共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 421 毫秒
1.
Ojeda J. Sanchez E. Fernandez-Palacios A. Moreira J. M. 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1995,1(1):109-118
This paper deals with the application of satellite images to characterize some aspects of the circulation dynamics of the
Tinto-Odiel estuary using turbidity patterns as ‘natural tracers’. 15 images (Landsat TM and Spot HRV) were processed to provide
synoptic, instantaneous views of the circulation patterns under different environmental conditions. In addition, a comparison
was made between results of oceanographic field work, using biplanes and fluorescent tracers, and satellite image turbidity
patterns used as ‘ground truth’ data for specific hydroclimatic situations. This approach allowed (1) the identification and
mapping of dynamic processes of interest during a theoretical tidal cycle, (2) the elaboration of additional information on
the ‘flow schemes’ at the mouth of the estuary with improved spatial and temporal resolution, and (3) the supply of basic
data to improve the knowledge of exchange processes between estuarine and coastal waters. The results of this study are considered
to be useful for the management of the estuarine system. 相似文献
2.
J. Ojeda E. Sanchez A. Fernandez-Palacios J. M. Moreira 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1995,1(2):109-118
This paper deals with the application of satellite images to characterize some aspects of the circulation dynamics of the
Tinto-Odiel estuary using turbidity patterns as ‘natural tracers’. 15 images (Landsat TM and Spot HRV) were processed to provide
synoptic, instantaneous views of the circulation patterns under different environmental conditions. In addition, a comparison
was made between results of oceanographic field work, using biplanes and fluorescent tracers, and satellite image turbidity
patterns used as ‘ground truth’ data for specific hydroclimatic situations. This approach allowed (1) the identification and
mapping of dynamic processes of interest during a theoretical tidal cycle, (2) the elaboration of additional information on
the ‘flow schemes’ at the mouth of the estuary with improved spatial and temporal resolution, and (3) the supply of basic
data to improve the knowledge of exchange processes between estuarine and coastal waters. The results of this study are considered
to be useful for the management of the estuarine system. 相似文献
3.
Grant E. Brown Maud C. O. Ferrari Patrick H. Malka Marie-Anne Oligny Matthew Romano Douglas P. Chivers 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(6):1267-1276
Under conditions of spatial and/or temporal variability in predation risk, prey organisms often rely on acquired predator
recognition to balance the trade-offs between energy intake and risk avoidance. The question of ‘for how long’ should prey
retain this learned information is poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that the growth rate experienced by prey
should influence the length of the ‘memory window’. In a series of laboratory experiments, we manipulated growth rate of juvenile
rainbow trout and conditioned them to recognize a novel predator cue. We subsequently tested for learned recognition either
24 h or 8 days post-conditioning. Our results suggest that trout with high versus low growth rates did not differ in their
response to learned predator cues when tested 24 h post-conditioning. However, trout on a high growth rate exhibited no response
to the predator cues after 8 days (i.e. did not retain the recognition of the predator odour), whereas trout on a lower growth
rate retained a strong recognition of the predator. Trout that differed in their growth rate only after conditioning did not
differ in their patterns of retention, demonstrating growth rate after learning does not influence retention. Trout of different
initial sizes fed a similar diet (percent body mass per day) showed no difference in retention of the predator cue. Together,
these data suggest that growth rate at the time of conditioning determines the ‘memory window’ of trout. The implications
for threat-sensitive predator avoidance models are described. 相似文献
4.
Capobianco Michele 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1999,5(2):113-124
This paper introduces a possible approach to integrated modelling of coastal change, focusing on coastal land use and cover
change. Some of the mostimportant open issues in the context of integrated modelling of coastal change are introduced. The
paper focuses on methdological aspects. Specific reference is made to Physiographic Unit Modelling as an approach to better
handle spatial variability and ‘morphogenesis’, and as a way to focus on coastal change mechanisms instead of absolute coastal
dynamics for achieving an important simplification of the problem. The application is briefly discussed with reference to
a ‘minimal model’. The methodological structure introduced is considered particularly suitable to represent, according to
a variable degree of simplification, the integrative dynamics between resources and uses of the resources. 相似文献
5.
