平原河网区旱田表土氮素溶出量估算方法

降雨径流过程是导致农田氮素流失的重要驱动力。在降水产流过程中,农田表层土壤的溶解态氮素会出现溶出现象,是农田溶解态氮素输出的重要途径。有效估算地表溶出量,有助于改进和完善非点源氮污染负荷估算方法。该研究根据大尺度模型溶解态污染负荷计算方法中冲刷渗出的概念,建立了适用于平原河网地区的旱田表土氮素溶出量估算方法;将该方法应用于江苏省大丰市典型平原河网区旱作农田,通过实时观测和模型估算,确定完整降水过程中表土氮素的冲刷渗出系数,并将估算结果与已有研究进行对比验证。该方法可为平原河网地区旱作农田表土氮素溶出量的估算模型和实验研究提供有益补充。     

平原灌区农田养分非点源污染研究进展

平原灌区作为农业规模化生产的基地,在农业乃至经济社会发展中起到了重要作用,但是随着农业的发展,平原灌区农田非点源污染问题日益严重,研究平原灌区农田非点源污染具有重要意义。文章以平原灌区污染物随水文循环迁移过程为基础对平原灌区养分非点源污染研究进行综述。(1)平原灌区农田非点源污染的主要来源是过量的化肥施用,农药和农膜,秸秆等农作物的降解,牲畜粪便,污水灌溉,灌溉引起的盐渍化以及大气的干湿沉降等;产生及影响因素主要有土壤的理化性质,水分的输入方式和人为管理措施等。(2)降雨径流及灌溉排水条件下污染物在多级渠系中的迁移规律和灌区地表水与地下水的交互耦合作用决定了平原灌区农田非点源污染的输送途径与特征。(3)在监测资料比较缺乏时,采用输出系数法进行负荷估算;在监测资料充足情况下,采用针对灌区特殊的水文特征而改进的经典水文模型对平原灌区农田非点源污染的负荷进行估算。(4)新型肥料、配方施肥、合理的耕作措施及生态沟渠的设置有利于平原灌区农田非点源污染的控制,TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Loads)为平原灌区农田非点源污染控制提供可靠的依据。针对平原灌区非点源污染研究现状,提出了中国开展平原灌区农田非点源污染研究的重点,包括养分污染物在多级沟渠中的迁移,灌区地表与地下水水量水质耦合模型的建立,分级控制单元与TMDL的制定以及多模型结合模拟等,可望在控制农业非点源污染方面起到指导作用。     

北京密云水库上游太师屯镇非点源污染损失估算

选取密云水库上游太师屯镇为研究区,在利用输出系数法计算非点源污染负荷的基础上,运用环境经济学方法,定量估算了非点源污染损失.研究结果表明:本区养殖污染负荷最高,总氮占全镇总氮污染负荷的53.0%.其中规模化养殖占畜禽排泄污染负荷的66.5%;总磷占全镇总磷污染负荷的73.9%,其中规模化养殖占畜禽排泄污染负荷的66.5%.农村生活污染的总氮负荷占全镇总氮污染负荷的31.3%,总磷占全镇总磷污染负荷的15.8%.土地利用污染负荷最低,总磷和总氮分别占全镇总负荷的15.7%和10.3%.区域非点源污染损失折合人民币约407.57万元,其中畜禽养殖污染损失最大,约占总损失的40.7%;土地利用流失次之,占33.5%,其中63.2%的损失是耕地污染造成的;农村生活污染损失最小,但总氮损失达总损失的25%.氮、磷养分流失是主要的非点源污染形式,损失约占79.5%.土地废弃和泥沙淤积造成的污染对水库存在长期影响,也不可忽视.     

浑河上游大苏河乡农业非点源污染负荷及现状评价

针对我国北方农村中小流域缺乏实地水文监测数据的现状,借助实地调查与农村统计年鉴,利用输出系数法计算浑河上游地区大苏河乡10个行政村的农业非点源污染负荷值;在验证实地监测数据与污染负荷值间相关性的同时,利用等标污染负荷法对各个污染源作评价,得到同一尺度上具有可比性的等标污染负荷值;利用聚类分析将这10个行政村划分为4类农业非点源污染负荷类型,分析其污染负荷特点。污染源评价结果显示,大苏河村生活污染和畜禽粪便污染负荷均最大,小苏河村农田化肥污染源负荷量最大。由聚类分析可知,所划分4个类别等标污染负荷平均值分别为51.05、95.80、236.41、185.69m3,表明不同区域农业非点源污染的相对差异明显。     

