Arsenic accumulation in root and shoot vis-a-vis its effects on growth and level of phytochelatins in seedlings of Cicer arietinum L

Arsenic (As) contamination of water and soil has become a subject of prime interest due to its direct effect on human health through drinking water and food. In present study two varieties (CSG-8962 and C-235) of chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., which is a major supplementary food in many parts of India and a valuable source of protein, has been selected to estimate the level of arsenate in root and shoot of five day old seedlings vis-à-vis effect of arsenate on seedling growth and induction of thiols including glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) and their homologues. Both varieties accumulated arsenate to similar levels and most of the metalloid was confined to roots, only about 2.5% was translocated to shoot. Plant growth was also not affected significantly in both the varieties. Arsenate exposure significantly induced the levels of thiols including PCs and homophytochelatins (hPCs). The induction of thiols was much higher in roots than shoots and was greater in var C-235 between the two tested ones. Thus, both varieties tolerated and detoxified arsenic through chelation with GSH, PCs and hPCs, primarily in roots, however var C-235 performed better     

Comparative growth response of two varieties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna radiata</Emphasis> L. (var. PDM 54 and var. NM 1) grown on different tannery sludge applications: effects of treated wastewater and ground water used for irrigation

This study evaluates the possibility of using contaminated soil by treated tannery wastewater and the use of tannery sludge in agriculture. The plants of Vigna radiata var. PDM 54 grown on contaminated soil and irrigated with ground water have not shown the translocation of toxic metal (Cr) in the upper part. The biomass of the plant increased when irrigated with treated tannery wastewater compared to ground water, whereas no significant change was observed in chlorophyll and protein contents. In both the varieties (var. PDM 54 and var. NM 1) of V. radiata grown on tannery sludge amendments, the growth parameters exhibited a pronounced positive growth response up to 35% tannery sludge amendments compared with the plants grown on garden soil. Despite the Cr accumulation at lower amendments, no toxicity symptoms were observed in both the varieties of the plants. Higher amendments affected various growth parameters, NR activity, and carbohydrate content of the plants. The results suggest that the plants of V. radiata (var. PDM 54) may be grown on contaminated soil or lower sludge amendments and irrigated with ground water. No translocation of toxic metal Cr was found in the seeds of the plants grown in up to 25% tannery sludge. However, periodical monitoring is required before the consumption of seeds. Overall, the results showed that plant growth patterns were influenced to some extent by the level of soil contamination and the water used for irrigation.     

Performance of seed germination and growth of Vicia faba L. in fly ash amended soil

The performance of Vicia faba L. in soil amended by different concentrations of fly ash has been studied. The parameters considered are seed germination, growth behaviour and nodulation frequency of the plant. Results revealed that while fly-ash amendment to the soil improved the growth performance at initial stages with application of lower concentrations, it was inhibitory at higher exposure concentrations. Although there was no difference in survival rates, but the seedling growth was reduced in comparison to control plants. Fly ash delayed the nodulation as lesser number of nodules was recorded at higher amendments. Results suggested feasibility of growing V. faba in fly ash contaminated area.     

镉污染对水稻不同生育期抗氧化系统的影响

采用土培的方法,研究了不同Cd添加水平（0、5、10、20、30、60 mg.kg-1,以CK,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5表示）对水稻分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛（MDA）、总巯基（-SH）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、植物络合素（PCs）含量以及水稻叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响。结果表明,叶片中Cd的含量随生长时期的延长而增加;T1处理时,水稻3个时期中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b含量最高,表明低质量分数Cd有利于水稻的生长;而T4和T5处理显著降低了叶绿素含量（P〈0.05）。Cd对不同生育时期抗氧化酶的影响不一,对分蘖期SOD、POD、CAT活性影响较明显,而对孕穗期和抽穗期SOD、POD、CAT活性以及可溶性蛋白质含量影响不显著（P〉0.05）。高质量分数Cd提高了叶片中MDA含量,在T5处理时,MDA含量在分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期分别为对照的1.9倍、4.5倍和4.6倍。水稻不同生育时期总-SH、GSH、PCs含量随着Cd处理质量分数的增加而增加,表明Cd处理诱导了水稻PCs的解毒机制。     