Hamed Haddadi Andrew J. King Alison P. Wills Damien Fay John Lowe A. Jennifer Morton Stephen Hailes Alan M. Wilson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(8):1659-1668
Social Network Analysis has become an important methodological tool for advancing our understanding of human and animal group
behaviour. However, researchers tend to rely on arbitrary distance and time measures when defining ‘contacts’ or ‘associations’
between individuals based on preliminary observation. Otherwise, criteria are chosen on the basis of the communication range
of sensor devices (e.g. bluetooth communication ranges) or the sampling frequencies of collection devices (e.g. Global Positioning
System devices). Thus, researchers lack an established protocol for determining both relevant association distances and minimum
sampling rates required to accurately represent the network structure under investigation. In this paper, we demonstrate how
researchers can use experimental and statistical methods to establish spatial and temporal association patterns and thus correctly
characterise social networks in both time and space. To do this, we first perform a mixing experiment with Merino sheep (Ovis aries) and use a community detection algorithm that allows us to identify the spatial and temporal distance at which we can best
identify clusters of previously familiar sheep. This turns out to be within 2–3 m of each other for at least 3 min. We then
calculate the network graph entropy rate—a measure of ease of spreading of information (e.g. a disease) in a network—to determine
the minimum sampling rate required to capture the variability observed in our sheep networks during distinct activity phases.
Our results indicate the need for sampling intervals of less than a minute apart. The tools that we employ are versatile and
could be applied to a wide range of species and social network datasets, thus allowing an increase in both the accuracy and
efficiency of data collection when exploring spatial association patterns in gregarious species. 相似文献
6.
Many species of sedentary marine invertebrates exhibit large spatial variation in their morphology, which allow them to occupy
a broad geographic distribution and range of environmental conditions. However, the detection of differences in morphology
amongst variable environments cannot determine whether these differences represent a plastic response to the local environment,
or whether morphology is genetically fixed. We used a reciprocal transplant experiment to test whether ‘stunted’ blacklip
abalone (Haliotis rubra) are the result of a plastic response to the environment or fixed genetic trait. Furthermore, we related environmental factors,
that affect food availability (density of abalone, water movement, algal cover and reef topography), to differences in growth
and morphology. Morphological plasticity was confirmed as the mechanism causing morphological variation in H. rubra. Individuals transplanted to sites with ‘non-stunted’ H. rubra grew significantly faster when compared to stunted controls, whilst individuals transplanted to stunted sites grew significantly
slower compared to non-stunted controls. The growth response was greater for individuals transplanted from ‘non-stunted’ to
‘stunted’ sites, suggesting that the environmental stressors in morphologically ‘stunted’ habitat are stronger compared to
locations of faster growing morphology. We propose that these differences are related to resource availability whereby low
algal cover and topographic simplicity results in stunted populations, whereas high algal abundance and topographic complexity
results in non-stunted populations. 相似文献
7.
Cadmium levels in Europe: implications for human health 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Jilang Pan Jane A. Plant Nikolaos Voulvoulis Christopher J. Oates Christian Ihlenfeld 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(1):1-12
In this study we used the Forum of European Geological Surveys geochemical baseline data to examine the distribution of cadmium
(Cd) in Europe, with a particular reference to the international soil and water guideline values. The highest cadmium levels
were found to occur in topsoil and to follow closely the distribution of P2O5, suggesting that the contamination was from the use of rock phosphate fertilizer in intensive arable agriculture. In terms
of human health impacts, food (up to several hundred μg/day) was found as the only major route of exposure to Cd for the non-smoking
general population. It appeared that low levels of chronic exposure to Cd resulted in completely different human health impacts
than those high levels that had caused the ‘itai–itai’ disease. Some correlations were suggested between cadmium levels and
the age-adjusted prostate or breast cancer rates distributed in the European countries under study. 相似文献
8.
