蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的分光光度法快速检测

以鸡脑为酶源提取乙酰胆碱酯酶,利用酶抑制分光光度法检测蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量.用此方法测定了对硫磷、辛硫磷、氧化乐果三种农药,结果满意,回收率分别达到97%,101%和99%.     

3种有机磷农药对水生生物的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制效应的物种敏感度分析初探

通过筛选敌敌畏、马拉硫磷和对硫磷3种有机磷农药对水生生物的急性毒性数据和乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制效应数据,构建物种敏感度分布曲线进行了比较分析。结果表明,敌敌畏对水生生物的急性毒性和乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制效应的大小顺序为:酶体内抑制效应酶体外抑制效应急性毒性;马拉硫磷和对硫磷的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制效应数据不足但趋势相似,顺序为:酶体内抑制效应急性毒性酶体外抑制效应。敌敌畏的急性毒性和酶体外抑制效应的5%危害浓度(HC5)分别为2.07μg·L~(-1)和1.53μg·L~(-1),两者相差1.4倍。在水质基准推导中,乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制效应数据对有机磷农药的水生生物基准具有重要的参考价值。     

尼龙网固相乙酰胆碱酯酶检测有机磷农药

用尼龙网固相乙酰胆碱酯酶检测水中有机磷农药,硫逐或硫逐硫赶磷酸酯类有机磷农药经过氧化后,增强了对胆碱酯酶的抑制作用。对10种有机磷农药测定的结果表明,检测灵敏度比不氧化要提高几个数量级,标准偏差<±5％。尼龙网固相乙酰胆碱酯酶稳定,适于野外污染水的定性检测。     

以壳聚糖微球为载体的固定化乙酰胆碱酯酶的基本性质

为探讨以壳聚糖微球为载体制备的固定化乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）用于监测海水有机磷农药的可行性,研究了固定化酶在海水中的基本性质,如环境适应性、动力学性质、稳定性、对农药响应规律等.结果表明,与溶液酶相比,固定化酶对海水温度、盐度、pH值等因素的适应能力提高;固定化酶分子构象的改变增加了酶与底物之间的空间障碍,米氏常数增加...     

溶胶-凝胶法固定乙酰胆碱酯酶生物传感器测定有机磷农药

采用溶胶-凝胶法将乙酰胆碱酯酶固定在醋酸纤维膜上,再将酶膜固定在聚四氨基钴酞菁(p-CoTAPc)修饰的玻碳电极(GCE)上,制备了可应用于有机磷农药测定的生物传感器,采用计时安培法对有机磷农药(对硫磷、辛硫磷、氧化乐果)进行检测,检测限分别可达2.0×10-9mol·l-1,1.4×10-9mol·l-1和1.1×10-8mol·l-1.     

珠江三角洲典型区域蔬菜地土壤中有机氯农药的污染特征——以东莞市为例

近年来珠江三角洲经济迅速发展的同时所带来的土壤有机氯农药污染问题备受关注,着重调查研究了东莞蔬菜地土壤中17种有机氯农药的污染特征.2002年10-12月采集蔬菜地土壤样品37个,利用气相色谱分析有机氯农药的含量.研究结果表明,东莞蔬菜地土壤样品中均检出有机氯,其中DDE与艾氏剂的检出率为100.0%;17种有机氯农药总含量(∑17OCPs)范围为2.47～82.23 ng·g-1,均值为22.53 ng·g-1.含有7个Cl取代基的有机氯农药即七氯与环氧七氯的含量均显著低于其他有机氯农药的含量;尽管东莞市蔬菜地土壤中DDTs的含量明显低于省内外其他地区蔬菜地土壤DDTs含量,但东莞蔬菜地土壤中有机氯农药主要以毒性较强的六氯代有机化合物为主,因此东莞蔬菜地土壤中有机氯农药污染状况不容忽视.     

