Impact of nitrogen fertilizer source on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from three different agricultural soils during freezing conditions

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen (N) application is the main agricultural management that increases nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentration in the atmosphere. Freezing conditions are common phenomenon in the northern China that significantly affect soil N₂O emissions through alterations in nutrients availability and microbial population. To develop a comprehensive understanding of how N fertilizer managements affect soil N₂O emissions during the freezing process, a lab incubation was conducted in three typical cultivated soils (black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, or loess soil) by adding different N fertilizer sources, including ammonium chloride, sodium nitrate, or urea at different N levels (0, 80, 200, or 500 mg N/kg) at the start of freezing. The N₂O emissions in the fluvo-aquic soil were significantly higher than in other soils. The application of nitrate in the fluvo-aquic soil promoted N₂O emissions by five- and seven-fold higher compared to ammonium chloride and urea, whereas N₂O emissions in black soil were enhanced by application of ammonium chloride. Data indicate that denitrification is the major pathway for N₂O production in the fluvo-aquic soil during the freezing process, while ammonia oxidation responses accounts for elevated N₂O production in black soil. No significant influence of N fertilizer levels on N₂O emissions were found during soil freezing. These results suggest that agricultural practices that focus on mitigation of N₂O emissions need to avoid selection of nitrate as N fertilizer source in fluvo-aquic soil prior to the freezing season. Future studies need to focus on how the expression of enzymes and/or shifts in microbial communities respond to different N fertilizers during freezing conditions.     

水肥耦合效应对保护地土壤硝态氮运移的影响

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了水肥耦合效应对保护地土壤硝态氮运移的影响。结果表明,0—20cm土层硝态氮含量主要受灌水和施氮的影响,且灌水影响程度大于施氮,灌水与0—20cm土层硝态氮含量呈负相关,而与施氮呈正相关。20—40cm土层和40—60cm土层硝态氮也主要受灌水和施氮的影响,但施氮影响程度大于灌水。灌水和施氮对0—20cm土层硝态氮含量影响有相互拮抗作用。施磷对3个层次土壤硝态氮含量影响都很小。     

Radon Exhalation Rate of Some Building Materials Used in Egypt

Indoor radon has been recognized as one of the health hazards for mankind. Common building materials used for construction of houses, which are considered as one of the major sources of this gas in indoor environment, have been studied for exhalation rate of radon. Non-nuclear industries, such as coal fired power plants or fertilizer production facilities, generate large amounts of waste gypsum as by-products. Compared to other building materials waste gypsum from fertilizer production facilities (phosphogypsum) shows increased rates of radon exhalation. In the present, investigation solid state alpha track detectors, CR-39 plastic detectors, were used to measure the indoor radon concentration and the radon exhalation rates from some building materials used in Egypt. The indoor radon concentration and the radon exhalation rate ranges were found to be 24–55 Bq m⁻³ and 11–223 mBq m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. The effective dose equivalent range for the indoor was found 0.6–1.4 mSv y⁻¹. The equilibrium factor between radon and its daughters increased with the increase of relative humidity.     

不同磷肥对棕壤吸附铜的影响

采用等温平衡法研究3种性质不同的磷肥（磷酸二铵,钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）对棕壤铜吸附量的影响,并应用Freundlich方程Cs=KfCen分析土壤铜的吸附特征。结果表明,与不施磷肥处理（对照）相比,当n（磷）：n（铜）=1：1时,钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉增加棕壤对铜的吸附量,分别增加107%和158%;不同用量的磷酸二铵均会降低棕壤对铜的吸附能力;增加非水溶性磷肥（钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）的施用量,能增加棕壤对铜的吸附量,提高棕壤的吸附能力;高量磷矿粉的作用效果最为明显。由此可知,为降低农产品质量安全风险,铜污染棕壤上不宜施用磷酸二铵,但可选用磷矿粉作为肥源。     