Sonja E. Koski 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(11):2161-2174
Animals of many species show consistency in behaviour across time and contexts that differs from other individuals' behaviour
in the same population. Such ‘personality’ affects fitness and has therefore become an increasingly relevant research topic
in biology. However, consistent variation in social behaviour is understudied. In socially living species, behaviour occurs
in a social environment and social interactions have a significant influence on individual fitness. This study addressed personality
in social behaviour of 75 captive chimpanzees in three zoos by coding observed behaviour. Fifteen behavioural variables were
significantly repeatable (range 0.21–0.93) in at least two of the three zoos. The behaviours showed considerable long-term
stability across 3 years, which did not differ from the short-term repeatability. The repeatable behaviours were then analysed
with factor analyses. They formed five independent factors, three of which consisted of social traits and were labelled ‘sociability’,
‘positive affect’ and ‘equitability’. The two non-social behaviour factors were labelled ‘anxiety’ and ‘activity’. The factor
scores were analysed for sex and population differences. Males had higher factor scores in all traits except ‘sociability’.
The factor scores differed also between the zoos, implying considerable external effects in trait expression. The results
show that chimpanzees show personality in a broad range of social and non-social behaviours. The study highlights the importance
of assessing personality in the social behaviour, especially in cohesive social species, as only then can we understand the
consequences of personality in socially living species. 相似文献
9.
Spatial structure effects on the detection of patches boundaries using local operators 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mathieu D. Philibert Marie-Josée Fortin Ferenc Csillag 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2008,15(4):447-467
Landscapes exhibit various degrees of spatial heterogeneity according to the differential intensity and interactions among
processes and disturbances that they are subjected to. The management of these spatially dynamical landscapes requires that
we can accurately map them and monitor the evolution of their spatial arrangement through time. Such a mapping requires first
the delineation of various spatial features present in the landscape such as patches and their boundaries. However, there
are several environmental (spatial variability) as well as technical (spatial resolution) factors that impair our ability
to accurately delineate patches and their boundaries as polygons. Here, we investigate how the spatial structure and spatial
resolution of the data affect the accuracy of detecting patches and their boundaries over simulated landscapes and real data.
Simulated landscapes consisted of two patches with parameterized spatial properties (patches’ level of spatial autocorrelation,
mean value and variance) separated by a boundary of known location. Real data allowed the investigation of a more complex
landscape where there is a known transition between two forest domains with unknown spatial properties. Boundary locations
are defined using the lattice-wombling edge detector at various aggregation levels and the degree of patch homogeneity is
determined using Getis-Ord’s G*. Results show that boundary detection using a local edge detector is greatly affected by the spatial conditions of the data,
namely variance, abruptness of the spatial gradient between two patches and patches’ level of spatial autocorrelation. They
also suggest that data aggregation is not a panacea for bringing out the ecological process creating the patches and that
indicators derived from local measures of spatial association can be complementary tools for analysing spatial structures
affecting boundary delineation.
相似文献
Marie-Josée FortinEmail: |
10.
Sperm competition is predicted to generate opposing selection pressures on males. On one hand, selection should favour ‘defensive’ adaptations that protect a male’s ejaculate from displacement, while, on the other hand, selection should favour ‘offensive’ adaptations that overcome paternity assurance mechanisms of rivals. Here, we use the sterile male technique to assess sperm precedence when a male dung beetle Onthophagus taurus mates in both a defensive (first male) and an offensive (second male) role. Significant variation in a male’s sperm precedence (both P
1 and P
2) was detected, and an individual’s defensive (P
1) and offensive (P
2) abilities were positively correlated. Thus, it appears that sexual selection simultaneously selects for ‘defensive’ and ‘offensive’ adaptations in O. taurus. We discuss a variety of male traits in O. taurus that potentially contribute to a male’s ability to be successful when mating in an ‘offensive’ and a ‘defensive’ role. 相似文献
11.
The structure of cryptic reef fish assemblages was assessed on sheltered and exposed aspects of coastal breakwaters at two
locations in the northwestern Adriatic Sea. There were distinct differences between the two levels of exposure, which were
consistent between locations. Habitat characteristics, measured on scales of tens of centimetres, explained 50% of the variability
in assemblage structure between exposures, whereas ‘exposure’ alone (implying direct effects of wave energy on the fish) explained
<5% of the variation. The most important explanatory variables were the presence of macroalgae, sandy habitat and oyster shell,
the last of which increased the degree of small-scale complexity and provided nesting sites for blennies. We found little
evidence to suggest that wave action had large direct effects on the fish assemblages, although this may be in part due to
the relatively small degree of difference between ‘exposed’ and ‘sheltered’ samples under the calm conditions of a sea with
a relatively short fetch. These results suggest that wave action acts mainly indirectly as a structuring force on cryptic
reef fish communities, by altering the composition and/or the relative density of epibiota that influence the distribution
of fish. Thus, relative wave energy may provide a useful means of predicting fish assemblage structure only at large spatial
scales. Microhabitat, composed of a combination of physical complexity and biological elements, always explained the greater
part of variability at small (<1 m) spatial scales. 相似文献
12.