太湖流域非点源污染负荷估算

在现有技术条件下,运用相对简单可行的方法对太湖流域的非点源污染负荷进行了初步估算.通过实地监测和调查,获得了土地利用、生活污染、畜禽养殖以及水产养殖等不同类型污染源的产污系数,并与遥感、GIS技术相结合,分别计算了太湖流域农田、生活、畜禽养殖、水产养殖等不同类型污染源的污染负荷.计算结果表明,畜禽养殖和生活污染是太湖流域非点源污染的主要来源,畜禽养殖的TN、TP和COD污染负荷分别占流域总污染负荷的34%、58%和61%,农田污染所占比例并不突出.应将畜禽养殖和生活污染作为太湖流域非点源污染控制的重点.     

北运河下游流域典型设施农田非点源污染负荷定量化研究

为定量研究北运河下游流域设施农业非点源污染负荷情况,选择北辰双街大棚葡萄示范园为研究对象,通过对降雨径流污染负荷模型(SCS模型,USLE模型,吸附态N、P污染负荷模型以及溶解态N、P污染负荷模型)和灌溉污染负荷模型(改进的输出系数法模型)进行研究与修正,对径流和灌溉过程进行模拟分析,估算大棚种植区的污染负荷.结果显示,研究区雨季吸附态N、P输出负荷分别为40.98和1.42 kg·a-1,溶解态N、P输出负荷分别为628.77和4.57 kg· a-1,灌溉期TN、TP、NH4+-N和NO3--N输出负荷分别为182.15、2.56、60.49和62.82kg·a-1.示例验证表明所建模型具有较好的模拟效果,可进一步推广应用.     

基于单元分析的青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染估算

针对灌区农业非点源污染难以监测控制的具体特点,基于单元分析的观点,提出了负荷贡献率的概念,并在此基础上,建立了灌区农业非点源污染负荷估算方法;以青铜峡灌区为例,利用2005-2006年灌溉周期灌排水质监测试验资料对灌区年农业非点源污染矿化度、铵氮、总氮和总磷负荷进行了估算,并与平均浓度法进行比较.计算结果表明:青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染年输出盐分283万t,铵氮0.55万t,总氮4.11万t,总磷123 t;结合黄河干流控制断面水质资料比较分析,青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染负荷中盐分输出占干流区间增量的70%,铵氮和总氮分别是区间点源污染负荷的0.28倍和1.52倍,对黄河干流水质影响很大;而总磷由于输出量较小,对干流水质影响不大.     

宝象河雨季径流过程氮素输移特征及来源示踪

为探究滇池主要入湖河道的氮素来源及输移特征,研究于雨季对宝象河水系径流氮营养盐进行了系统监测,分析了宝象河径流过程中氮的浓度、赋存形态特征及其变化规律等环境过程,并对不同区位的氮来源进行了示踪.结果表明,干流总氮浓度从上至下呈现增长趋势,河源至中游地区以硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)为主,而下游则以氨氮(NH_4~+-N)为主.流域主要氮源总氮浓度从低到高依次为:雨水、村镇排污口、农田沟渠径流、城市排污口,其中农田沟渠径流以NO_3~--N为主,而其他三类则以NH_4~+-N为主.雨季宝象河流域各主要氮源的汇入是导致宝象河径流氮浓度及其赋存形态的变化的重要原因,不同氮源的氮赋存形态在一定程度上决定了对应受纳区河道径流氮赋存形态.干流水体δ~(15)N-NO_3~--N从河源至入湖口呈现先增后减的趋势,其变化范围是6.576‰—9.708‰.流域雨水、农田沟渠径流、村镇排污口和城市排污口等氮源δ~(15)N-NO_3~--N分别为3.389‰—5.619‰、6.681‰—19.623‰、5.031‰—9.278‰和5.497‰—7.02‰.降雨和土壤径流是河源氮素主要贡献源;农业源和村镇源是上游、中游地区氮素主要贡献源;宝象河下游除了农业源、村镇源外,城市源也是其主要贡献源.研究结果能为滇池流域氮素面源污染精确治理和调控提供依据.     