重金属污染高风险农用地水稻安全种植技术研究

在农田土壤污染较为严重的情况下生产安全高品质的稻米是目前农业生产面临的一大挑战。重金属低积累水稻品种,不但能有效降低水稻稻米中重金属的含量,而且有经济成本低、且环境友好等特点,但在重金属高风险污染区仅仅使用低积累品种无法达到安全生产的目的。以重金属污染高风险农田土壤为研究对象,开展重金属低积累水稻品种筛选和化学修复手段结合的农田安全利用技术研究。结果表明:通过对23个不同品种水稻在高风险重金属污染农田土壤中种植重金属含量比较分析,表明不同水稻品种对Cd吸收能力差异较大,五优321、广8优占、丰优428、粤晶丝苗2号、粤金银占、合美占等6个水稻品种对Cd吸收能力较弱,但在该地区土壤重金属含量水平下,Cd质量分数仍高于0.2 mg·kg^-1,Pb和As含量均不超标;在此结果基础上结合土壤污染特点,采取3种污染物控制技术降低稻米中Cd含量,五优321品种与石灰、石灰Se配施等配合施用均有较好的效果,可以作为此类污染区域重点推广品种;喷施Se叶面肥能显著增加稻米中Se含量,提升稻米品质,且Se与石灰配合施用,增Se效果要好于单独施Se肥。采用化学钝化剂联合低累积水稻品种,稻米中Cd含量降低40%-70%。该研究采用大田原位试验,其结果可以对当地污染农田土壤的安全利用更具指导意义。     

Forage production and quality as influenced by amended quartz sand-tailings following phosphate mining

Quartz-sand tailings is a waste product from the Florida phosphate mining industry. Individual tailings disposal areas may occupy 20 to 60 ha and support no vegetation. A split plot field experiment was conducted on a sand tailings deposit to study the effect of various amendments on yield, quality, and mineral concentrations of ‘Callie’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon var.aridus Harlan et de Wet) and ‘Siratro’ [Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC) Urb]. The two species were established on nine treatments: one sand-tailings control (SC); three with air-dried phosphatic clay (PC) at 110, 225, and 340 Mg ha^-1; and three with overburden (OB) at 448, 1,120, and 1,800 Mg ha^-1. All PC and OB treatment rates contained air-dried sewage sludge (SS) at 45 Mg ha^-1 and were all roto-tilled to a 20 to 25 cm depth. There were two additional treatments of OB at 1800 Mg ha^-1 without SS, with and without roto-tilling into sand tailings. Callie established slower (P<0.05) on SC and OB, than on treatments containing SS and/or PC. However, after the root system developed, yields were similar on all sand-tailings treatments. Crude protein andin vitro organic matter digestion for Callie and Siratro did not differ between soil treatments, but Siratro was generally superior to Callie in forage quality. Forage concentrations of P, K, Ca. Mg, Mn, and Zn were adequate in both species for good cattle growth on all treatments. However, Cu tended to be low in Siratro for plant and cattle growth. Once root systems were well established, good yields of quality forage with suitable mineral concentrations were produced on regularly fertilized, quartz-sand tailings.     

铯对印度芥菜和菊苣植物螯合肽和金属硫蛋白含量的影响

以133Cs作为污染源,溶液培养印度芥菜和菊苣幼苗,研究植物螯合肽(phytochelatins,PCs)、金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)等含巯基肽类物质与Cs+胁迫毒理的内在联系。采用改良水培法培养印度芥菜和菊苣长至两片真叶,置于含铯[ρ(Cs~+)0~200 mg·L~(-1)]的营养液中培养一段时间后取样,测定幼苗地上部和根系生物量,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定Cs~+富集量,5,5’-二六硝基苯甲酸(DTNB)比色法测定PCs和MT含量。结果显示:随着Cs~+浓度[ρ(Cs+)25~200 mg·L~(-1)]增加,印度芥菜和菊苣地上部和根系生物量显著降低(P0.05),印度芥菜的生物量降低幅度小于菊苣;Cs~+的富集量均显著增加,印度芥菜对Cs~+富集量大于菊苣,印度芥菜地上部、菊苣根系分别是Cs~+的主要蓄积部位;非蛋白巯基肽类(non-protein thiol,NPT)、植物螯合肽(PCs)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和金属硫蛋白(MT)含量变化均呈现先升后降的趋势,均表现为根系地上部,印度芥菜菊苣。当ρ(Cs~+)100 mg·L~(-1)时NPT、PCs、GSH和MT达最大值。结果表明,菊苣对Cs~+处理敏感,印度芥菜具有较强的吸收和转运Cs~+的能力,Cs~+处理诱导合成PCs、GSH和MT含量显著增加,这是印度芥菜对Cs~+耐性较强的主要原因。     

