尖峰岭自然保护区土壤微生物群落特征

土壤微生物群落特征对于明确不同环境中微生物群落的作用具有重要意义,但对微生物群落的定量研究一直是该领域的研究难点.目前,以群落水平碳源利用类型为基础的Biolog方法为土壤微生物群落特征定量研究提供了一种简便的方法,并迅速得到了广泛的应用,但Biolog试验过程中获得的数据量十分庞大,因此如何合理的处理、选择最能代表土壤微生物特征的数据进行比较分析是Biolog方法成功运用的关键.文章依据目前最常用的两种Biolog数据处理方法,提出了一种改进的数据处理方法,并以海南岛尖峰岭自然保护区四种受不同程度人类干扰形成的植被类型的土壤微生物群落为研究对象,着重探讨了改进方法与已有方法对土壤微生物群落特征研究结果的差异.研究结果表明:不同植被类型土壤微生物利用单一碳源能力的大小顺序为:山地雨林原始林>天然次生林>人工混交林>皆伐迹地.尖峰岭地区植被破坏后,自然恢复形成的天然次生林土壤微生物群落与原始林最接近.与受干扰较多的人工林相比,自然恢复更能有效改善土壤的微生物结构和功能.比较不同数据处理方法的分析结果证明,改进的数据处理方法可以有效克服已有方法的不足,提高对研究对象土壤微生物群落差异的解释能力.     

长春市土壤重金属化学形态与土壤微生物群落结构的关系

采用样品采集、室内分析和多种数据统计方法相结合的方法,研究了长春市土壤重金属化学形态与土壤微生物群落结构的关系.结果表明:长春市土壤重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn和Ni)不同化学形态对土壤微生物群落结构影响明显不同,碳酸盐结合态的Pb和Ni对放线菌的生长繁殖具有刺激作用,碳酸盐结合态Zn对细菌的生长繁殖具有刺激作用,铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的Zn与有机结合态Cu对细菌、放线菌的生长繁殖具有刺激作用.土壤理化性质对重金属化学形态与微生物群落结构之间的关系影响很大,其掩盖了土壤重金属化学形态对土壤微生物群落结构特征的影响,有机质含量、电导率、阳离子交换量掩盖了重金属化学形态对细菌、放线菌和微生物总数的影响.自然含水率掩盖了重金属化学形态对多样性指数的影响.采用重金属的化学形态评价重金属对土壤微生物参数的影响更合理,而且在确定评价长春市土壤重金属污染状况指标时,应该剔除土壤理化性质的影响.选择有机结合态Cu、铁锰氧化物结合态Zn与微生物群落多样性指数相结合来评价长春城市土壤重金属Cu和Zn的污染状况.     

长期有机无机肥配合施用土壤中添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物短期变化

为了阐明改变肥料养分投入后土壤微生物特性的短期变化,采集长期定位有机无机肥配施的红壤水稻土,通过室内培育试验,观测添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物生物量碳及BIOLOG群落功能多样性的变化.结果表明,长期有机无机肥配施土壤中添加无机肥料养分短期内( 185 d)降低了15％～22％的微生物生物量碳含量和55.6％的微生物群落平均光密度；添加有机肥料养分短期内提高了8％～42％的微生物生物量碳含量和992％的微生物群落平均光密度；而不添加肥料养分短期内提高了501％的微生物群落平均光密度,降低了微生物群落均一性,但对微生物生物量碳含量影响不大.此外,添加不同肥料养分均改变了土壤微生物群落碳源代谢模式.长期配施有机无机肥土壤中添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物生态特征发生明显变化,其差异体现在微生物生物量碳与微生物碳源利用特性的变化上.     

林下植被对土壤微生物群落组成与结构的影响

植被和土壤微生物是生态系统的重要组成部分,研究二者之间的联系对森林经营管理和生态恢复实践具有重要的指导意义.目前相关研究主要集中于乔木层对土壤微生物的影响,林下植被层对土壤微生物的潜在作用常被忽视.本文从林下植被对土壤微生物群落组成与结构的影响及其作用机理两个方面进行总结:(1)林下植被对土壤微生物有重要的影响,其作用结果有正面、负面和没有影响几方面;(2)作用途径为通过分泌物和凋落物归还的质与量等直接影响土壤微生物群落结构和组成,也通过影响土壤微气候环境、土壤营养有效性和p H、改变乔木层和其他土壤微生物类群而间接影响土壤微生物;(3)在林下植被对土壤微生物影响的研究中,试验方法多采用磷酸脂肪酸(PLFA)法,而最新土壤微生物的测定方法(如高通量测序等)应用较少.今后林下植被影响土壤微生物群落的研究重点在于(1)提高土壤微生物测定方法的准确性;(2)扩展研究方向;(3)与应用方面相联系.     

