我国主要农作物转基因逃逸生态风险的初步评价

转基因逃逸是伴随着工程作物释放的一种风险。本文首先分析了转基因逃逸的途径，并讨论了影响转基因逃逸的因素，对我国主要农作物中逃逸风险进行了初步评价，一些农作物中存在较大的转基因逃逸风险，最后探讨了避免和减小逃逸风险的措施。     

Modelling of spatio-temporal population dynamics of earthworms under wetland conditions—An integrated approach

Both the effects of earthworms on soils and the effects of soil conditions on earthworms have been studied with the help of experiments and modelling. This paper provides a model architecture allowing coupling both effects to a dynamic interaction in changing environmental conditions. We chose for a spatio-temporally explicit model and focussed on wetland conditions. Soil temperature and humidity have been modelled by means of finite volumes and were used to determine the spatial habitat suitability. The life cycles of earthworms have been modelled by Leslie matrices where soil humidity, soil temperature and population densities have been used to parametrize survival and transition probabilities. Earthworm dispersion has been described by a cellular automaton of the domain providing spatial population densities for both the life cycle submodel and the soil conditions submodel.     

论中国有机食品的开发

对有机食品的基本概念和有机食品所必需具备的条件作了概要的介绍，并对国内外有机食品的发展概况、我国发展有机食品的有利条件作了较全面的论述和分析。在此基础上，提出了我国有机食品开发的原则、策略和开发中值得注意的一些问题和建议。     

Retention characteristics of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions by two types of low lime fly ashes

The technical feasibility of utilization of fly ash as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of metals from water has been studied. For two types of fly ashes, the retention capacities of copper, lead, and zinc metal ions have been studied. Contact time, initial concentration, and pH have been varied and their effect on retention mechanism has been studied. The dominant mechanisms responsible for retention are found to be precipitation due to the presence of calcium hydroxide, and adsorption due to the presence of silica and alumina oxide surfaces in the fly ash. First-order kinetic plots have revealed that the rate constant increases with increase in the initial concentration and pH. Langmuir adsorption isotherms have been plotted to study the maximum adsorption capacities for metal ions considered under different conditions. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of new peaks corresponding to respective metal ions precipitates under alkaline conditions.     

溧阳地区森林景观的生态系统多样性研究

根据历史数据计算了溧阳地区森林景观变化过程中的生态系统多样性指数值，分析了其发展趋势，并结合其他相关资料分析区域森林生态系统多样性的变化，及其与森林经营的经济效果间的关系。     

Marine Organisms as Indicators of Heavy Metal Pollution-Experience from 16 Years of Monitoring at a Lead Zinc Mine in Greenland

In monitoring the impact of a lead-zinc mine in Greenland, species of fish, prawns, seaweed and mussels have been analysed for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc for several years. These metals have been released to the marine environment in significant amounts from the mining operation.     

Ecological Efficiency of Voluntary Conservation of Boreal-Forest Biodiversity

Abstract: Current networks of protected areas are biased in many countries toward landscapes of low productivity. Voluntary conservation incentives have been suggested as a socially acceptable way to supplement existing networks with more productive, privately owned areas of high priority for nature conservation. The limited resources committed to nature conservation demand cost‐efficiency. Efficiency, however, depends not only on costs incurred to society from alternative ways of maintaining biodiversity but also on ecological values that can be captured. We examined the ecological efficiency of the new market‐based voluntary program to preserve forest habitats on private land in southwestern Finland. We compared sites that have become protected (10‐year contracts) in the program with managed forests, with sites that have been negotiated for protection for which no contract has been signed, and with the most ecologically valuable privately owned sites in the region that have not been offered for protection by forest owners. We surveyed sites for the amount of dead wood, wood‐decomposing fungi, and epiphytic lichens to evaluate their ecological quality. Contracted sites had more features important for overall biodiversity than managed forests and negotiated sites with no contract. These results indicate that procedures used during site selection and negotiations were appropriate and not opportunistic. The contracted sites were also as valuable in ecological terms as the best, still‐unprotected, privately owned forests in the region that have not been offered for protection. We conclude that voluntary conservation programs have the potential to yield ecologically valuable sites for protection if the site‐selection procedures are appropriate. Reliance on completely voluntary programs, however, may entail uncertainties and inadequacies, for example, in terms of spatial configuration and persistence of the ecological values. Thus, such programs may often need to be supplemented with alternative methods such as land purchase to achieve an ecologically effective network of protected sites.     