Principal components derived from soil physicochemical data explained a land degradation gradient,and suggested the applicability of new indexes for estimation of soil productivity in the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station,Thailand

To find a principal component (PC) that quantifies the degree of soil degradation, we analyzed various physicochemical characteristics of soils over a land degradation gradient related to aboveground vegetation in the Sakacrat Environmental Research Station (SERS), Thailand. The aboveground vegetative types representing the degradation gradient were bare ground (BG, highly degraded), dry dipterocarp forest (DDF, moderately disturbed) and dry evergreen forest (DEF, the original vegetation). Soils under these vegetative types were sampled in February (dry season). March just after temporal precipitation) and June (rainy season) 2001. Through the period of this research, the degradation was consistently explained by sandy texture, high bulk density, lower pH, high exchangeable acidity, poor mineral and organic nutrients and dryness. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to determine significant principal components (PCs) that clarify the differences in soil properties between the vegetative types and between the timing of soil sampling. The PC loadings suggested that the first PC was the component that indicates total fertility of soil in the site, while the fifth PC indicates the dry to wet seasonal transition. The first PC was named the total fertility component (TFC). The linear regression between the TFC score and recently proposed indexes, the soil fertility index (SFI) or the soil evaluation factor (SEF), was highly significant (p < 0.001), indicating that the SFI and the SEF are applicable to measuring total fertility of soils in the SERS.     

Forage production and quality as influenced by amended quartz sand-tailings following phosphate mining

Quartz-sand tailings is a waste product from the Florida phosphate mining industry. Individual tailings disposal areas may occupy 20 to 60 ha and support no vegetation. A split plot field experiment was conducted on a sand tailings deposit to study the effect of various amendments on yield, quality, and mineral concentrations of Callie bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon var.aridus Harlan et de Wet) and Siratro [Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC) Urb]. The two species were established on nine treatments: one sand-tailings control (SC); three with air-dried phosphatic clay (PC) at 110, 225, and 340 Mg ha^-1; and three with overburden (OB) at 448, 1,120, and 1,800 Mg ha^-1. All PC and OB treatment rates contained air-dried sewage sludge (SS) at 45 Mg ha^-1 and were all roto-tilled to a 20 to 25 cm depth. There were two additional treatments of OB at 1800 Mg ha^-1 without SS, with and without roto-tilling into sand tailings. Callie established slower (P<0.05) on SC and OB, than on treatments containing SS and/or PC. However, after the root system developed, yields were similar on all sand-tailings treatments. Crude protein andin vitro organic matter digestion for Callie and Siratro did not differ between soil treatments, but Siratro was generally superior to Callie in forage quality. Forage concentrations of P, K, Ca. Mg, Mn, and Zn were adequate in both species for good cattle growth on all treatments. However, Cu tended to be low in Siratro for plant and cattle growth. Once root systems were well established, good yields of quality forage with suitable mineral concentrations were produced on regularly fertilized, quartz-sand tailings.Contribution of the University of Florida Agric. Res. and Ed. Ctr., Ona, FL 33865, and Soil Sci. Dept., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 as Journal Series No. 5575.     

土壤改良剂对荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽提取和植物吸收的影响

在温室条件下,利用盆栽实验研究了三种土壤改良剂(骨炭、活性炭、泥炭)对荧蒽和苯并[k]荧蒽的提取和黑麦草吸收的影响.结果表明,添加骨炭、活性炭和泥炭后,土壤中可提取态荧蒽和苯并[k]荧蒽的量比对照处理分别降低了43.1%-63.8%和35.2%-57.6%,在高剂量骨炭、活性炭和泥炭处理的土壤中,可提取态荧蒽和苯并[k]荧蒽的量降低幅度均比相应低剂量处理的降低幅度大,并且各处理的效果与对照相比均达到了显著差异(p＜0.05);骨炭、活性炭和泥炭减少了荧蒽和苯并[k]荧蒽在黑麦草地下部分和地上部分的累积量,并且荧蒽和苯并[k]荧蒽在黑麦草地下部分和地上部分的累积量随着骨炭、活性炭和泥炭添加量的增加呈下降趋势.     

