石油污染土壤的微生物修复及土壤微生物活性变化

为快速有效地测定石油污染土壤中功能性微生物的活性变化,分别以石油烃、正十六烷烃、多环芳烃为自定义碳源,应用Biolog法研究油污土壤生物修复过程中石油烃、烷烃、多环芳烃降解菌的代谢活性.结果显示,向油污土壤中投加混合降解菌群进行生物强化修复处理,可以有效去除土壤中的石油烃,修复13周土壤中石油烃去除率达到42.3%;生物刺激和自然修复对土壤石油烃的去除率分别为28.3%和20.5%.Biolog测定结果表明,生物强化法修复初期的土壤微生物群落对石油烃、烷烃两种碳源的代谢能力较强,而生物刺激法修复后期的土壤微生物群落对烷烃有较强的代谢能力;不同处理的土壤微生物群落比较偏好、利用率较高的碳源是石油烃,其次是烷烃,而对多环芳烃几乎不利用;土壤中石油烃、烷烃降解菌的活性越大,土壤微生物对石油烃的去除效率越高.上述研究结果说明,通过利用Biolog法测定土壤微生物活性变化可有效指示土壤中石油烃的去除效果.     

微生物修复土壤多环芳烃污染的研究进展

多环芳烃是一类具有致癌、致畸、致突变性质的持久性有机污染物,主要来源于煤、石油等燃料的不完全燃烧,易吸附于固体颗粒表面和有机腐殖质,化学结构稳定,能长期存在于自然环境,给人类健康和生态环境带来很大的危害。中国土壤多环芳烃污染严重,因此急需寻求有效的修复方法进行治理。在众多的多环芳烃污染修复方法中,微生物修复因其低成本、高效、污染少等优点成为研究热点。科学家们从自然界中分离出了多种细菌、真菌等具有降解多环芳烃能力的微生物,并对多环芳烃的降解机理进行了探索,结果表明,微生物在代谢活动过程中能够产生酶来实现对土壤中多环芳烃的降解。细菌主要通过产生双加氧酶来催化多环芳烃的加氧反应,而真菌可以通过分泌木质素降解酶系或单加氧酶来氧化多环芳烃。两种途径均是首先通过降低多环芳烃的稳定性,使之容易被进一步降解。目前,微生物修复技术正逐步应用于PAHs污染土壤的实地修复,且已取得一定成效。文章简要介绍了降解多环芳烃的微生物,对多环芳烃的微生物降解机制进行了综述,讨论了影响微生物修复过程的因素,列举了常见的微生物修复相关技术,展望了今后的研究趋势。     

固定化毛霉对工业和农田污染土壤中多环芳烃的降解和生物有效性评价

为了探讨微生物修复不同类型多环芳烃污染土壤的可行性,应用固定化毛霉对多环芳烃污染工业土壤及农田土壤进行微生物修复,用羟丙基-β-环糊精(HPCD)提取模拟评价多环芳烃的微生物可利用性,并分析多环芳烃微生物降解和生物可利用性的相关关系.焦化厂污染土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解率为77.6%,沈抚灌区污染土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解率为54.2%,焦化厂土壤和污灌区农田土壤中多环芳烃降解差异明显.焦化厂土壤和污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解量和多环芳烃的环糊精可提取量具有相关性,各环数多环芳烃的环糊精可提取量变化解释了焦化厂和污灌区土壤中多环芳烃降解的差异机制,说明可用环糊精提取量预测微生物降解土壤多环芳烃的情况.     

高分子量多环芳烃--苯并[a]芘的生物降解研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类广泛分布于海洋环境中的含有两个以上苯环的有机化学污染物.苯并[a]芘(BaP)是一种由5个苯环组成的分布广泛、致癌性极强的多环芳烃化合物,人们将其作为多环芳烃的指示物,通过研究其在环境中的产生、迁移、转化、降解及毒理作用来判断多环芳烃的污染情况.BaP已成为国内外环境监测的重要指标之一.本文综述了不同环境中BaP的来源与分布,BaP在环境中的行为,微生物对BaP的代谢途径,以及微生物降解BaP的相关限制因子,并结合作者在这方面研究的部分工作与目前国际研究的热点,提出值得进一步探究的有关问题.图4表3参51     

