丝瓜对食品废水的净化功能及经济效益

本文研究了丝瓜（Ｌｕｆｆａｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ）在水面上的水培技术，对食品工业废水（啤酒废水）的净化功能及其经济效益。其试验结果表明：采用水培技术将丝瓜栽种在水面上是完全成功的。该法已经被应用到无锡市酿酒总厂食品工业废水净化处理。在５月份，丝瓜对啤酒废水中污染物ＴＮ的净化率为７８．６％，ＴＰ７８．０％，ＮＨ＋＿４－Ｎ９９．６％，ＣＯＤ２２．５％，浊度８０．９％。在６月份，丝瓜的净化率为ＴＮ８９．１％，ＴＰ９０．４％，ＮＨ＋＿４－Ｎ９９．２％，ＣＯＤ４４．１％和浊度８６．４％。由此可见，丝瓜是一种对食品废水净化的优良植物，其经济效益也很显著，每亩水面丝瓜（果实）可达２０００ｋｇ～２５００ｋｇ，经济价值达２０００元～２５００元。     

Pollutant removal by an integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland treating simulated river water by reoxygenation

The effects and mechanism of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration removal by an integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland were studied in the wetland system during one inlet–outlet operating period, in two typical stages (each stage is connective 24 h, sampled once every 4 h). The concentration of ammonia decreased along the flow direction in the system, while levels of nitrate (NO₃^?-N) increased. In one operating period, total nitrogen (TN) concentration fell with rising operation time due to evacuative reoxygenation. The TN and NH₃-N removal rates in the system were 26.6% and 97.5%, respectively. COD decreased rapidly in the early stages and more gradually in the direction of water flow of the wetland system. Average total phosphorus (TP) removal rate was 20.71%. TN and NO₃^?-N levels in water of the wetland had a tendency to decline gradually with increasing operation time. Ammonia concentrations displayed only a small variation with operation time. The results also indicated that the wetland was able to maintain its temperature. The oxygen content differed during the various operating stages and exerted a marked influence on COD, TP, and TN removal.     

呼伦湖冰封期污染特征分析及对水处理的意义

以内蒙古呼伦湖为研究对象,对其在冰封过程中总氮、总磷和有机物在冰体和水体中的浓度及分布特征及其在呼伦湖的空间变异性进行分析。结果表明,冰封条件下,呼伦湖水体中总氮、总磷和有机物的含量均大于其在对应冰体中的含量,其含量均值分别是其对应冰体中的3.144倍、2.200倍和3.042倍,即低温冷冻过程对水体中的污染物有一定的浓缩效应;水体中各营养盐和有机物的空间变异性明显小于其在冰体中的;从固-液相平衡理论、结晶学理论和热力学理论三个方面对冷冻浓缩效应做出了合理的解释。研究认为,可以将冷冻浓缩效应运用到给水处理和污水处理领域,这样既可以进行大规模的处理,也可以节约资源、保护环境。     

Substance flow analysis for an urban drainage system of a representative hypothetical city in China

This paper discusses the use of substance flow analysis (SFA) as a tool to support quantified research on urban drainage systems. Based on the principle of mass balance, a static substance flow model is established to describe and examine the routes and intensities of water, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for a representative hypothetical city (RH city) in China, which is a devised and scaled city using statistical characteristics of urban circumstances at the national level. It is estimated that the annual flux of water, COD, TN and TP through the urban drainage system in 2010 was 55.1 million m³, 16037.3 t, 1649.5 t and 209.7 t, respectively. The effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was identified as the most important pathway for pollutant emissions, which contributed approximately 60% of COD, 65% of TN and 50% of TP to receiving water. During the wastewater treatment process, 1.0 million m3, 7042.5 t, 584.2 t and 161.4 t of the four studied substances had been transmitted into sludge, meanwhile 3813.0 t of COD and 394.0 t of TN were converted and emitted to the atmosphere. Compared with the representative hypothetical city of 2000, urban population and the area of urban built districts had expanded by approximately 90% and 80% respectively during the decade, resulting in a more than threefold increase in the input of substances into the urban drainage system. Thanks to the development of urban drainage systems, the total loads of the city were maintained at a similar level.     