Assessment of persistent organic pollutants in soil and sediments from an urbanized flood plain area

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phenolic compounds (PCs) are persistent organic compounds. Contamination of these potentially toxic organic pollutants in soils and sediments is most studied environmental compartments. In recent past, studies were carried out on PAHs, OCPs and PCs in various soils and sediments in India. But, this is the first study on these pollutants in soils and sediments from an urbanized river flood plain area in Delhi, India. During 2018, a total of fifty-four samples including twenty-seven each of soil and sediment were collected and analyzed for thirteen priority PAHs, four OCPs and six PCs. The detected concentration of ∑PAHs, ∑OCPs and ∑PCs in soils ranged between 473 and 1132, 13 and 41, and 639 and 2112 µg/kg, respectively, while their concentrations in sediments ranged between 1685 and 4010, 4.2 and 47, and 553 and 20,983 µg/kg, respectively. PAHs with 4-aromatic rings were the dominant compounds, accounting for 51 and 76% of total PAHs in soils and sediments, respectively. The contribution of seven carcinogen PAHs (7CPAHs) in soils and sediments accounted for 43% and 61%, respectively, to ∑PAHs. Among OCPs, p, p’-DDT was the dominant compound in soils, while α-HCH was found to be dominated in sediments. The concentrations of ∑CPs (chlorophenols) were dominated over ∑NPs (nitrophenols) in both the matrices. Various diagnostic tools were applied for the identification of their possible sources in soil and sediments. The observed concentrations of PAHs, OCPs and PCs were more or less comparable with the recently reports from various locations around the world including India. Soil quality guidelines and consensus-based sediment quality guidelines were applied for the assessment of ecotoxicological health effect.

     

施用改良剂对岩溶地区矿山污染农田土壤中锌生物有效性的影响

以玉米（ZeamaysL．）为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,观测在重金属锌污染的土壤（总锌含量为1412．1mg·kg0）上施用不同改良剂（石灰、石灰＋泥炭、石灰＋胡敏酸钠、石灰＋泥炭＋硅肥、石灰＋胡敏酸钠＋硅肥,分别简称S、SN、SH、SNG、SHG）对土壤锌形态、生物有效性及其在作物中富集的影响。结果表明,施用各种改良剂均显著提高土壤pH值,显著降低土壤弱酸可溶态锌和可还原态锌含量,提高可氧化态锌和残渣态锌含量;提高玉米生物量和产量,增产效果为SHG〉SNG〉SH〉SN〉S。施人改良剂可显著降低锌在玉米不同部位的吸收和转运,植株根、茎、叶、籽粒锌富集明显下降,以SHG、SNG的效果最明昂．S的效果最小。     

Concentrations of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Soils of Seville: Relationship with Different Land Uses

Fifty-two samples of surface soils were taken in the urban area of Seville, to assess the possible influence of different land uses on their metal contents and their relationship with several soil properties. The samples corresponded to five categories or land uses: agricultural, parks, ornamental gardens, riverbanks, and roadsides. Sequential extraction of metal according to the procedure proposed by the former Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) was carried out, and pseudo-total (aqua regia soluble) metal contents were determined. Lower organic C, total N and available P and K contents were found in riverbank samples, probably due to the lack of manuring of those sites, left in a natural status. In contrast, significantly higher electrical conductivity was found in those sites, due to the tidal influence of the nearby Atlantic Ocean. Other land uses did not show significant differences in the general properties. Concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn, both aqua-regia soluble and sequentially extracted, were clearly higher in soils from ornamental gardens, whereas the concentrations in the riverbank samples were slightly lower than the other categories. In contrast, other metals (Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni) were uniformly distributed throughout all land uses. A strong statistical association is found among the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and organic C, suggesting that the larger contents of these metals in ornamental gardens are partly due to organic amendments added to those sites more frequently than to other kinds of sites. Considering the conclusions of previous studies, heavy traffic can also contribute to those `urban’ metals in urban soils. Periodic monitoring of the concentrations of urban metals in busy city centres and of the quality of amendments added to soils of recreational areas are recommended.     