SWAT模型在国内外非点源污染研究中的应用进展

模型模拟是定量估算非点源污染负荷的有效工具,也是对其进行规划、控制和管理的前提.近年来SWAT模型在国内外得到了快速的发展和应用,是目前全球评价大范围和环境变化条件下非点源污染问题的一个有效工具.简介SWAT模型的发展历程及原理,概述了SWAT模型目前在国内外的水文评价、污染物流失模拟、输人参数、土地利用及气候变化对水文响应的影响等方面的研究现状,并对SWAT模型的发展方向提出了建议,为模型的进一步完善与应用提供参考.结果显示,SWAT模型对水文评价(如径流量、泥沙量)可得到较好的模拟和预测结果,能够模拟污染物(如农药和化肥)在农田和河网中的迁移过程,模拟与分析土地利用/覆被变化及气候变化对水文过程的影响.模型参数的确定及其对地下水流与溶质运移的模拟是模型的主要问题,需要进一步研究与完善.     

密云水库潮白河流域非点源污染负荷

利用密云水库两大入库河流一潮河和白河的常规监测数据，引用平均浓度法，估算流域非点源污染负荷，结果表明，73％COD、71％COD、94％NH3—N、75％T—N及94％T—P来自非点源污染，非点源污染是造成水库污染的主要原因。流域非点源污染的发生具有明显的地域分异特征。CODmn、BOD5等有机物主要来自白河流域，这可能与白河流域水土流失严重有关。而NH3—N、T—N及T—P等营养物质主要来自潮河流域。     

Modeling agricultural non-point source pollution in a high-precipitation coastal area of China

Non-point source （NPS） pollution simulation in the high-precipitation coastal areas of China is difficult because varying annual typhoon incidence leads to highly contrasting rainfall patterns in dry years and wet years. An IMPULSE （Integrated Model of Non-point Sources Pollution Processes） based NPS model of the Changtan Reservoir watershed, which is a typical high-precipitation coastal area in China, was established based on the analysis of point and NPS pollution data, a digital elevation model, and data on land-use, soil, meteorology, economy, and agricultural management practice. Pre-processed pre-rain- fall soil moisture levels were introduced during the simulation to model the effects of typhoons on hydrology. Rainfall events were simulated sequentially through the year and the model was calibrated and verified using hydrological and water quality data. Accuracy of the simulated rainfall runoff and water quality in the Changtan watershed was found to be acceptable. The study showed that the NPS modeling system could be applied to the simulation and prediction ofNPS loadings in the Changtan Reservoir watershed.     

Temporal-spatial dynamics of vegetation variation on non-point source nutrient pollution

The temporal-spatial interaction of land cover and non-point source (NPS) nutrient pollution were analyzed with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the temporal-spatial features of NPS nutrient loading in the upper stream of the Yellow River catchment. The corresponding land cover data variance was expressed by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) that was calculated from MODIS images. It was noted that the temporal variation of land cover NDVI was significantly correlated with NPS nutrient loading. The regression analysis indicated that vegetation not only detained NPS nutrient pollution transportation, but also contributed to sustainable loading. The temporal analysis also confirmed that regional NDVI was an effective index for monthly assessment of NPS nitrogen and phosphorus loading. The spatial variations of NPS nutrient loading can be classified with land cover status. The high loadings of NPS nitrogen in high NDVI subbasins indicated that forestry and farmland are the main critical loss areas. Farmland contributed sustainable soluble N, but the loading of soluble and organic N from grassland subbasins was much lower. Most P loading came from the areas covered with dense grassland and forestry, which cannot directly discharge to local water bodies. However, some NPS phosphorus from suburban farmland can directly discharge into adjacent water bodies. The interactions among nutrient loading, NDVI, and slope were also analyzed. This study confirmed that the integration of NPS modeling, geographic information systems, and remote sensing is needed to understand the interactive dynamics of NPS nutrient loading. Understanding the temporal-spatial variation of NPS nutrients and their correlations with land cover will help NPS pollution prevention and water quality management efforts. Therefore, the proposed method for evaluating NPS nutrient loading by land cover NDVI can be an effective tool for pollution evaluation and watersheds planning.     