土壤多环芳烃污染根际修复研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons,PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的具有代表性的一类重要持久性有机污染物,具“三致性”、难降解性,在土壤环境中不断积累,严重危害着土壤的生产和生态功能、农产品质量和人类健康。修复土壤多环芳烃污染已成为研究的焦点。根际修复是利用植物-微生物和根际环境降解有机污染物的复合生物修复技术,是目前最具潜力的土壤生物修复技术之一。对国内外学者近年来在土壤多环芳烃污染根际修复的效果、根际修复机理和根际修复的影响因素方面的研究进展作了较系统的综述,并分别分析了单作体系、混作体系、多进程根际修复系统和接种植物生长促进菌根际修复系统对土壤多环芳烃的修复效果。指出根际环境对PAHs的修复主要有3种机制:根系直接吸收和代谢PAHs;植物根系释放酶和分泌物去除PAHs,增加根际微生物数量,提高其活性,强化微生物群体降解PAHs。并讨论了影响根际修复PAHs的环境因素如植物、土壤类型、PAHs理化性质、菌根真菌以及表面活性剂等。植物-表面活性剂结合的根际修复技术、PAHs胁迫下根际的动态调节过程、运用分子生物学技术并结合植物根分泌物的特异性筛选高效修复植物以及植物富集的PAHs代谢产物进行跟踪与风险评价将成为未来研究的主流。     

冶炼企业周边农田土壤的多环芳烃污染及其细菌群落效应

多环芳烃是一类持久性有机污染物,进入土壤后可能产生多方面生态效应。为研究多环芳烃对土壤微生物的影响,选取南京某冶炼企业周边农田样品,在分析污染物含量基础上,采用高通量测序、定量PCR等方法综合评价了土壤细菌多样性和组成以及多环芳烃降解细菌丰度等特征。17个土壤样品中,多环芳烃总量为0.25~31.08 mg·kg-1,并具有随污染源距离增加而降低的空间分布特征。与土壤理化性质如p H相比较,多环芳烃污染对土壤细菌的总体多样性和群落组成影响不显著。进一步分析发现多环芳烃与潜在降解微生物的相对丰度和降解功能基因(芳香环羟基化双加氧酶,PAH-RHDα)拷贝数显著正相关。污染较重样品的克隆、测序分析表明,土壤中PAH-RHDα基因主要属于革兰氏阳性细菌nid A3/fad A1类群,且与分支杆菌相关序列较为接近。这些结果综合评价了冶炼企业周边农田土壤多环芳烃污染对微生物群落的影响,提示土壤污染在多环芳烃潜在降解细菌中的富集作用,将为后续污染土壤生物修复提供重要科学依据。     

烷基化多环芳烃的细菌降解研究进展

烷基化多环芳烃（alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, A-PAHs）是以多环芳烃（PAHs）为母环,具有烷基侧链的稠环芳香烃,是一类在环境中广泛存在的持久性有机污染物.微生物降解是其在环境中降解去除的主要途径,与真菌、藻类等相比,细菌降解A-PAHs得到更多的关注.本文对APAHs的污染现状及生态毒性,细菌降解甲基萘、甲基菲的研究进展进行了概述,以PAHs的降解酶和降解基因作为参考,总结了A-PAHs可能涉及的降解酶及降解基因.本文有助于了解环境中A-PAHs的生物降解研究现状,为寻找高效的A-PAHs降解方法及减轻其生态风险提供理论依据.     