加速溶剂提取-气相色谱法测定蔬菜中的有机氯农药

加速溶剂提取技术萃取蔬菜样品中的有机氯农药残留具有萃取速度快、溶剂用量少、选择性高等优点。用加速溶剂提取-气相色谱法测定蔬菜中的有机氯农药残留,其结果与国标法(GB/T5009,19-1996)和美国EPA法(3545)进行比较。结果表明:加速溶剂提取-气相色谱法能够对蔬菜中多种有机氯农药残留的提取和测定达到很好的效果,蔬菜中12种有机氯农药在两种质量分数(25和100ng·g-1)的添加的回收率在80%和125%之间,高于国标法,而与美国EPA的方法相当。用此法对南京市郊蔬菜中有机氯农药残留状况进行分析表明:南京市郊蔬菜中有机氯农药的检出率在76%和100%之间,DDTs是蔬菜中的主要有机氯农药残留,其次为六六六,分别占残留总量的48.5%~74.6%和14.0%~27.9%。10种试验蔬菜体内DDT和六六六的残留量均不超标,但此类物质可在食物链中富集和放大,仍会对农产品质量和人体健康构成潜在威胁。     

基于杀螨剂靶标朱砂叶螨乙酰胆碱酯酶体外表达的新型杀螨活性化合物筛选

乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AChE)是保证神经信号在生物体内正常传递的关键酶,是有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的作用靶标.本研究在前期朱砂叶螨乙酰胆碱酯酶基因原核表达及最适反应条件摸索的基础上,大规模表达纯化朱砂叶螨AChE,进一步研究其酶学性质.研究结果显示,在温度为25℃、其他条件最适的情况下,测定酶K_m值为0.67 mmol/L,K_(cat)/K_m值为13.53 mmol L~(-1) s~(-1).随后,从SPECS化学库筛选到了55个候选AChE抑制性化合物,获得了9个抑制活性优于或相当于毒扁豆碱的朱砂叶螨AChE抑制化合物,并且它们对朱砂叶螨有较好的毒性.本研究为乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂的筛选以及以乙酰胆碱酯酶为靶标的农药开发提供了理论依据和实验基础.     

叶类蔬菜有机氯农药残留测定过程中的提取和净化

用柱萃取法提取 ,气相色谱 电子捕获检测器 (GC ECD)测定蔬菜中的多种有机氯农药 .比较了不同提取溶剂对蔬菜中有机氯农药的提取效率 .就回收率而言 ,正己烷和丙酮 (V/V ,4∶1 ) >石油醚和丙酮 (V/V ,4∶1 ) >二氯甲烷和丙酮 (V/V ,4∶1 ) >纯正己烷 .用正己烷和丙酮作提取溶剂时 ,1 2种有机氯农药中有 1 0种的回收率在 80 %以上 ,变异系数在 1 %— 1 5 %之间 .不同固相萃取 (SPE)填料对有机氯农药的纯化效率为 :硅胶对目标物质的净化效率要高于硅藻土和氟罗里硅土 ,硅胶做填料时变异系数在 1 5 %以下 .因此 ,本实验认为用正己烷和丙酮 (V/V ,4∶1 )做提取剂、选择硅胶做填料能够对蔬菜中多种有机氯农药有较好的提取和净化效果 ,是一种较理想的蔬菜中有机氯农药的分析方法 .     

六种农药对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的体外毒性效应

通过体外毒性试验,研究乙酰甲胺磷、巴丹、高效氯氰菊酯、甲基硫菌灵、异菌脲和哒螨灵6种农药对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的毒性效应。结果表明,在体外反应体系中, 6种农药均对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有明显的抑制作用,其中乙酰甲胺磷对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制率随着浓度增高先下降后上升, 1mg·L-1时抑制率最低,为10. 07%;甲基硫菌灵对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制率随着浓度增高先上升后下降, 0. 125mg·L-1时抑制率最高,达60. 32%;巴丹、高效氯氰菊酯、异菌脲、哒螨灵对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制率随浓度增高而上升。     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Estimation of the surface stress from the streamwise pressure gradient: The Kármán Integral Momentum Equation revisited

A method is developed to estimate the stress at the surface in a portable wind tunnel for wind erosion studies. The boundary layer height and the pressure gradient are used in a simple expression from the Kármán Integral Momentum Equation. Values of friction velocity u _* are within 10% of experimental values obtained through correlation techniques, including measurements of differential pressures with the Murdoch Turbulence Probe MTP and the X-wire, hot-wire anemometer XWA. Wind velocity and stress profiles reveal logarithmic trends and a constant stress layer near the surface in the DAWA portable wind tunnel. Realignment of the statistics with the mean wind is essential.     