土壤微生物污染诱导群落耐性研究进展

污染诱导群落耐性(PICT)是指生物群落为了在污染环境中继续生存,通过生理生化与遗传特征的改变或以耐性类群生物代替敏感类群,从而使整个群落产生耐性.目前人们已将PICT作为一项指标,从群落耐性方面来评价污染生态学的效应.目前PICT研究已涵盖了水生生物、陆地植物、微生物等,其中土壤微生物是PICT研究的重要群落对象.对土壤微生物群落PICT的研究始于上世纪90年代,并已在多方面取得进展,包括在研究方法上的一些突破和改进.在PICT产生和变化机理等方面也有新发现,如发现了土壤微生物群落PICT与污染物浓度存在较好的正相关关系,并且污染物能够引起土壤微生物群落对其他污染物的共耐性等.在PICT影响因素研究方面发现不仅环境因素会影响PICT的形成,而且检测方法也会影响对PICT的判断.论文较为全面地综述了国际上针对土壤微生物群落PICT的研究进展,包括PICT的概念、研究方法、污染物影响PICT的内在机制及影响PICT的关键因素等,最后提出了研究展望.     

辽东湾大凌河口湿地土壤微生物群落分析

土壤微生物对湿地生态系统的物质转化和能量流动具有重要作用,目前对天然湿地的微生物资源及群落结构缺少研究。应用PCR-DGGE技术研究辽东湾大凌河口湿地土壤中的微生物群落结构,并对其群落组成进行分析,结合冗余分析（RDA）方法考察环境因子对微生物群落结构的影响。共设定7个站位采集土壤样品,直接提取样品中微生物的总DNA,以巢式PCR扩增细菌16S rDNA-V3区片段,应用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）技术分离片段,研究河口区湿地土壤细菌的群落结构。结果表明：辽东湾大凌河口区土壤具有较为丰富的细菌种群,主要包含Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Bacteroidetes几大类门,且同一季节采集的样品在聚类分析图上聚类成簇。RDA分析表明,土壤的温度与盐度2个变量分别解释了6.5%、2.3%的土壤细菌群落结构变化,表明大凌河口区土壤的群落结构变化是多种环境因子共同作用的结果,其中温度的影响略大于盐度。     

代森锰锌类农药对生姜种植地土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响

研究了代森锰锌类农药克菌宝(15%)、深蓝(60%)和活根菌灭(80%)对生姜(Zingiber Officinale Roscoe)种植地土壤酶(脲酶、脱氢酶、磷酸酶和蛋白酶)活性和土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以期为评价代森锰锌的合理使用及环境修复提供一定的理论参考依据。结果表明,施用克菌宝的农田土壤在生姜旺盛生长期酸性磷酸酶活性提高了2.3%;深蓝能显著抑制旺盛生长期土壤酸性磷酸酶和蛋白酶活性(P0.05),抑制率分别为24.2%和40.0%,但这两种酶的活性在生姜收获期均有所恢复;活根菌灭在收获期可显著降低土壤酸性磷酸酶和脲酶活性(P0.05),土壤酶活性的抑制率与一定范围内(0.96 g·m~(-2))的农药施用量呈正相关,但当施用量超过一定阈值(0.72 g·m~(-2))后抑制率降低。3种农药对土壤酶活性抑制作用的强弱顺序为深蓝活根菌灭克菌宝;DGGE图谱的土壤微生物丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数分析结果表明,土壤微生物的丰富度和多样性高低顺序为克菌宝深蓝活根菌灭,这与相应农药的土壤酶活性高低情况不一致,说明土壤细菌群落结构与土壤酶活性不是单一的线性关系。细菌16S r RNA基因的聚类分析表明细菌群落结构受到农药的影响,并与其施用量呈正相关。     