Daniel P. Cartamil Chugey A. Sepulveda Nicholas C. Wegner Scott A. Aalbers Andres Baquero Jeffrey B. Graham 《Marine Biology》2011,158(4):935-944
The common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) is a secondary target species of the California drift gillnet fishery (CA-DGN) and supports a growing recreational fishery
in California waters. This study used archival tags to examine the movement patterns and habitat preferences of common threshers
of the size range captured in the CA-DGN (>120 cm fork length). Depth and temperature-logging archival tags were deployed
on 57 subadult and adult common threshers in the Southern California Bight. Tags from five individuals (8.8%) were recovered,
and 154 days of data were successfully obtained from four of these. By night, shark movements were primarily limited to waters
above the thermocline, which ranged in depth from 15 to 20 m. Sharks were significantly deeper by day, and daytime vertical
distribution consisted of two distinct modes: a ‘shallow mode’ (wherein sharks occupied only the upper 20 m of the water column)
and a ‘deep mode’ (characterized by frequent vertical excursions below the thermocline). This modal switch is interpreted
as relating to regional differences in abundance of surface-oriented prey and prey in deeper water. Maximum dive depth was
320 m, greatest dive duration was 712 min, minimum temperature experienced during a dive was 9.1°C, and dive descent rate
was significantly greater than ascent rate. Sharks inhabited waters corresponding to a sea surface temperature range of 16
to 21°C. The nocturnal depth distribution of common threshers has implications for management of drift gillnet deployment
depths in the CA-DGN. 相似文献
13.
This study examines the impact of flooding on land of high conservation value located along part of the southern shoreline
of the River Clyde Estuary in western Scotland. This paper hypothesizes that, over the next 50 years, the frequency and extent
of coastal flooding will increase due to the gradual effect of global warming and the consequent rise in sea-level and increase
in storminess. It is argued that because of the great cost of constructing new flood defence systems it will not be possible
to protect all land areas to an equal extent from flooding. A means of ranking different land use will be necessary so that
society can make a rational judgement concerning which sections of coastline will be worth protecting. This study provides
a methodology that combines an objective ranking of conservation areas using non-economic indicators with a GIS model of flood
potential, and permits accurate forecasts of flood losses to conservation areas of different ecological value. The conservation
case study used in this paper proposes the use of an ecological weighting value based on five ecological variables each of
10 categories. Tables and maps identify the sites that have been highlighted as consisting of the most ‘valuable’ conservation
sites. The methodology makes extensive use of geographical information systems (GIS) to model the predicted areas of flooding
and to calculate conservation weighting values of the land areas. 相似文献
14.
This study examines the impact of flooding on land of high conservation value located along part of the southern shoreline
of the River Clyde Estuary in western Scotland. This paper hypothesizes that, over the next 50 years, the frequency and extent
of coastal flooding will increase due to the gradual effect of global warming and the consequent rise in sea-level and increase
in storminess. It is argued that because of the great cost of constructing new flood defence systems it will not be possible
to protect all land areas to an equal extent from flooding. A means of ranking different land use will be necessary so that
society can make a rational judgement concerning which sections of coastline will be worth protecting. This study provides
a methodology that combines an objective ranking of conservation areas using non-economic indicators with a GIS model of flood
potential, and permits accurate forecasts of flood losses to conservation areas of different ecological value. The conservation
case study used in this paper proposes the use of an ecological weighting value based on five ecological variables each of
10 categories. Tables and maps identify the sites that have been highlighted as consisting of the most ‘valuable’ conservation
sites. The methodology makes extensive use of geographical information systems (GIS) to model the predicted areas of flooding
and to calculate conservation weighting values of the land areas. 相似文献
15.