Phototransformation of fibrate drugs in aqueous media

The photochemical conversion of bezafibrate, gemfibrozil, fenofibrate and fenofibric acid has been examined in aqueous media. Irradiation with a solar simulator in distilled water caused about 10% degradation for the first three drugs after 200 hr, while fenofibric acid was completely degraded after 100 hr. Experiments have also been performed in the presence of nitrates or humic acids, considered as environmental photosensitizers, and only for gemfibrozil a reduction of degradation has been observed. Photoproducts have been characterized and the mechanistic pathways discussed on the basis of experimental and literature data.     

济南市地下水硝酸盐污染研究

调查了济南市东郊工业区浅层地下水、南部山区补给区地下水及市区饮用水中硝酸盐现状及发展趋势。结果表明，工业区浅层地下水硝酸盐含量超出国家饮用水卫生标准；补给区地下水及市区饮用水硝酸盐也受到人类活动的影响，污染呈逐年上升趋势。分析了造成地下水硝酸盐污染的原因，提出了相应的防治措施与对策。     

磐石等四种泥炭脱除硫化氢能力的研究

本文介绍用自采的磐石等四种泥炭，以硫化氢为试验气体，用同一套试验设备，在相同条件下进行脱臭能力为比的试验研究。并由试验中总结出影响泥炭脱臭能力的物理及化学因素。     

河北省自然保护区现状调查与规划研究

在河北省自然保护区现状调查的基础上，探讨目前自然保护区建设中的主要问题，并对河北省自然保护区规划和对策进行研究。     

A review of recent developments in lake modelling

This paper reviews the lake models published the last five years, mainly in Ecological Modelling. The review shows that structurally dynamic modelling and coupling between hydrodynamic and ecological models are applied increasingly. A number of processes that have not been included in lake models before have been proposed. It has been shown that these additional processes in specific case studies are significant, for instance the competition between phytoplankton and macrophytes or cyanobacteria growth and growth of mussels. It is recommended to study these models for the development of models for case studies where these processes are relevant.     

Mechanism of the uptake of metal cations by Algal Cell Walls

Nondisintegrated sprayed dried cells of Scenedesmus obliquus have been applied for the study of the cumulation of metal cations. It has been found that algal cell walls behave predominantely as polyfunctional weakly acidic cation exchangers. Equilibrium constants for different exchange reactions have been determined radiometrically which allow to calculate the form of algal cell walls in various experimental conditions. Metal cations present in microconcentrations may be cumulated predominantly by another cell wall ligands in comparison with the cumulation of macroconcentrations of the same cations.     

Modeling of adsorption kinetics and equilibria of acid dyes onto activated carbon in single- and binary-component systems

Adsorptive removal of Acid Blue 127 and Acid Yellow 17 from their single and binary solutions has been studied using powdered activated carbon (PAC). The dyes used extensively for dying of nylon fiber in textile industry are known as Nylomine Blue P-B (NB) and Nylomine Yellow P-4G (NY), respectively. Time-dependent results obtained from single-component system have been better predicted by two resistance diffusion model rather than homogeneous surface diffusion. The magnitudes of film- and intraparticle diffusion coefficients calculated from McKay equation are ～10^?9 and ～10^?15 m² s^?1, whereas surface diffusion coefficients have been estimated as ～10^?13 m² s^?1 using Vermeulen approximation. Experimental equilibrium isotherms have been evaluated by changing initial dye concentrations in the range of 0.02–1.00 of mmol L^?1. Freundlich isotherm parameters for individual solutions of the dyes have been used to predict their equilibrium behaviors in binary solutions by applying extended Freundlich model. Langmuir isotherm model and its extended form have also been fitted to the data for single- and binary-dye solutions, respectively. Thermodynamic functions derived from the temperature dependence of adsorption equilibrium constants in 298–318 K range show that adsorption processes are endothermic but spontaneous.     