基于MicroResp~(TM)不同施肥方式对土壤微生物群落的影响

土壤微生物群落代谢变化被认为是反映土壤质量和健康状况的敏感指标。通过5 a定位试验,采用MicroResp~(TM)方法分析不同施肥方式对农田土壤微生物群落功能多样性及其代谢结构的影响。结果表明,适量施用有机肥和沼液肥有利于提高土壤微生物代谢活性,并对土壤微生物群落代谢结构产生明显影响,但长期高量施用沼液肥不利于维持土壤微生物代谢活性和群落多样性。相关性分析结果表明,土壤pH值、全磷含量和Cu含量与土壤微生物代谢活性及其群落结构关系最密切,其中土壤Cu含量为主要影响因子。能明显提高土壤养分含量及导致土壤重金属Cu、Zn累积是有机肥较其他施肥方式对土壤微生物群落代谢功能产生显著影响的关键因素。     

长期定位施肥对土壤生理转化菌群的影响

针对哈尔滨黑土28 a长期定位施肥现状进行土壤生理转化菌群测试分析,采用稀释平板法和MPN法测定不同施肥处理土壤的微生物各生理群的数量.结果表明:施肥处理的土壤微生物多样性指数最高,微生物种类多,群落结构较复杂,同不施肥处理之间的土壤微生物群落结构组成存在显著差异.     

新疆盐渍土3种植被类型土壤微生物碳源利用

研究了新疆天山以北三工河流域自然生境下梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、琵琶柴(Reaumuriasoongonica)、隐子草(Cleistogenes chinensis)3种植被群落的土壤微生物碳源利用差异,分析了土壤理化性质与微生物总体活性、功能多样性的相关关系.采用BIOLOG生态板检测了各微生物群落对31种单一碳源的利用情况,结果表明,3种群落的微生物总体活性(AWCD)(F=41.877,P<0.001)、功能多样性(Shannon指数)(F=164.680,P<0.001)、丰富度(R值)(F=20.818,P=0.02)差异显著,其中梭梭植被下微生物群落的AWCD值、Shannon多样性指数、R值明显高于其他两种植被的微生物群落.土壤pH(相关系数=0.958,P<0.001)、土壤总碳相对含量(相关系数=0.718,P<0.05)与微生物总体活性(AWCD)呈显著相关,对微生物碳源利用有重要影响,而土壤可溶盐总量、含水率则与AWCD相关性不显著,微生物群落碳源利用功能多样性和丰富度与土壤理化性质均无显著相关关系.对于所研究的31种单一碳源,梭梭植被下微生物群落的利用情况也好于其他两种植被类型,对11种单一碳源利用情况较好,而琵琶柴、隐子草植被微生物群落分别则仅能对其中6种和5种碳源有较好的利用能力.     

Terrestrische ökotoxikologische Testmethoden für die Tropen

Goal, Scope, and Background

Soil organisms play a crucial role in the terrestrial ecosystem. Plant Protection Products (PPPs) are known to affect soil organisms and might have negative impacts on soil functions influenced by these organisms. Little research has been done to day on the impact of PPs on tropical ecosystems. Therefore, in this study it was investigated whether fate and effects of pesticides differ between tropical and temperate regions and whether data generated under temperate conditions can be used for the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) in tropical regions.

Methods

In the first part of this study, the effects of two fungicides (Benomyl and Carbendazim) and one insecticide (lambda-Cyhalothrin) on soil invertebrates (i.e. earthworms and arthropods) were evaluated in laboratory tests modified for tropical conditions (temperature, soil, test species). Besides using some native species, the tests were done mainly with two (temperate and tropical) strains of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and the peregrine isopod speciesPorcellionides pruinosus as standard test species. The chemicals were spiked in two natural and two artificial soils. A tropical artificial soil (TAS), containing a tropical fern product (Xaxim) or coconut coir dust as organic matter, was developed in this study.

Results and Conclusions

The results from the laboratory tests showed that all three test chemicals differed from those gained under temperate conditions. In the case of the fungicides the toxicity was lower but in the case of the insecticide higher under tropical than under temperate conditions. The native tropical earthwormPontoscolex corethrurus reacted more sensitively against Carbendazim in comparison to the standard test speciesEisenia fetida.