污染土壤中菲的修复技术研究进展

菲是多环芳烃中的代表性物质,具有"三致"效应,而且菲的蒸汽压小,辛醇-水分配系数高,生物可利用性低,是一种持久性有机污染物。随着化石燃料的大量使用,受菲污染的土壤越来越多,研究菲的修复技术对污染土壤的再利用具有重要意义。结合目前国内外研究进展,综述了污染土壤中菲的修复方法,包括物理修复、化学修复和生物修复。针对各种修复方法,阐述了其原理、修复条件、实例应用和优缺点,重点论述了植物修复和微生物修复方法的降解机理和应用,分析了微生物性质,包括氧、营养物、温度、土壤理化性质、共存污染物等环境因素对生物降解的影响。由于溶解性的菲有较好的迁移转化能力,因此表面活性剂的助溶作用适用于各种修复方法,选择合适的表面活性剂可以提高修复效果。在各种修复技术中,物理修复是通过物理技术实现菲的解吸与富集,无污染,但是去除率低;化学修复是使用氧化剂将菲氧化分解成无毒易降解的小分子物质或通过添加化学淋洗剂增加菲的溶解性,提高迁移转化能力,用时短,但是引入其他试剂,容易造成二次污染;植物修复是通过植物的提取、降解和固定等过程实现菲的修复,尤其是植物的根际环境为微生物的生长提供有利的条件;微生物修复以菲可作为微生物生长的碳源为基础,在分解酶的作用下实现菲的降解,但是生物修复周期长,可利用的生物少,而且可能生成毒性更高的中间代谢产物。因此,寻找合适的修复物种,采用基因技术提高生物的修复能力或多法联用、取长补短可提高修复效率。最后,在共降解理论的基础上,结合重金属和有机污染物共存时,一种物质的存在对另一种物质的降解有促进作用,提出了协同降解的概念,寻求对多种污染物有协同降解或共降解作用的修复方法是今后发展的主要方向。     

石油烃厌氧生物降解代谢产物研究进展

石油烃厌氧生物降解代谢产物的分析对于石油烃厌氧降解机制的研究、功能微生物的筛选以及微生物活动的原位监测具有指示性作用.综述了近年来石油烃厌氧生物降解代谢产物的研究进展.石油烃厌氧降解的初始活化方式主要包括脱氢羟基化、加延胡索酸以及羧化等.其中,加延胡索酸是不同种类的微生物通常采用的代谢方式.同时,将代谢产物按照气体、无机离子和有机酸进行分类,并针对各类物质特别是瞬时性、低浓度的有机酸类产物常采用的分析方法进行归纳.通过实例强调了代谢产物作为潜在生物标记物的应用,并对石油烃厌氧降解代谢产物分析方法的发展提出展望.图3参58     

焦化厂污染土壤中多环芳烃降解菌的分离及降解特性

分别以芴(3环)、荧蒽(4环)和苯并[b]荧蒽(5环)为唯一碳源(1 mg/L),采用平板划线法对某焦化厂污染土壤中的多环芳烃降解菌进行分离.通过自制的呼吸器,研究所得多环芳烃降解菌对14C-菲(5μL/100 mL 40~60 mCi/mmol)的矿化情况;通过序批试验,以煤焦油为碳源(1μL/mL),研究这些菌对19种多环芳烃的降解情况.多次划分后,得到4种菌,经鉴定命名为博特氏菌L1、苍白杆菌L1、微杆菌L1和赤红球菌L1.经过3周的矿化实验,微杆菌L1可以将14C-菲全部矿化成14CO2,赤红球菌L1可将大约60%的14C-菲矿化成14CO2,而博德特氏菌L1和苍白杆菌L1对14C-菲无矿化作用.经过5周的降解实验,博德特氏菌L1对大多数多环芳烃表现了良好的降解作用,苍白杆菌L1和微杆菌L1对部分多环芳烃有降解作用,而赤红球菌L1培养系统中某些多环芳烃的浓度甚至有增大,这可能与其在代谢过程中产生表面活性物质有关.所得4种菌在焦化厂污染土壤的微生物修复中具有较大的应用潜力.图3表1参27     

Alkanes and hopanes for pollution source apportionment in coking plant soils

Polluted soils of former coking plants are characterized by multiple organic contributions, e.g. coal tar, coal, coke, soot, and natural organic matter, that can either be sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or act as sorption surfaces for pollutants. The contamination level is usually based on the quantification of 16 PAHs but it does not provide any information on PAH sources. We studied the aliphatic fractions of 25 soil samples from a former coking plant site by microscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The microscopic investigation allowed to identify four main organic contributions: coal tar, coal, coke, and natural organic matter. These isolated sources were analyzed and considered as reference materials. Although the PAH distributions were very similar in the 25 contaminated soils, alkanes and hopanes distributions were representative from various contributions characterizing the relative enrichment in coal, coal tars, or natural organic matter. Two principal component analyses based on n-alkanes and hopanes showed that three molecular indices, the carbon preference index, the low molecular weight/high molecular weight n-alkanes ratio, and the 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane/(18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane+17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane) ratio allow to classify polluted soils according to various organic contributions.     

