率和反硝化速率均降低,但是硝化反硝化活性并未彻底地被抑制;而且抑制具有一定的时效性。     

生活污水的好氧反硝化研究

采用强化生物絮凝工艺处理生活污水,试验结果验证了好氧反硝化的存在;好氧反硝化的效率依赖三个因素:溶解氧浓度、絮体大小、有效碳源。低溶解氧质量浓度有利于好氧反硝化脱氮,当ρ(DO)为0.5mg·L-1时,TN去除率达到57.7%。结合理论分析,对好氧反硝化的机理以及影响因素进行了探讨。     

好氧颗粒污泥实现同步硝化反硝化

采用人工配制的模拟生活污水，通过对运行条件的调控，在序批式反应器(SBR)中培养出了高活性的好氧颗粒污泥，颗粒污泥浓度达到4．55g/L以上，SVI值在32.5左右，反应器对于COD、NH3—N的去除率分别在83.6％—92.8％和82.3％—98.5％之间。实验结果表明：由于好氧颗粒污泥的存在，SBR反应器内发生了同步硝化反硝化(SND)反应，而不是通常所认为的顺序式硝化反硝化(SQND)反应。     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal.     

Nitrification and denitrification in biological activated carbon filter for treating high ammonia source water

Since the ammonia in the effluent of the traditional water purification process could not meet the supply demand, the advanced treatment of a high concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N micro-polluted source water by biological activated carbon filter (BACF) was tested. The filter was operated in the downflow manner and the results showed that the removing rate of NH₄ ⁺-N was related to the influent concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N. Its removing rate could be higher than 95% when influent concentration was under 1.0 mg/L. It could also decrease with the increasing influent concentration when the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was in the range from 1.5 to 4.9 mg/L and the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the influent was under 10 mg/L, and the minimum removing rate could be 30%. The key factor of restricting nitrification in BACF was the influent DO. When the influent NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was high, the DO in water was almost depleted entirely by the nitrifying and hetetrophic bacteria in the depth of 0.4 m filter and the filter layer was divided into aerobic and anoxic zones. The nitrification and degradation of organic matters existed in the aerobic zone, while the denitrification occurred in the anoxic zone. Due to the limited carbon source, the denitrification could not be carried out properly, which led to the accumulation of the denitrification intermediates such as NO₂ ^?. In addition to the denitrification bacteria, the nitrification and the heterotrophic bacteria existed in the anoxic zone.     

Control of sludge settleability and nitrogen removal under low dissolved oxygen condition

Low dissolved oxygen (DO) is an energy-saving condition in activated sludge process. To investigate the possible application of limited filamentous bulking (LFB) in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), two lab-scale SBRs were used to treat synthetic domestic wastewater and real municipal wastewater, respectively. The results showed that prolonging low DO aeration duration and setting pre-anoxic (anaerobic) phase were effective strategies to induce and inhibit filamentous sludge bulking, respectively. According to the sludge settleability, LFB could be maintained steadily by adjusting operation patterns. Filamentous bacteria content and sludge volume index (SVI) were likely correlated. SVI fluctuated dramatically within a few cycles when around 200 mL·g^-1, where altering operation pattern could change sludge settleability in spite of the unstable status of activated sludge system. Energy consumption by aeration reduced under low DO LFB condition, whereas the nitrification performance deteriorated. However, short-cut nitrification and simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) were prone to take place under such conditions. When the cycle time kept constant, the anoxic (anaerobic) to aerobic time ratio was determining factor to the SND efficiency. Similarity keeping aerobic time as constant, the variation trends of SND efficiency and specific SND rate were uniform. SBR is a promising reactor to apply the LFB process in practice.     