Recommendation and Perspective

Details of the environmental risk assessment of the three model chemicals based on the results of the laboratory described here (and including the results of higher tier tests (semi-field and field tests)) will be described in Part 2 of this series     

农药混配制剂环境风险评估现状与展望

本文综述了欧洲和美国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法。详细介绍了欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)评估体系中的2种方法,即,基础的"整体测试法"和近年来提倡的"基于组分的方法"。"基于组分的方法"的特点是以浓度加和模型(CA模型)作为默认假设进行初级评估,以独立作用模型(IA模型)等作为高级评估手段的农药混配制剂环境风险评估方法。此外,本文还介绍了模型偏差率(MDR)、毒性相似度及毒力单元(TU)等概念以及混配制剂风险评估流程。本文的目的旨在为建立我国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法体系提供参考。     

Luzernemehl-induzierte Aktivitätserhöhung (LIA) in ökotoxikologisch-mikrobiologischen Tests

In previous trials, lucerne-meal induced increase in microbial activities (=LIA) was used as a new ecotoxicological indicator of pesticide effects on soil microorganisms. In the following, this technique has been applied to measure and compare the effects of the two dinitrophenol herbicides ‘Flüssig Herbogil’ (active ingredient dinoterb) and ‘Aretit flüssig’ (active ingredient dinoseb acetate) used as reference compounds. A loamy sand soil known for its sensitive microflora was treated with the herbicides and incubated up to 90 days under laboratory conditions. In order to ensure the comparison of the specific effects, equal amounts of the active ingredients of the two formulated herbicides, based on the field rate of ‘Flüssig Herbogil’, were applied. In a parallel trial, the soil was additionally amended with lucerne meal to enable the determination of its specific stimulatory effect on microbial activity. The two biomass-related microbial activities dehydrogenase (=DHA) and glucose-induced short-term respiration (=KZA) were measured, as well as the nitrogen mineralization (=N_min). Depending on the dosage, the activities of LIA-DHA, LIA-KZA and LIA-N_min as increased by lucerne meal, were affected by the herbicides. Normally, the biomass-related activities were inhibited with exception of LIA-DHA at the single dosage. However, the nitrogen mineralization was enhanced. In most cases, the effects caused by ‘Flüssig Herbogil’ (dinoterb) were more pronounced than those of ‘Aretit flüssig’ (dinoseb agetate) when the same amount of the active ingredients had been applied. The LIA of the tested microbial activities proved to be a sensitive indicator for pesticide effects on soil microorganisms. It enabled the differentiation of the ecotoxic effects of chemically similar pesticides. Using this indicator will support results from separate trials run with or without lucerne meal, because marked losses of microbial biomass will become more pronounced. In addition, this improves the interpretation of ecotoxicological effects of pesticides in soil.     

Biozide in Gebäudefassaden – ökotoxikologische Effekte, Auswaschung und Belastungsabschätzung für Gewässer

Background, aim and scope Sources of organic micropollutants occuring in surface waters are often unknown. Regarding environmental risk assessments for surface waters, construction materials have as till now, not been given much consideration, although biocides used as preservatives are known to reach urban storm water runoff. The study focused on biocides for facades coatings and aimed (1) to determine ecotoxicological effect values, (2) to quantify the leaching behaviour and (3) to assess the environmental risk for surface waters using a dynamic transport model. Materials and methods Eight biocides used in resin based facade coatings were investigated. Some biocides are substances known as pesticides for agricultural purposes like diuron, carbendazim and terbutryn. Ecotoxicological effect values for aquatic organisms were determined for every biocide. Leaching of four biocides from a render under UV-irradiation has been investigated in the laboratory including the influence of varying temperatures. Using 80 irrigation intervals over 28 days, facade runoff was sampled and followed by biocide chemical analysis. The total losses were calculated based on the concentration patterns. These data were used for modelling the transport of cybutryn from facades to surface waters. Biocide specific effect values and leaching characteristics have been taken into consideration. Results Acute and chronic effect values as well as predicted no effect concentrations for the investigated biocides indicate their high potential to affect aquatic organisms. The leaching of four biocides (diuron, terbutryn, cybutryn, carbendazim) from the facade render under the experimental conditions delivers high concentrations in the beginning followed by an exponential decrease. Rising temperature increased the concentration of biocides in the runoff. The total losses were between 7?% and 29?% depending on the substances. More than half of the losses occur in the runoff within the first 15 min of runoff from a 60 min irrigation cycle. The modelling result for cybutryn underlines its high environmental risk for small surface waters. Discussion The leaching of the biocides, their potential ecotoxic effects and persistence show clearly that the environmental risk for surface waters and soils seems to be high for certain biocides; whereas for others the risk seems to be significantly lower. With respect water quality criteria, polluted facades runoff has to be diluted before runoff can enter the discharge. Diuron and carbendazim are however also used as pesticides and preservatives for other materials and cybutryn is also used as an antifouling agent. All pathways have to be evaluated in order to identify relevant sources and to act more efficiently with respect to water and soil protection. Conclusions Concentrations with high environmental risk are expected at new facades, especially at facades with thermal insulation. With the given low predicted no effect concentrations in a range of a few ng/L and large amounts of biocides applied in paints and renders, the environmental risk for common biocides used in facade coatings has to be investigated in laboratory and field scale. It seems plausible that source control measures as the most efficient and sustainable precautionary principle need to be evaluated. Recommendations and perspectives Biocides and additives applied in construction materials have to be taken into consideration as relevant sources when evaluating the quality of storm water runoff, discharge into urban areas and the impact to soil and surface waters. A sustainable construction material management and storm water management are required. It is expected that ongoing laboratory and field studies with exterior paints, renders and flat sheets for waterproofing containing biocides and additives will give further insight into their environmental impact.     