祁连山北坡亚高山草地退耕还林草混合植被对土壤碳氮磷的影响

土壤有机碳、氮素和磷素是生态系统中极其重要的生态因子,土地利用变化将会引起土壤中碳、氮、磷等元素含量的变化。以祁连山北坡亚高山草地区域内三种利用方式（自由放牧天然草地、开垦20年的燕麦（Avena nuda）耕地、退耕8年的还林草混合植被）的土壤为研究对象,通过采集0~30 cm的土壤,分析土壤的理化性质得到土壤碳、氮、磷的含量,再将其转换为土壤碳、氮、磷储量,分析三种利用方式下土壤碳、氮、磷储量的差异以及影响土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比的因子,旨在探讨退耕还林草工程对该地区土壤养分的影响。结果表明,3个样地的土壤碳、氮、磷储量差异显著（P〈0.05）,天然草地的有机碳、全氮储量（72.17、6.80 t·hm-2）显著高于退耕还林草地的（66.75、4.96 t·hm-2）和燕麦耕地的（36.61、3.61 t·hm-2）。这是因为,其一,比较而言天然草地受干扰小。其二,对于退耕还林草地和燕麦耕地来说,由于刈割获取地上部分,可能使得从土壤中获取的有机碳和氮素大于归还的。全磷储量则表现为燕麦耕地的（2.51 t·hm-2）显著高于天然草地的（2.17 t·hm-2）和退耕还林草地的（1.96 t·hm-2）。这是因为燕麦耕地中化肥的施用使得磷元素富集起来,所以其储量较高。与天然草地相比,耕种20年的燕麦地0-30 cm的有机碳和全氮储量分别低了35.56、3.19 t·hm-2,年平均减少速率分别为1.78、0.16 t·hm-2·a-1。与燕麦耕地相比,退耕8年的还林草地土壤有机碳和全氮储量显著升高了30.14、1.35 t·hm-2,年平均增加速率分别为3.77、0.17 t·hm-2·a-1。退耕8年的还林草地轻组有机碳比例（10.93%）显著高于天然草地（9.72%）和燕麦耕地（8.61%）。土壤含水量、容重和微生物量碳氮是影响土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量的重要因子。总结认为,退耕还林草混合植被对土壤碳、氮、磷库具有重要?     

三峡库区笋溪河流域面源污染及其与土壤可蚀性k值的关系

研究三峡库区面源污染特征及其与水土流失的关系,可为库区氮磷污染和土壤侵蚀控制提供依据.选择三峡库区库尾笋溪河流域,在流域内分园地、林地和耕地3种土地利用类型共采集126个土壤样品,并在主干和支流采集52个水质样品.根据EPIC模型计算土壤可蚀性k值,分析流域内土壤可蚀性k值对面源污染的影响.结果表明,笋溪河流域面源污染主要是氮污染,总氮均值达1.37 mg/L,氮素的主要形态为硝态氮,占总氮的71.2%;总磷浓度为0.1 mg/L.流域内土壤可蚀性k值均值为0.040,随着土层加深土壤可蚀性k值呈上升趋势;林地土壤可蚀性k值显著低于园地和耕地.笋溪河流域总氮浓度与园地和耕地0-20 cm土壤可蚀性k值有关,硝态氮浓度与耕地0-40 cm土壤可蚀性k值有关.因此,笋溪河流域面源污染严重,主要来源是耕地和园地,应实行免耕、植物篱等措施,同时减少化肥施用,增加有机肥比例,以增加土壤抗侵蚀能力,进而控制流域水土流失和面源污染.(图6参37)     

Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and exports in a village-scale catchment in Southeast China

An experimental village-scale catchment was selected for investigation of nitrogen (N) sources and exports. The mean N application rate over the catchment was 350.2 kg N ha⁻¹, but this rate varied spatially and temporally. The N leaching loss rate varied from 8.1 to 52.7 kg N ha⁻¹ under different land use regimes. The average N leaching loss rate was 13.4 kg N ha⁻¹ over the whole catchment, representing about 3.8% of the total N inputs. The N export rate through stormflows was 28.8 kg N ha⁻¹, about 8.2% of the total N inputs. Seasonal patterns showed that 95% of N exports through stormflows occurred during July to September in 2002. Overall, the maximum riverine N exports were 12.1% of total N inputs and 15.5% of the inorganic fertilizer N applied. Understanding N sources and exports in a village-scale catchment can provide a knowledge base for amelioration of diffuse agricultural pollution.     