呼伦湖冰封期污染特征分析及对水处理的意义

以内蒙古呼伦湖为研究对象,对其在冰封过程中总氮、总磷和有机物在冰体和水体中的浓度及分布特征及其在呼伦湖的空间变异性进行分析。结果表明,冰封条件下,呼伦湖水体中总氮、总磷和有机物的含量均大于其在对应冰体中的含量,其含量均值分别是其对应冰体中的3.144倍、2.200倍和3.042倍,即低温冷冻过程对水体中的污染物有一定的浓缩效应;水体中各营养盐和有机物的空间变异性明显小于其在冰体中的;从固-液相平衡理论、结晶学理论和热力学理论三个方面对冷冻浓缩效应做出了合理的解释。研究认为,可以将冷冻浓缩效应运用到给水处理和污水处理领域,这样既可以进行大规模的处理,也可以节约资源、保护环境。     

涟江上游表层岩溶泉水污染源解析

为明确涟江上游表层岩溶泉水化学污染特征及其污染来源,选取区域内7个地表饮用泉作为研究对象.测定泉水水温(T)、电导率(EC)、溶解氧(DO)、pH、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH4-N)、硝氮(NO₃-N)、高锰酸盐指数(COD)并研究其与泉眼半径200、500、1000 m范围内耕地、住宅用地及交通用地面积的相关性.研究结果表明,依据地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-02)等水质标准,涟江上游7个表层岩溶泉水TN均超标,耕地周围的泉水TP、NH₄-N、NO₃-N也超过标准值,表明该区域表层岩溶泉水总体高N而局部高P的污染特征.主成分分析表明农业活动对泉水TN、TP、NH₄-N、NO₃-N及COD含量产生了一定的影响.泉眼半径200 m范围内耕地面积与TP、NH₄-N显著正相关,表明小范围内农业活动是泉水N、P污染的主要源头;500 m范围内EC与住宅用地面积显著正相关,表明较大规模人类聚居可能造成泉水离子成分偏复杂.从保护地表饮用泉的角度出发,建议泉眼半径200 m内减少农业活动强度及频率,泉眼半径500 m内控制人口密度及日常生活排污量.     

竹炭固定床-聚氨酯流化床一体化反应器处理生活污水

为解决剩余污泥问题,研制了产泥率少的片状竹炭固定床-聚氨酯切块流化床一体化反应器,在保证流化床高浓度微生物的同时,维持竹炭固定床的好氧,兼性厌氧,以实现污泥的原位分解.试验采用南京林业大学紫湖溪生活污水,COD为140—170 mg·L-1,TP为1—2 mg·L-1,TN为35—45 mg·L-1,氨氮25—30 mg·L-1,SS为35—40 mg·L-1.反应器在第30 d启动成功.稳定的运行结果显示,水力停留时间为10 h时,反应器对有机物的去除效果较好,出水中COD、TN、TP、氨氮的浓度分别为19 mg·L-1、7 mg·L-1、0.47 mg·L-1、4.5 mg·L-1,去除率达到87%、76%、72%、84%,出水中各指标均满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)中的一级B排放标准.经竹炭固定床处理的出水SS浓度很低,长期维持在14 mg·L-1左右,二沉池出水中的SS平均浓度为12.7 mg·L-1,整个反应器对二沉池依赖性较小.     

成都市道路地表径流污染及对策

城市道路地表径流污染已经成为城市水体恶化的重要原因之一。2006年8月-11月,通过对成都市9条不同类型道路6次降雨径流水质的监测分析,探讨了成都市路面径流污染的现状、成都市道路地表径流的污染负荷及道路地表径流中污染物之间的相关性关系。结果表明,成都市道路地表径流中污染物SS、COD、TN、TP的含量高,浓度均超出地表水环境质量Ⅴ级标准。成都市道路地表径流的年污染负荷为LCOD=3.1×104t,LTN=1.19×104t,LTP=1174.9 t,LZn=109.46 t。SS浓度与污染物COD、TN、TP、Zn浓度之间存在较好的相关关系(R2>0.8)。可以通过控制径流系数、削减径流中的污染物含量和污染物总量控制3个方面的措施来进行道路地表径流污染的削减。     