Untersuchungen zur Eignung von Neutralsalzen als Referenzmittel bei der mikrobiologisch-ökotoxikologischen Bewertung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln im Boden

Goal and Scope

The information value of microbiologicalecotoxicological investigations of pesticides in soil increases if reference compounds with known biocidal effects are included. But those reference compounds used until now often are of remarkable environmental and human toxicity and therefore are difficult to handle. Inorganic neutral salts sometimes were discussed as alternatives, but their suitability needs to be tested before.

Methods

For laboratory experiments some microbial activities in soil were selected whose effects had been proved in several microbiological-ecotoxicological investigations. They include the mineralization of carbon and nitrogen (+ nitrification) as well as the biomass-related parameters dehydrogenase activity and substrate-induced short-term respiration. Several agricultural soils were used to confirm the results.     

MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF TWO CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES AND THEIR MAIN METABOLITES IN SOIL

Degradation studies in soil of the insecticides aldicarb and carbofuran and their metabolites (aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone; 3-ketocarbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran) were carried out using laboratory systems under controlled conditions (temperature, water content, light). The insecticides were added to soil samples and subsamples of the soil were analyzed at different times to assess both the bacterial abundance and the concentration of the different chemicals. The epifluorescence direct count method was applied to the subsamples to estimate microorganism numbers (N/g soil). Untreated samples of soil were used as controls for evaluating the effects of the application of the insecticides on microbial abundance. Subsamples treated with the pesticides were analyzed using HPLC and the DT 50 s of the different compounds studied were calculated.

The DT 50 values show that neither the parent compounds nor the transformation products have a high persistence in soil and there is a general increase in the concentration of microorganisms as the pesticides diminish.     

Microbial degradation of two carbamate insecticides and their main metabolites in soil

Degradation studies in soil of the insecticides aldicarb and carbofuran and their metabolites (aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone; 3-ketocarbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran) were carried out using laboratory systems under controlled conditions (temperature, water content, light). The insecticides were added to soil samples and subsamples of the soil were analyzed at different times to assess both the bacterial abundance and the concentration of the different chemicals. The epifluorescence direct count method was applied to the subsamples to estimate microorganism numbers (N/g soil). Untreated samples of soil were used as controls for evaluating the effects of the application of the insecticides on microbial abundance. Subsamples treated with the pesticides were analyzed using HPLC and the DT 50 s of the different compounds studied were calculated. The DT 50 values show that neither the parent compounds nor the transformation products have a high persistence in soil and there is a general increase in the concentration of microorganisms as the pesticides diminish.     

Mikrobiologisch-ökotoxikologische Bodenuntersuchungen von zwei zur Unkrautbekämpfung mit hohen Dosierungen eingesetzten Fettsäure-Herbiziden

Goal and Scope

Products based on fatty acids (including acetic acid) are known in plant protection since more than 100 years to control several harmful organisms. In the following decades, however, they lost their importance due to the rapid development of ‘modern’ chemical pesticides. In the meantime some trials were run to control weeds with relatively high doses. The knowledge on its ecotoxic effects on soil microorganisms as a part of the soil fertility, however, is still incomplete.