Comparison of drinking water,raw rice and cooking of rice as arsenic exposure routes in three contrasting areas of West Bengal,India

Remediation aimed at reducing human exposure to groundwater arsenic in West Bengal, one of the regions most impacted by this environmental hazard, are currently largely focussed on reducing arsenic in drinking water. Rice and cooking of rice, however, have also been identified as important or potentially important exposure routes. Quantifying the relative importance of these exposure routes is critically required to inform the prioritisation and selection of remediation strategies. The aim of our study, therefore, was to determine the relative contributions of drinking water, rice and cooking of rice to human exposure in three contrasting areas of West Bengal with different overall levels of exposure to arsenic, viz. high (Bhawangola-I Block, Murshidibad District), moderate (Chakdha Block, Nadia District) and low (Khejuri-I Block, Midnapur District). Arsenic exposure from water was highly variable, median exposures being 0.02 μg/kg/d (Midnapur), 0.77 μg/kg/d (Nadia) and 2.03 μg/kg/d (Murshidabad). In contrast arsenic exposure from cooked rice was relatively uniform, with median exposures being 0.30 μg/kg/d (Midnapur), 0.50 μg/kg/d (Nadia) and 0.84 μg/kg/d (Murshidabad). Cooking rice typically resulted in arsenic exposures of lower magnitude, indeed in Midnapur, median exposure from cooking was slightly negative. Water was the dominant route of exposure in Murshidabad, both water and rice were major exposure routes in Nadia, whereas rice was the dominant exposure route in Midnapur. Notwithstanding the differences in balance of exposure routes, median excess lifetime cancer risk for all the blocks were found to exceed the USEPA regulatory threshold target cancer risk level of 10⁻⁴–10⁻⁶. The difference in balance of exposure routes indicate a difference in balance of remediation approaches in the three districts.     

Temporal dynamics of arsenic uptake and distribution: food and water risks in the Bengal basin

Abstract

Contaminated food chain is a serious contender for arsenic (As) uptake around the globe. In Nadia, West Bengal, we trace possible means of transfer of As from multiple sources reaching different trophic levels, and associated seasonal variability leading to chronic As uptake. This work considers possible sources-pathways of As transfer through food chain in rural community. Arsenic concentration in groundwater, soil, rice, and vegetable-samples collected detected in different harvest seasons of 2014 and 2016. Arsenic level in shallow groundwater samples ranged from 0.1 to 354?µg/L, with 75% of the sites above the prescribed limit by WHO (10?µg/L) during the boro harvest season. High soil As content (～20.6?mg/kg), resulted in accumulation of As in food crops. A positive correlation in As conc. with increase over period in all sites indicating gradual As accumulation in topsoil. Unpolished rice samples showed high As content (～1.75?mg/kg), polishing reduced 80% of As. Among vegetables, the plant family Poaceae with high irrigation requirements and Solanaceae retaining high moisture, have the highest levels of As. Contaminated animal fodder (Poaceae) and turf water for cattle are shown to contaminate milk (0.06 to 0.24?µg/L) and behoves strategies, practices to minimize As exposure.     

安徽省耕地资源利用分析

根据安徽省生态环境现状调查的结果 ,耕地是安徽省主要的土地利用类型。由于经济建设、生态建设、经济利益的驱动和有限的后备资源 ,耕地面积逐年减少 ;肥力不足、土壤退化、水土流失等因素影响了安徽省耕地资源质量 ;低的生态占用表明该省人口数量已给环境造成巨大的生态压力 ,人地矛盾日趋突出。粮食的安全保障依赖于耕地的高强度利用、化肥的大量施用和有效灌溉面积的扩大。加强土地管理 ,严格执法 ,合理规划用地 ,以科学技术来提高粮食的单产水平和土地利用的集约化程度 ,是耕地可持续利用的保证。