红树林生态系统多环芳烃的污染研究进展

多环芳烃（PAHs）是一类广泛存在于天然环境中的持久性有机污染物,对生态环境和人类健康造成严重的潜在威胁。文章介绍了红树林生态系统PAHs污染的研究现状;总结了红树林生态系统PAHs的污染分布及其来源,以及PAHs污染胁迫对红树植物生长的影响;评述了红树植物对PAHs的直接吸收、红树林湿地微生物对PAHs的降解等研究;最后,对红树林生态系统PAHs污染的研究趋势进行了分析和展望,提出了今后可能的研究方向,主要包括：（1）综合应用多学科交叉研究典型PAHs在红树林生态系统中的环境行为;（2）结合双光子激光共焦扫描显微技术等原位研究手段,开展红树植物对典型PAHs的吸收、存赋形态、转运等相关研究;（3）结合激光诱导时间分辨荧光光谱测定系统,实现对现场红树林生态系统中PAHs等有机污染物的原位检测。     

多环芳烃(PAHs)在土壤-植物系统中的环境行为

PAHs具有强致癌性，它在环境中的污染问题日益受到重视。文章综合评述样品中PAHs分析过程所用提取剂的种类、提取方法和检测方法；土壤中PAHs的来源、含量、分布及其影响因素；PAHs在土壤中的吸附和解吸；PAHs在环境中的降解及降解PAHs的微生物类群；PAHs在植物体内的含量、分布及其影响因素。提出了今后值得加强研究的方面。     

Distribution and behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subtropical river estuary,Okinawa, Japan

Surface water samples were collected along the salinity gradient of Manko estuary in Okinawa, Japan, between January and November 2012, to examine spatial and temporal variability in the distribution, composition, behaviour, and sources of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Concentrations of total particulate PAHs ranged from 169.7?ng?g^?1 at riverine station (N1) in November 2012 to 922?ng?g^?1 at another riverine station (K3) in May 2012. Based on observed environmental behaviour, particularly relationships to organic matter, the PAHs appear divisible into two groups: group I (low molecular weight) PAHs were characterised by low particles affinity and strong correlations with a pool of autochthonous organic matter (e.g. high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids), reflecting processes controlling their delivery to the estuary; and, in contrast, group II (high molecular weight) PAHs were characterised by high particles affinity and exhibited estuarine distribution primarily controlled by suspended solid load and inputs from terrigenous sources through river inflows. This relationship, coupled with isomer ratios indicative of combined mixed sources from petroleum and petroleum combustions, indicates that terrestrial run-off is the dominant mode of delivery of particulate PAHs in the estuary. The relationships between distinct groups of PAHs and lipid biomarkers demonstrated in this study suggest that very specific pools of particulate organic matter, as opposed to concentrations of particulate organic carbon alone, can be important in the transport and fate of hydrophobic contaminants.     

Urban fractionation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Dalian soils

This report evidences the fractionation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from urban to rural areas, and a higher contribution of coal and wood combustion in rural areas. PAHs are persistent semi-volatile organic pollutants in the environment. PAHs originate from the incompleted combustion of fossil fuel and biomass. Cities are usually considered as primary sources of PAHs. Due to different types and loads of fuel consumption in various functional areas of a city, the levels and composition profiles of PAHs are expected to be different. We, therefore, studied the mechanisms ruling PAH distributions in soils from a major Chinese city. Seventeen soil samples were collected in urban traffic areas, residential and park areas, suburban areas and rural areas of Dalian, northeastern China. PAHs were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography. The composition profiles and seasonal variation of PAHs were investigated. Results show that the proportions of low-weight molecular PAHs to total PAHs increased with urban-suburban-rural gradient. This trend is explained by the “urban fractionation” of PAHs. Furthermore, the spring/autumn ratios of PAH concentrations were higher than 1. Specifically, the spring/autumn ratio was 1.79 for two ring PAHs, 1.42 for three ring PAHs, and lower than 1.20 for five and six ring PAHs. The spring/autumn ratios of phenanthrene were higher than 1 and increased with increasing distance from the urban areas. The results imply that the contribution of coal and wood combustion PAHs increases with the urban-suburban-rural gradient.     