Quantification and Index of Non-Point Source Pollution in Taihu Lake Region with GIS

The contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from non-point source pollution (NPS) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through case study and surveying in the town of Xueyan, From experimental results coupled with survey and statistics in the studied area, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the water body is achieved from four main sources: agricultural land, village, the town center and the poultry factory. The results showed that about 38% of total phosphorus (TP) and 48% of total nitrogen (TN) discharged is from agricultural land, 33% of TP and 40% TN from village residents, 25% of TP and 10% of TN from the town center and 4% of TP and 2% of TN from the poultry factory.The Agricultural Non-point Pollution Potential Index (APPI) system for identifying and ranking critical areas of NPS was established with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based technology. Quantification of the key factors in non-point sources pollution was carried out utilizing the following: Sediment Production Index (SPI), Runoff Index (RI), People and Animal Loading Index (PALI) and Chemical Use Index (CUI). These are the core parts of the model, and the weighting factor of each index was evaluated according the results of quantification. The model was successfully applied for evaluating APPI in Xueyan. Results from the model showed that the critical area identified for NPS control in Xueyan. The model has several advantages including: requiring fewer parameters, easy acquirement of these parameters, friendly interface, and convenience of operation. In addition it is especially useful for identifying critical areas of NPS when the basic data are not fully accessible, which is the present situation in China.     

Assessment of non-point source pollution using a spatial multicriteria analysis approach

Eutrophication caused by the enrichment of nutrients from diffusing sources is degrading surface water quality throughout the world. Assessing the potential contributions of different land areas in diffuse nutrient export has become an important task in non-point source (NPS) pollution control. Existing methods were often limited by the availability of local data and the complexity of model formulation. This study developed a spatial multicriteria method to evaluate the nitrogen loss potential at the basin level. Four criteria were formulated to characterize the source capacity of nitrogen export, the flow path to water body, the efficiency of runoff generation and the climatic driving force. The proposed method is a low-effort approach since the required data is either already available in a global context or easily produced with limited inputs. Being implemented in GIS environment, this method generates maps that can be easily interpreted to provide decision support. The method was applied to the Huai River Basin, China. The results were validated based on the correlation between the nitrogen loss potential of sub-basin and the water quality class of river. The maps of nitrogen loss potential were helpful for examining the regional pattern of diffuse nitrogen loss, and could facilitate the decisions of NPS pollution management at the provincial or basin level.     

雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物时空变化特征研究

以雷州半岛为研究区，利用2000-2003年问南渡河与九洲江，以及赤坎水库与鹤地水库的4年常规监测数据，结合实地调查，利用数理统计分析，对雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物及其时空变化规律进行了初步研究。研究发现，河流与水库的水质均是以氮污染为主，水体有富营养化现象发生，同时，两河流在雨季都不同程度受到了非点源污染的影响，而只有赤坎水库明显受到了非点源污染的影响。究其原因，主要是由于土地利用方式的不同在一定程度上决定了雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物质量浓度的时空变化特征。因此，只有合理调整流域和库区的土地利用方式、加强区域的水土流失治理工作，才能有效降低非点源污染所带来的地表水体环境污染问题。     

改进USLE模型及其在于桥水库非点源污染敏感区划分中的应用

根据于桥水库周边流域非点源污染的特点,在充分考虑污染源与水库的距离以及库体自净作用因子的基础上,对饮用水源地非点源敏感区划分的通用土壤流失方程（USLE）方法进行了改进。结合2009年库区周边的ETM遥感影像、数字高程模型（DEM）和土地利用类型等数据,应用改进的USLE模型对库区周边非点源污染敏感区划分进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,库区西部的敏感性明显高于东部,库周的别山镇、五百户镇、渔阳镇、穿芳峪乡和马伸桥镇的水库沿岸是非点源污染敏感度较高的区域,是非点源污染的优先控制区。     

Quantification and index of non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake region with GIS

The contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from non-point source pollution (NPS) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through case study and surveying in the town of Xueyan, From experimental results coupled with survey and statistics in the studied area, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the water body is achieved from four main sources: agricultural land, village, the town center and the poultry factory. The results showed that about 38% of total phosphorus (TP) and 48% of total nitrogen (TN) discharged is from agricultural land, 33% of TP and 40% TN from village residents, 25% of TP and 10% of TN from the town center and 4% of TP and 2% of TN from the poultry factory. The Agricultural Non-point Pollution Potential Index (APPI) system for identifying and ranking critical areas of NPS was established with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based technology. Quantification of the key factors in non-point sources pollution was carried out utilizing the following: Sediment Production Index (SPI), Runoff Index (RI), People and Animal Loading Index (PALI) and Chemical Use Index (CUI). These are the core parts of the model, and the weighting factor of each index was evaluated according the results of quantification. The model was successfully applied for evaluating APPI in Xueyan. Results from the model showed that the critical area identified for NPS control in Xueyan. The model has several advantages including: requiring fewer parameters, easy acquirement of these parameters, friendly interface, and convenience of operation. In addition it is especially useful for identifying critical areas of NPS when the basic data are not fully accessible, which is the present situation in China.     