Trace elements in wild grasses: a phytoavailability study on a remediated field

There have been significant efforts to establish a widely usable method for the prediction of trace element bioavailability in soil. In this work, we used extraction with 0.01 M CaCl₂ and 0.05 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to estimate bioavailable concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in a soil moderately contaminated with trace elements 1 and 2 years after the application of three amendments. The experiment took place in a field plot of a soil affected by the toxic spill of the Aznalcóllar mine. Four treatments were established: three with amendments (biosolid compost, sugar beet lime, and a combination of leonardite plus sugar beet lime) and a control without amendment. Trace element concentrations of two representative species in each year (Lamarckia aurea and Poa annua in 2004 and Lamarckia aurea and Bromus rubens in 2005) were analyzed. The results showed a positive effect of the amendments both on soil and vegetation. Trace element concentrations in plants growing in the amended subplots were lower than those in plants from nonamended subplots. As a rule, concentrations of CaCl₂-soluble Cd, Cu, and Zn in soil were positively correlated with trace elements in plants, whereas EDTA extraction was scarcely correlated with plant concentration. For species of grasses, especially L. aurea, CaCl₂ seems to be a more suitable extractant to predict trace element bioavailability in this contaminated soil.     

Genetic Analysis of the Endangered Island Endemic Malacothamnus fasciculatus (Nutt.) Greene var. nesioticus (Rob.) Kearn. (Malvaceae)

Isozyme, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, and ribosomal DNA analyses were used to evaluate the genetic distinctness and diversity of the endangered island endemic Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nesioticus (Santa Cruz Island bush mallow). Analysis of amplified DNA profiles and electrophoretic data indicates that var. nesioticus is genetically distinct from other varieties within the species. No isozyme or amplified DNA variation was detected among individuals of nesioticus populations, but restriction site analysis of ribosomal DNA revealed the presence of three closely related genotypes within one of the nesioticus populations. Apparent clonal structuring was found in both nesioticus populations and in one mainland population, var. nuttallli . Results from these analyses provide the background necessary for the design of conservation efforts with recovery goals that insure the long-term survival of Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nesioticus .     

EDTA-assisted phytoextraction of lead from lead-contaminated soils by Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea

The herbaceous plant Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea is highly resistant to a wide range of heavy metal concentrations. In this study we tested the phytoextraction capacity of E. crusgalli var. frumentacea. Specifically, we compared the effect of EDTA on lead (Pb) accumulation in two groups of plants: those sown in lead contaminated soil and those transplanted to the contaminated soil as seedlings. The result of the time development of the Pb concentrations in the plants in the seedling and seed groups shows that for the seedling group, the effect of adding EDTA to the Pb-contaminated soil was even more pronounced in the shoots than the roots, which showed Pb concentrations 32-fold higher. Compared to the seedling group, the Pb concentrations in the roots of plants in the seed group were approximately 5 times higher in controls and 2 to 10 times higher in the presence of EDTA. Collectively, these results might be considered that EDTA elevates the bioavailability of Pb in soil and this native species is particularly suited to use in Pb phytoextraction.     

NaCl胁迫对不同柑橘砧木品种抗氧化系统的影响

采用土培的方式,研究了不同浓度的NaCl（0,50,100,150,250,350mmol·L-1）对岑溪酸橘Citrus reticulata Blanco、龙州土柠檬CitruslimoniaOsbeck和临桂砧板柚Citrus grandis Osbeck叶片抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT、APX）活性以及谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧自由基（02]含量的影响。结果表明,随着NaCI处理浓度的增加,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬和临桂砧板柚3种柑橘叶片中02均有不同程度的增加,表明在NaCI处理下3种柑橘均受到了不同程度的O2-胁迫。NaCI处理对岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬SOD、POD活性,临桂砧板柚MDA含量的影响不显著C〉0．0S）,但引起临桂砧板柚SOD活性、岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬APX活性显著增加（P〈0．05）。在不同浓度的NaCI处理下,3种柑橘叶片的CAT活性均有不同程度的下降,但GSH的含量随着NaCl浓度的增加而增加,在NaCl处理浓度为350mmol·L-1时,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬、临桂砧板柚GSH含量分别比对照提高了137％、59．1％、90．8％,表明GSH在解毒NaCl胁迫时起重要作用。     