Effects of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on pyrene and benzo[α]pyrene: bioavailability and degradation in sotil

Effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) on the bioavailability and biodegradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pyrene (PYR) and benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) in spiked soils was investigated in 14-week incubation experiments. To evaluate the effect of HPCD in soils with a different matrix, humic substance (HS) was added into soil samples. A 6-h Tenax TA extraction method was used to evaluate pollutants bioavailability. The biodegraded and extracted fractions were compared to evaluate the impact of HPCD on PAHs biodegradation. Results indicated positive effects of HPCD on fast desorption behaviours of PAHs. The biodegraded fraction was consistent with that of the extracted for PYR. However, in terms of BaP, the results were contrary which suggests that biological factors may be limiting factors for BaP pollution remediation. HS weakened the HPCD solubilisation effect while accelerated the decay of PYR and BaP, also implying that bioavailability was not the sole factor limiting PAH biodegradation. In addition, analysis of microbial communities demonstrated that HPCD inhibited the growth of some soil bacteria while HS promoted the evolution of some soil microorganisms. A limited population of hydrocarbon degrader populations led to observing incomplete PAH biodegradation even in the presence of HPCD.     

Comprehensive characterization of PAHs profile in Serbian soils for conventional and organic production: potential sources and risk assessment

This study presents a comprehensive characterization of occurrence and levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arable soils used for conventional and organic production in northern and central part of Serbia as well as cross-border region with Hungary. Furthermore, this study includes a characterization of PAH sources and carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic human health risk for PAHs accumulated in analysed arable soils. The total concentration of 16 PAHs varied between 55 and 4584 µg kg^?1 in agricultural soil used for conventional production and between 90 and 523 µg kg^?1 in agricultural soil used for organic production. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were dominant compounds with similar contribution in both soil types (86% and 80% in conventional and in organic soil, respectively). Principal component analysis and diagnostic ratios of selected PAHs were used for identification of PAH sources in the analysed soils. Additionally, positive matrix factorization was applied for quantitative assessment. The results indicated that the major sources of PAHs were vehicle emissions, biomass and wood combustion, accounting for?~?93% of PAHs. Exposure of farmers assessed through carcinogenic (TCR) and non-carcinogenic (THQ) risk did not exceed the acceptable threshold (TCR?<?10^–6 and THQ?<?1). Oral ingestion was the main exposure route which accounted for 57% of TCR and 80% of THQ. It was followed by dermal contact. This investigation gives a valuable data insight into the PAHs presence in arable soils and reveals the absence of environmental and health risk. It also acknowledges the importance of comprehensive monitoring of these persistent pollutants.

     

Phylogenetic analysis of hyperaccumulator plant species for heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Increasing concentration of heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil may impose a serious threat to living organisms due to their toxicity and the ability to accumulate in plant tissues. The present review focuses on the phylogenetic relationships, sources, biotransformation and accumulation potential of hyperaccumulators for the priority HMs and PAHs. This review provides an opportunity to reveal the role of hyperaccumulators in removal of HMs and PAHs from soils, to understand the relationships between pollutants and their influence on the environment and to find potential plant species for soil remediation. The phylogenetic analysis results showed that the hyperaccumulators of some chemicals (Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cd) are clustered on the evolutionary tree and that the ability to hyperaccumulate different pollutants can be correlated either positively (Cd–Zn, Pb–Zn, Co–Cu, Cd–Pb) or negatively (Cu–PAHs, Co–Cd, Co–PAHs, Ni–PAHs, Cu–Ni, Mn–PAHs). Further research needs to be extended on the focus of commercializing the techniques including the native hyperaccumulators to remediate the highly contaminated soils.

     

室内空气中多环芳烃污染的测量和特征性研究

本文就室内空气中多环芳烃典型污染源－室内燃煤和室内吸烟排放的多环芳烃组成和含量进行了测定，并同室外大气（对照）中多环芳烃组成含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环烃组成和含量的特征性，结果表明，室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室朵烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征，则与室外煤型和交通型均有显著区别。