David J. Suggett Ruy K. P. Kikuchi Marília D. M. Oliveira Saulo Spanó Rafael Carvalho David J. Smith 《Marine Biology》2012,159(7):1461-1473
Coral communities were examined from highly turbid near-shore marginal reefs of Abrolhos (Brazil) to test a paradigm previously developed from observations in clear water reefs; specifically, that coral photobiological properties follow a highly conserved linear relationship with optical depth (ζ) via preferential ‘non-photochemical’ over ‘photochemical’ dissipation of absorbed light energy. PAM flourometry in situ was used to examine the photobiology of the most dominant coral species throughout the platform surfaces and bases of Abrolhos’ characteristic ‘chapeir?es’ reef framework; however, none of the species consistently adhered to the ‘clear water paradigm’. PAM measurements further demonstrated that species conformed to two different strategies of non-photochemical energy dissipation: transient but relatively rapid for the two closely related endemic species (Mussismilia braziliensis and Mussismilia harttii) as opposed to more persistent for Montastrea cavernosa, Porites astreoides and Siderastrea stellata. Further experiments demonstrated that tolerance to anomalous stress amongst species did not correspond with the non-photochemical energy dissipation strategy present but was consistent with the relative dominance of species within the chapeir?es coral communities. 相似文献
16.
Benni W. Hansen Guillaume Drillet Reinhardt M. Kristensen Thomas F. Sørensen Majken T. Tøttrup 《Marine Biology》2010,157(1):59-68
Close to 50 species of marine Calanoid copepods have been reported to produce diapause eggs (Engel and Hirche in J Plankton
Res 26:1083–1093, 2004); eggs that are viable but require a refractory phase before they hatch, sometimes after months. Diapause eggs are often
described as morphologically different with respect to egg membrane ultrastructure and having a thicker egg shell with surface
ornamentation as opposed to the smooth shell found in subitaneous eggs that hatch within days (Belmonte in J Mar Syst 15:35–39,
1998; Chen and Marcus in Mar Biol 127:587–597, 1997; Castro-Longoria in Crustaceana 74:225–236, 2001). Egg production rates, egg surface ornamentation, and hatching success were monitored in large aquaculture fish enclosures
during winter with close to zero water temperatures (N57°). Surprisingly, all female copepods (Acartia spp.—presumably A. tonsa, and Centropages hamatus) produced eggs all through the winter with no obvious pattern with respect to light, temperature and food availability, and
no diapause eggs were observed. However, individual females produced several categories of eggs with or without surface spines
even within the same egg batch as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Four egg categories were distinguishable:
‘no spines’, smooth eggs; ‘short spines’, 5–15 μm long; ‘truncated spines’, with the spine tips cut-off <10 μm long; and ‘long
spines’, up to 30 μm long. All egg categories remained unchanged with respect to surface structures from when we took them
out of the incubation bottles until they hatched. In general, the frequency of ‘no spines’ was 10–40%, and most eggs were
ornamented with ‘short-’ or ‘long spines’. Further, a given egg can be ornamented with all types of surface spines simultaneously,
which might even be a fifth egg category. The different egg categories were all able to hatch within days when exposed to
normoxic conditions suggesting that they were subitaneous. 相似文献
17.
Different ranking methods: potentialities and pitfalls for the case of European opinion poll 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paola Annoni 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2007,14(4):453-471
Prioritization and ranking of objects are primary needs in various substantive fields. It might be said that ranking and comparison
are the first step in every risk assessment procedure, whatever the ‘risk’ is intended as: social, environmental, political
or economic. Often objects to be ranked are valued by a multi-dimensional attribute which is usually transformed into a composite
numerical score. In spite of conventional solutions, the author agrees with recent recommendations of performing multiple
ranking, keeping indicators separated. Different innovative methods are analyzed and compared: Hasse diagrams method, POSAC
and Nonlinear PCA. The first one stems directly from partial order theory, the second one may be seen as an approximation
of Hasse representation in a two dimensional space, whilst the third one belongs to the wide set of non-linear multivariate
techniques and it is particularly suitable in handling data of categorical type. Among them, the first two methods compare
objects on the basis only on order property of data, whilst the last one simultaneously performs an optimal scale of qualitative
attributes and a ranking of objects. The case study is based on the Eurobarometer survey carried out in 2002, at the request
of the European Commission, which collects Europeans opinion about various political and social issues. The analysis is focused
on users’ level of satisfaction about access easiness, cost, quality, information received and contracts of various services
of general interest, such as telephone services, power (gas and electricity) providers, water and postal utilities, urban
and rail transports. Separate indicators are set up for each facet of each service within different European regions. Eventually,
the ranking of European regions is performed on the basis of the overall performance of services of general interest, as perceived
by users. Selected methods lead to almost alike results, still with some differentiations due to different approaches used.