风车草对生活污水的净化效果及其在人工湿地的应用

研究了风车划（Cyerus alternifolius）的生长特性和对生活污水的净化效果。风车草全年保持生长，即使在冬天仍能维持一定的生长速率。风车草在生活污水中培养10d后，污水中TN、TP、COD和BOD的去除率分别达到91％、92％、70％和73％，其中风车草对N、P的吸收量分别占净化量的55％和53％。种植风车草的潜流型人工湿地对TN、TP、COD和BOD的去除率分别为64％、47％、74％和74％，与不种植物的人工湿地相比，TN、TP、COD和BOD的去除率分别提高了28％、19％、14％和13％。图2表3参12     

不同进水有机物浓度下移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)脱氮除磷特性

考察了不同进水有机物浓度下厌氧/好氧序批式移动床生物膜反应器（SBMBBR）污染物去除特性,实验结果表明,SBMBBR能够实现低碳源污水中氮和磷的同步去除,在进水TN和TP浓度分别为116.7 mg.L-1和11.5 mg.L-1、COD浓度为456 mg.L-1的条件下,TN和TP去除率分别达到94.3%和92.2%以上.反应器除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程实现的,脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同时硝化反硝化（SND）作用而完成.由于生物膜内部存在的DO扩散梯度,在好氧阶段混合液DO浓度不断提高的条件下反应器内具有良好SND反应的发生.进水COD浓度由149 mg.L-1提高至456 mg.L-1的过程中,反应器硝化效果不变,反硝化和除磷效果改善.反应器在好氧阶段pH值基本维持在7.0—7.1之间,为各类菌群的生长创造了条件.碱度变化较pH值更能反映硝化和反硝化反应发生的程度.反应器中微生物相丰富,生物膜以丝状菌为骨架,其上附着大量的球状菌和杆状菌,而悬浮活性污泥中丝状菌较少,形成了由细菌、真菌到原生动物和后生动物的复杂的生态体系,为系统取得稳定的污水处理效果提供了有效的保证.     

Comparative experiment on treating digested piggery wastewater with a biofilm MBR and conventional MBR: simultaneous removal of nitrogen and antibiotics

A biofilm membrane bioreactor (BF-MBR) and a conventional membrane bioreactor (MBR) were parallelly operated for treating digested piggery wastewater. The removal performance of COD, TN, NH₄ ⁺-N, TP as well as antibiotics were simultaneously studied when the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was gradually shortened from 9 d to 1 d and when the ratio of influent COD to TN was changed. The results showed that the effluent quality in both reactors was poor and unstable at an influent COD/TN ratio of 1.0±0.2. The effluent quality was significantly improved as the influent COD/TN ratio was increased to 2.3±0.5. The averaged removal rates of COD, NH₄ ⁺-N, TN and TP were 92.1%, 97.1%, 35.6% and 54.2%, respectively, in the BF-MBR, significantly higher than the corresponding values of 91.7%, 90.9%, 17.4% and 31.9% in the MBR. Analysis of 11 typical veterinary antibiotics (from the tetracycline, sulfonamide, quinolone, and macrolide families) revealed that the BF-MBR removed more antibiotics than the MBR. Although the antibiotics removal decreased with a shortened HRT, high antibiotics removals of 86.8%, 80.2% and 45.3% were observed in the BF-MBR at HRTof 5–4 d, 3–2 d and 1 d, respectively, while the corresponding values were only 83.8%, 57.0% and 25.5% in the MBR. Moreover, the BF-MBR showed a 15% higher retention rate of antibiotics and consumed 40% less alkalinity than the MBR. Results above suggest that the BF-MBR was more suitable for digested piggery wastewater treatment.