SBR短程硝化的实现、维持及稳定性

以模拟生活污水为研究对象,控制SBR反应器内pH值在7.5～8.5的条件下,实现了短程硝化生物脱氮工艺,NO2--N/NOx--N的比率始终维持在90%以上,同时发现pH值和DO浓度变化特征曲线在短程硝化过程中具有良好的重现性。另外,保持DO浓度在0.5～1.0mg/L,硝化时间为5.5h,可较好的维持短程硝化生物脱氮过程,且经过1个月的运行硝化类型没有发生改变,亚硝酸盐积累率仍保持在90%以上。在此基础上,研究了系统对COD和NH4+-N浓度的抗冲击负荷能力。结果表明,该系统具有较强的抗冲击能力。     

1株贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从水库底泥样品中,以硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行驯化、分离筛选出1株能在贫营养及好氧条件下进行高效反硝化的菌株PY8,经过电镜形态学观察、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析,并基于16SrDNA序列结果,构建了该菌株的系统发育树,最终确定菌株PY8为根瘤菌Rhizobiumsp.。考察了初始pH值、温度、C/N、初始硝酸钠质量浓度、投菌量对菌株PY8硝酸盐还原活性的影响,以及该菌株的异养硝化性能。结果表明,在pH6.0～10.0,温度25～30℃,C/N1.0～9.0,初始硝酸钠质量浓度0.01～0.50g·L-1,投菌量1%～15%时,菌株PY8培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到95%以上。另外,该菌株具有同时硝化-反硝化作用,在培养过程中氨氮去除率可达到58%左右。实验结果表明,菌株PY8在微污染水体生物脱氮领域中具有很大的应用潜力。     

Advanced nitrogen removal by pulsed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) with real-time control

The feasibility of pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) as on-line control parameters to advance nitrogen removal in pulsed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) was evaluated. The pulsed SBR, a novel operational mode of SBR, was utilized to treat real municipal wastewater accompanied with adding ethanol as external carbon source. It was observed that the bending-point (apex and knee) of pH and ORP profiles can be used to control denitrification process at a low influent C/N ratio while dpH/dt can be used to control the nitrification and denitrification process at a high influent C/N ratio. The experimental results demonstrated that the effluent total nitrogen can be reduced to lower than 2 mg/L, and the average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was higher than 98% by using real-time controll strategy.     

亚硝酸盐急性胁迫对中华绒螯蟹幼体相关免疫指标和应激蛋白(HSP70)表达的影响

为探讨亚硝酸盐急性胁迫对中华绒螯蟹机体免疫力的影响,以及机体在胁迫过程中的应对策略,分别测定了幼蟹(平均体重3.25 g)在10、20、30、40 mg L-1亚硝酸盐暴露组和对照组中血细胞总数(Total hemocyte counts,THC)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)活力、丙二醛(Malodiadehyde,MDA)含量以及热休克蛋白70(Heatstress protein 70,HSP70)表达量在受胁迫2 d内的动态变化.结果表明:1)低浓度亚硝酸盐(10 mg L-1)胁迫组THC在胁迫3 h时显著高于对照组,肝胰腺中SOD活性在胁迫3 h和6 h时亦显著提高,表现出一定的"毒物兴奋效应".2)但随着暴露时间的延长和亚硝酸盐浓度的升高,幼蟹THC减少,肝胰腺SOD活性下降,而MDA含量升高.3)对照组中有少量的HSP70表达.幼蟹经10、20 mg L-1亚硝酸盐处理后,鳃组织中HSP70表达量在胁迫6 h后达到最大,而经30、40 mg L-1亚硝酸盐处理后,HSP70表达量在胁迫3 h后达到最大.各浓度组所诱导的HSP70最大表达量与水中亚硝酸盐的浓度呈正相关.以上结果说明亚硝酸盐胁迫可通过加剧组织中脂质过氧化的方式导致机体免疫力下降,肝胰腺中MDA的含量变化可作为亚硝酸盐胁迫的有效评价指标之一,而HSP70表达量的变化可作为早期预警指标应用于亚硝酸盐胁迫评价中.图2表1参36