As it frequently occurs, each method has its own advantages and pitfalls which are here explored and compared. 相似文献
18.
Paul G. McDonald Anahita J. N. Kazem Jonathan Wright 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(10):1623-1635
‘False feeding,’ where helpers arrive at nests with food but fail to provision the young, has been reported in several cooperative
species. This and other potentially ‘deceptive’ behavior has been interpreted as indicating that helping may operate as a
signal within such social groups. We critically examine these phenomena in the provisioning behavior of the bell miner Manorina melanophrys. Excessively close observation distances can artificially elevate the rate of false feeding in this (and other) species,
but once this had been accounted for, there was little evidence for any ‘deceptive’ behavior by helpers or breeders. Natural
and experimentally induced variation in the presence of a potential conspecific audience at the nest did not have any consistent
influence upon the rate of false feeds, which was low at 7.94% of 6,880 nest visits. Instead, encountering unexpectedly low
levels of brood demand provided a more parsimonious explanation for those visits where helpers failed to feed nestlings or
ate the food themselves. Failure to completely transfer a load to nestlings was more likely when the load contained a high
proportion of sticky lerp, indicating a simple prey-transfer problem. Finally, individuals that arrived at nests without prey
were often members of neighboring breeding pairs, suggesting that these few non-feeding visits may instead involve an information-gathering
function. We, therefore, suggest that future studies explicitly exclude the possibility of observer disturbance and all aspects of normal provisioning behavior before applying the terms ‘false feeding’ or ‘deceptive’ and inferring anything more
than straightforward helping at the nest. 相似文献
19.
Maritime spatial planning: opportunities &; challenges in the framework of the EU integrated maritime policy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In recent years, maritime spatial planning (MSP) has become an internationally emerging, promising tool for the implementation
of integrated ocean management. MSP provides the appropriate framework for public authorities and stakeholders to coordinate
their action across sectors and administrative boundaries, and to optimize the use of natural resources. In November 2008
the European Commission adopted the Communication “Roadmap for Maritime Spatial Planning: Achieving Common Principles in the
EU” (COM(2008) 791 final) aiming to facilitate the development of MSP by Member States and to stimulate its implementation
at national and EU level. Core element of this Roadmap is a set of ten key principles for MSP in Europe. Although endorsed
as valid and comprehensive, further discussion and research is needed to identify challenges, measures and tools for the key
principle’s practical application. This special issue of the Journal of Coastal Conservation: Planning and Management (JCCPM)
seeks to contribute to this discussion. Its purpose is to shed light from different angles on the various aspects of the mentioned
ten key principles and provide lessons learned from experience in different maritime areas around the world. Taking a more
scientific, rather than a political point of view, the following articles will debate the different principles, their practical
handling, as well as the consequences linked to their application. 相似文献
20.
We examined physiological stress responses in the edible crab, Cancer pagurus, subjected to the commercial fishery practice of manual de-clawing. We measured haemolymph glucose and lactate, plus muscular
glycogen and glycogen mobilisation, in three experiments where the crabs had one claw removed. In the first, crabs showed
physiological stress responses when ‘de-clawed’ as compared to ‘handled only’ over the short term of 1–10 min. In the second,
de-clawing and the presence of a conspecific both increased the physiological stress responses over the longer term of 24 h.
In the third, de-clawing was shown to be more stressful than ‘induced autotomy’ of claws. Further, the former practice caused
larger wounds to the body and significantly higher mortality than the latter. Since the fishery practice is to remove both
claws, the stress response observed and mortality data reported are conservative. 相似文献