西安市皂河氨氮污染特征分析

通过对比西安市皂河多次水质监测结果,分析了城市小流域水环境中氨氮（NH4-N）的污染特征。结果表明：1）皂河NH4-N平均浓度在空间上的变化为上游和中游高于下游;2）枯水期24h的河流流量与NH4-N浓度负相关;3）洪水统计分析,NH4-N浓度峰均超前于流量峰;4）洪水过程中NH4-N污染物负荷主要以点源污染为主,非点...     

城市面源污染特征及排放负荷研究--以内江市为例

城市面源污染已引起国内外的重视,研究城市面源污染特征及排放负荷,为城市面源防治提供借鉴有重要意义。在内江市将城市下垫面按照水文效应和面源污染特性不同划分为屋面,庭院,交通道路,城市水环境四类,每类下垫面中选取一定数量的点进行监测,根据选取的典型点位的监测结果,研究城市面源污染特征及污染物负荷,结果表明：（1）各类下垫面中,交通干道污染质量浓度普遍较高,屋面污染物质量浓度相对较低,交通干道 COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为215.31 mg·L-1、280.20 mg·L-1、0.35 mg·L-1、2.29 mg·L-1、4.06 mg·L-1;屋面COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为85.56 mg·L-1、117.25 mg·L-1、0.13 mg·L-1、2.03 mg·L-1、3.63 mg·L-1。（2）不同材质屋面中,沥青屋面的污染物质量浓度普遍较高,陶瓦屋面的污染物质量浓度相对较低。沥青屋面 COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为73.4 mg·L-1、56.0 mg·L-1、0.181 mg·L-1、2.529 mg·L-1、5.254 mg·L-1;陶瓦屋面COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮平均质量浓度分别为30.8 mg·L-1、45.4 mg·L-1、0.106 mg·L-1、2.099 mg·L-1、4.167 mg·L-1。（3）单次降雨COD污染负荷在34.6~73.7 t之间,相当于整个城区城镇生活污水不加处理排放1天;根据3次降雨监测结果估算全年COD、悬浮物、总磷、氨氮、总氮排放量分别为2177.1 t、2778.3 t、3.855 t、41.410 t、69.133 t,城市面源COD污染负荷是城镇生活源的近20%。（4）各类下垫面中,屋面的污染物排放负荷贡献率最大,其次为庭院、交通干道、一般道路、城市水环境,一次典型降雨中,屋面对COD污染负荷的贡献率为30.9%,庭院为28.7%,交通干道为24.7%,一般道路为14.9%,城市水环境仅为0.8%。（5）各类下垫面中,交通干道的初始冲刷效应最明显,其次为一般道路、庭院、屋面。根据分析得出结论：城市面源中COD、悬浮物的污染不容忽视;不同下垫面呈现不同的污染特征,屋面的污染物质量浓度较低,但由于面积贡献率大,污染物负荷贡献率较高,均在25%以上,交通干道、一般道路五类污染物由于质量浓度较高,各污染物负荷贡献率均超过其面积贡献率,可作为城市面源防治的重点;截留和处理城市降雨初期径流对于城市面源污染处理非常重要。     

Simulating the impacts of land-use changes on non-point source pollution in Lugu Lake watershed

Protection of the water quality of Lugu Lake is important because it is a unique geographic and cultural resource. Not only point source pollution but also non-point source pollution contribute to degradation of water quality. A GIS-NPS model, with long-term hydrologic impact assessment (L-THIA), was used to evaluate long-term implications of land-use change impacts on non-point source (NPS) pollution. The land-use patterns of 1995 and 2005 were analysed to determine the changes in Lugu Lake watershed. A 30-year (1974–2003) precipitation dataset was used to estimate mean annual surface runoff and NPS pollutant loads. The contributions of different land-use categories to average annual runoff and NPS pollutant production were assessed with a unit contribution index (UCI). Results show loss of agricultural land (by 44.9%), while forest, grass/pasture and residential land increased to different degrees from 1995 to 2005. At the same time, annual average NPS pollutants, TN, TP, TSS and BOD loads all decreased, while heavy metal lead increased by 6.87%. The UCI formulated in this research was a more useful method to assess land-use impact on NPS pollutants than simple investigations of the percentage land-use change. Agricultural and residential land changes had more impact on NPS pollutants and were identified as the main source types. Suggestions on regulating land uses and management proposals for protecting lake water quality in Lugu Lake watershed are made.