佛山市区大气降水pH值的时空分布及酸雨成因

根据大气降水监测资料，分析了佛山市区大气降水pH值的时间变化规律和空间分布特征，探讨了佛山市区酸雨的主要形成原因和影响因素，在此基础之上，提出了防治酸雨污染的对策。     

温州市粮食生产潜力及土地人口承载力研究

在光能生产潜力计算的基础上，经过温度、降水、土壤肥力和土壤质量等自然因素的订正，分析了温州市的土地生产潜力、粮食生产潜力。通过对温州市历年来主要粮食作物产量分析，采用产潜比增长速度法预测了２０００年和２０１０年的粮食产量，并据此计算了２０００年、２０１０年和潜在最大的人口承载量，指出温州市建立稳定协调可持续发展的人地关系的关键。     

Electron microscope study of the digestive system of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

The fine structure of esophagus, stomach and intestinal epithelial cells of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis have been examined. Three types of mucosal cells secreting neutral, acid and sulfated mucopolysaccharides have been found in the esophagus. The modes of origin of different types of mucous granules are described. Storage and zymogen cells have been identified in the stomach epithelium. Storage cells are adapted for intracellular digestion and synthesis of nutritive substance. Zymogen cells are adapted for enzyme synthesis. The columnar cells occur in the intestinal epithelium; they are adapted for nutrient absorption and lipid storage. Digestion in different parts of the digestive tract is considered in context with the ultrastructural and histochemical data obtained. Some problems concerning the relation between intracellular and extracellular digestion are discussed.     

对苏南地区城市化过程中环境问题的思考

对苏南地区城市化的特征和城市化过程中出现的环境问题进行了分析，指出城市化发展的必由之路是实行可持续发展，提出了该地区为实现可持续发展必须做到５个协调     

On the Use of Surrogate Species in Conservation Biology

Abstract: Conservation biologists have used surrogate species as a shortcut to monitor or solve conservation problems. Indicator species have been used to assess the magnitude of anthropogenic disturbance, to monitor population trends in other species, and to locate areas of high regional biodiversity. Umbrella species have been used to delineate the type of habitat or size of area for protection, and flagship species have been employed to attract public attention. Unfortunately, there has been considerable confusion over these terms, and several have been applied loosely and interchangeably. We attempt to provide some clarification and guidelines for the application of these different terms. For each type of surrogate, we briefly describe the way it has been used in conservation biology and then examine the criteria that managers and researchers use in selecting appropriate surrogate species. By juxtaposing these concepts, it becomes clear that both the goals and selection criteria of different surrogate classes differ substantially, indicating that they should not be conflated. This can be facilitated by first outlining the goals of a conservation study, explicitly stating the criteria involved in selecting a surrogate species, identifying a species according to these criteria, and then performing a pilot study to check whether the choice of species was appropriate before addressing the conservation problem itself. Surrogate species need to be used with greater care if they are to remain useful in conservation biology.     

Progress in the ecology and conservation of giant pandas

Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) conservation is a possible success story in the making. If extinction of this iconic endangered species can be avoided, the species will become a showcase program for the Chinese government and its collaborators. We reviewed the major advancements in ecological science for the giant panda, examining how these advancements have contributed to panda conservation. Pandas’ morphological and behavioral adaptations to a diet of bamboo, which bear strong influence on movement ecology, have been well studied, providing knowledge to guide management actions ranging from reserve design to climate change mitigation. Foraging ecology has also provided essential information used in the creation of landscape models of panda habitat. Because habitat loss and fragmentation are major drivers of the panda population decline, efforts have been made to help identify core habitat areas, establish where habitat corridors are needed, and prioritize areas for protection and restoration. Thus, habitat models have provided guidance for the Chinese governments’ creation of 67 protected areas. Behavioral research has revealed a complex and efficient communication system and documented the need for protection of habitat that serves as a communication platform for bringing the sexes together for mating. Further research shows that den sites in old‐growth forests may be a limiting resource, indicating potential value in providing alternative den sites for rearing offspring. Advancements in molecular ecology have been revolutionary and have been applied to population census, determining population structure and genetic diversity, evaluating connectivity following habitat fragmentation, and understanding dispersal patterns. These advancements form a foundation for increasing the application of adaptive management approaches to move panda conservation forward more rapidly. Although the Chinese government has made great progress in setting aside protected areas, future emphasis will be improved management of pandas and their habitat.