Using decision science to evaluate global biodiversity indices

Global biodiversity indices are used to measure environmental change and progress toward conservation goals, yet few indices have been evaluated comprehensively for their capacity to detect trends of interest, such as declines in threatened species or ecosystem function. Using a structured approach based on decision science, we qualitatively evaluated 9 indices commonly used to track biodiversity at global and regional scales against 5 criteria relating to objectives, design, behavior, incorporation of uncertainty, and constraints (e.g., costs and data availability). Evaluation was based on reference literature for indices available at the time of assessment. We identified 4 key gaps in indices assessed: pathways to achieving goals (means objectives) were not always clear or relevant to desired outcomes (fundamental objectives); index testing and understanding of expected behavior was often lacking; uncertainty was seldom acknowledged or accounted for; and costs of implementation were seldom considered. These gaps may render indices inadequate in certain decision-making contexts and are problematic for indices linked with biodiversity targets and sustainability goals. Ensuring that index objectives are clear and their design is underpinned by a model of relevant processes are crucial in addressing the gaps identified by our assessment. Uptake and productive use of indices will be improved if index performance is tested rigorously and assumptions and uncertainties are clearly communicated to end users. This will increase index accuracy and value in tracking biodiversity change and supporting national and global policy decisions, such as the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.     

Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.     

Estimating freshwater turtle mortality rates and population declines following hook ingestion

Freshwater turtle populations are susceptible to declines following small increases in the mortality of adults, making it essential to identify and understand potential threats. Freshwater turtles ingest fish hooks associated with recreational angling, and this is likely a problem because hook ingestion is a source of additive mortality for sea turtles. We used a Bayesian‐modeling framework, observed rates of hook ingestion by freshwater turtles, and mortality of sea turtles from hook ingestion to examine the probability that a freshwater turtle in a given population ingests a hook and subsequently dies from it. We used the results of these analyses and previously published life‐history data to simulate the effects of hook ingestion on population growth for 3 species of freshwater turtle. In our simulation, the probability that an individual turtle ingests a hook and dies as a result was 1.2–11%. Our simulation results suggest that this rate of mortality from hook ingestion is sufficient to cause population declines. We believe we have identified fish‐hook ingestion as a serious yet generally overlooked threat to the viability of freshwater turtle populations.     

Content analysis of newspaper coverage of the Florida panther

Populations of large carnivores are declining globally, and analysis of public discourse about carnivores is useful for understanding public opinion and influences on management and policy. Portrayal of carnivores in the media affects public perceptions and support for their conservation. We conducted a content analysis of 513 articles about Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) published from 2003 to 2006 in newspapers with local circulation in core panther habitat in southwest Florida and papers with statewide circulation to compare the differences in the amount of coverage and portrayals of panther risks to people and property on the basis of proximity of human communities to panthers. Local papers published significantly more news articles and significantly longer news articles primarily about panthers. Articles in local and statewide papers used both episodic frames, which focus on specific occurrences (e.g., a panther sighting or predation) and thematic frames, which focus on general trends (e.g., abundance of panthers over time). Local articles more often emphasized risks that panthers might harm people, pets, or livestock than statewide papers. Our results are consistent with theory that proximity to human-carnivore conflict influences perceptions and salience of risks posed by large carnivores. Most articles mentioned panthers as a secondary topic, which we believe was a result of the relevance an endangered carnivore has in discussions of public land management, development, and regulations in Florida. Claims made by sources quoted in each article had a neutral to positive depiction of panthers, and most quotations were from federal and state agency scientists. We suggest continued use by the media of agency sources provides the opportunity for clear, concordant messages about panther management. Content analysis provides a way to monitor media portrayal of carnivores for consistency with agency outreach goals.