Methods

Under laboratory conditions two agricultural soils were treated with different dosages of two products based on acetic acid and pelargonic acid (=nonanoic acid) as well as with a biocidal reference compound (e.g. dinitrophenol herbicide). The applied dosages were related to the concentrations in soil reached after simulated penetration of practical field amounts into upper soil layers. In some cases green manuring was simulated by adding lucerne meal to the soil. During the incubation for several weeks biomass-related microbial activities (dehydrogenase activity, substrate-induced shortterm respiration) as well as the mineralization of carbon and nitrogen (including nitrification) were measured.

Results and Conclusion

As compared to ‘normal’ pesticides (e.g. the reference compound) the effects of both test substances on soil microorganisms showed different behaviour. Nearly none of the effects typical for strongly biocidal compounds, namely a dose-related inhibition of microbial biomass combined with a stimulated mineralization (especially of nitrogen), occurred with the fatty acid products. Depending on the marked input of organic carbon by the higher dosages of fatty acid products and their rapid decomposition, especially of acetic acid, an increase of biomass-related parameters and of carbon mineralization combined with a reduction of the available nitrate content (e.g biological nitrogen immobilization) occurred for several weeks. By combining the results of the soil with that of lucerne meal-amended soil ‘real effects’ can be distinguished from those depending on the decomposition of the introduced carbon. In comparison with the strongly biocidal reference compound the two fatty acid products not only caused little microbiological-ecotoxicological impacts on the soil, but often stimulated important microbiological parameters for some time.

Recommendation and Perspective

As result of the trials we recommend an extended microbiological-ecotoxicological test spectrum especially for those plant protection products (pesticides) which should be applied at high dosages or if they contain higher amounts of well decomposable organic substances. This is necessary to distinguish dose-related enhanced biocidal activities induced by biocidal effects (including the subsequent mineralization of the killed microorganisms) from ‘real’ stimulations directly produced by the substrate.     

Ableitung ökotoxikologisch begründeter Bodenqualitätskriterien am Beispiel Arsen

Background

A vast amount of data on the concentration of substances in soils is being generated in environmental monitoring programmes. This data has to be assessed in terms of effects on terrestrial biota. Benchmarks for such an assessment have been missing up to now. This gap has been filled by the development of a concept for the derivation of ecotoxicologically based soil quality criteria (SQC) and the application of this concept to environmentally relevant substances.

Objectives

The derivation method was applied to arsenic. The derivation process was described in detail from the compilation of data regarding effects on microbial processes, plants, and soil invertebrates to the formulation of a recommendation for an SQC.

Methods

The conceptual framework for the derivation of ecotoxicologically based SQC was developed after reviewing national and international concepts for the assessment of the effects of substances on terrestrial communities. For the assessment of arsenic effects, all relevant biotic processes and trophic levels have been taken into account. Moreover, soil characteristics that may affect the toxicity to biota have been reviewed.

Results

Effects of arsenic on biota may occur at soil background concentrations or slightly above. There are only a few studies in which the influence of soil characteristics, such as soil pH, soil texture, and soil organic carbon, on the effects of arsenic has been investigated systematically. That is why the SQC was oriented on soil background concentrations for sandy soils (5 mg As/kg soil dw). A comparison of the SQC derived in this work with ecotoxicologically based soilquality values from Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the United States shows an average value of 16 mg As/kg, with a range between 5 and 34 mg/kg. The variations in the soil quality values are mainly due to differences in the derivation approaches.

Conclusions and Outlook

The concept applied is considered suitable for the derivation of SQC designed to protect terrestrial communities against direct effects of substances in soils. Therefore, its use is planned to derive SQC for other environmentally relevant substances. In addition to compensation factors, statistical methods should be taken into account to compensate for risks which cannot be quantified. Furthermore, there is the need for an assessment of indirect effects of soil contaminants on birds and mammals.     

拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的毒性和健康危害研究进展

在现今世界范围内,拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂已被广泛应用于防治农业病虫害以及用作室内杀虫剂,因此对人类日常生活产生重要影响。拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的急性毒性研究已经有较多成果和进展,但对其长期慢性影响至今仍缺乏明确论证。此综述从Pub Med、EBSCO和中国知网等数据库收集了国内外已发表的、有关拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的动物实验、人群调查和实验室检验的长期、慢性影响的典型研究论文,并从中筛选出拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的神经毒性、生殖发育毒性、免疫毒性与肿瘤研究等方面的研究进展,综述长期接触拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂可能对人体产生的神经、生殖及免疫系统方面的危害,为进一步研究和开发无害化农药杀虫剂提供参考思路。