南渡江农业土壤中农药分布特征与生态风险评估

为摸清稻菜轮作土壤中农药(CUPs)残留特征与生态风险,采集海南岛南渡江流域稻菜轮作系统168个土壤样品,利用Qu ECh ERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测土壤中25种CUPs残留水平,结合土壤因子与作物类型分析CUPs残留关键影响因素,以风险熵法评估其生态风险。结果表明,∑25 CUPs处于0.30μg·kg^-1—11.625 mg·kg^-1之间,吡虫啉、多菌灵检出率与质量分数最高;∑25CUPs呈现辣椒(Capsicumannuum L.)>大白菜(Brassicapekinensis L.)>豆角(Vigna unguiculata L.)>线瓜(Luffaacutangula L.)>水稻(Oryza sativa L.)>未种植趋势,CUPs残留种类与含量随作物类型显著不同。主成分分析显示,多菌灵、吡虫啉为主要杀菌剂与杀虫剂种类;冗余分析结果显示有机质、黑炭与其中多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵正相关,而土壤总氮、总磷、p H与CUPs残留量与种类相关性不高。从单一和联合风险熵(RQ)看,多菌灵、吡虫啉与甲基硫菌灵呈高生态风险,其高风险作物种类、采样期和区域为辣椒、7月及中游区域,而其他CUPs的RQ均小于1,无高生态风险。土壤中总CUPs、杀菌剂与杀虫剂的RQ均大于1,CUPs多残留生态风险不可忽略。研究结果可为今后稻菜轮作土壤农药污染监测与风险识别提供科学依据。     

NaCl胁迫对不同柑橘砧木品种抗氧化系统的影响

采用土培的方式,研究了不同浓度的NaC(l0,50,100,150,250,350mmol·L-1)对岑溪酸橘Citrus reticulata Blanco、龙州土柠檬Citrus limonia Osbeck和临桂砧板柚Citrus grandis Osbeck叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧自由基(O2·-)含量的影响。结果表明,随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬和临桂砧板柚3种柑橘叶片中O2·-均有不同程度的增加,表明在NaCl处理下3种柑橘均受到了不同程度的O2·-胁迫。NaCl处理对岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬SOD、POD活性,临桂砧板柚MDA含量的影响不显著(P0.05),但引起临桂砧板柚SOD活性、岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬APX活性显著增加(P0.05)。在不同浓度的NaCl处理下,3种柑橘叶片的CAT活性均有不同程度的下降,但GSH的含量随着NaCl浓度的增加而增加,在NaCl处理浓度为350mmol·L-1时,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬、临桂砧板柚GSH含量分别比对照提高了137%、59.1%、90.8%,表明GSH在解毒NaCl胁迫时起重要作用。     

4种改良剂对土壤-黑麦草系统中镉行为的影响

以黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）作为修复植物,开展了石灰、磷灰石、木炭、猪粪4种改良剂对重金属Cd污染土壤的田间原位修复试验研究。结果表明：改良剂提高了土壤pH值并促进土壤Cd从生物可利用性高的形态向迟效态转化,降低对生物和环境的直接毒害作用,促进黑麦草的生长。以黑麦草生物量和Cd富集量的增加作为评价指标,4种改良剂修复Cd污染土壤效果依次为：石灰〉磷灰石〉木炭〉猪粪。石灰处理中黑麦草Cd富集量为13.11 mg,与其他处理均呈现显著差异。污染土壤重金属Cd的化学形态与黑麦草对Cd的吸收密切相关。黑麦草地上部分Cd质量分数,与土壤B-2态Cd呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.730。黑麦草地下部分Cd质量分数,与B-2、B-3态Cd均呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.756、0.786;黑麦草地上部分和地下部分Cd质量分数均与B-4态Cd呈极显著负相关关系,相关系数分别为0.757和0.708。