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太湖流域典型地区农村生活污水中污染物在表层土壤中的削减特征与测算

原位采集太湖流域典型平原河网地区农户化粪池排污口附近的表层土壤及化粪池出水,人工模拟研究区域典型降雨（夏季30 mm·次-1,冬季5mm·次-1）、气温（夏季27℃,冬季5℃）条件以及排污负荷[TN：（2.35±0.06） g·m^-2 ·d^-1,NH4＋-N：（2.08±0.04）g·m^-2· d^-1,TP：（0.21±0.01）g·m^-2·d^-1,COD：（11.14±0.59）g·m^-2·d^-1],并进行室内模拟土柱试验,测算不同季节（夏季和冬季）、不同天气过程（雨前、雨天和雨后）排污口表层土壤对农村生活污水各类污染物的削减率并探讨其削减规律.结果表明：在季节差异上,雨前、雨天和雨后TN削减率均表现为夏季＜冬季（P＜0.05或P＜0.001）,NH4＋-N削减率则均表现为夏季＞冬季（P＜0.01）;雨前和雨后TP削减率表现为夏季＞冬季（P＜0.001）,COD削减率无显著季节性差异;雨天TP和COD削减率则均表现为夏季＜冬季（P＜0.01或P＜0.001）.在天气过程差异上,夏季土壤TN削减率表现为雨后＞雨前＞雨天（P＜0.01）,夏季TP和COD削减率表现为雨前≈雨后＞雨天（P＞0.05,P＜0.01）,而夏季NH4＋-N,冬季TN、NH4＋-N、TP和COD削减率在不同天气过程之间无显著差异（P＞0.05）.据此划分,夏季雨前、雨天和雨后及冬季TN削减率分别为38.5％、-25.0％、46.0％和50.4％,夏季和冬季NH4＋-N削减率分别为91.5％和85.5％,夏季雨天、夏季其余时间及冬季TP削减率分别为63.3％、93.1％和82.7％,夏季雨天及其余时间COD削减率分别为8.2％和66.2％.     

贵州百花湖沉积物磷、氮及有机碳的空间分布特征

采集贵州百花湖沉积物柱芯,测定沉积物总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和有机碳(Corg)含量,并进行TP、TN及Corg含量相关性分析.结果表明,百花湖沉积物TP、TN及Corg含量平均值分别为976 mg.kg-1,0.34%、2.91%,表层沉积物污染严重,随着沉积物深度的增加沉积物TP、TN及Corg含量逐渐降低.不同沉积物柱芯相同层位TP、TN及Corg含量存在较大差别,表明不同湖区底泥污染程度存在较大差异,在实施内源污染控制工程时需充分考虑这一特点,对不同湖区采用不同的治理与控制措施.     

Performance of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) on different types of wastewater treatment

Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) has a wide application in Turkey having suitable climatic conditions. In this study, the growth of duckweed was assessed in laboratory scale experiments. They were fed with municipal and industrial wastewater at constant temprature. COD, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and ortho-phosphate (OP) removal efficiencies of the reactors were monitored by sampling influent and effluent of the system. Removal efficiency in this study reflects optimal results: 73-84% COD removal, 83-87% TN removal, 70-85% TP removal and 83-95% OP removal. The results show that the duckweed-based wastewater treatment is capable of treating the laboratory wastewater.     

人工湿地处理富营养化水体的效果研究

通过在北京市野生动物救护中心构建表流湿地与潜流湿地相结合的复合人工湿地处理富营养化水体,研究该复合人工湿地对总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）及水体浊度的去除效果。结果表明：人工湿地对TP的去除效果好于对TN的去除效果,经过人工湿地处理的富营养化水体,表流湿地、潜流湿地和复合人工湿地对TP的平均去除率可分别达42%、55%、60%,对TN的平均去除率分别为27%、30%、34%,对水体浊度的平均去除率分别达43%、55%、75%。复合人工湿地对TP、TN以及浊度的去除效果受水体温度和溶解氧（DO）的影响,通过相关性分析发现,TP、TN和浊度的去除量与水体中的DO水平之间存在显著的负相关性,而与水体温度有正相关性,在显著性水平为0.05的条件下,相关系数分别为-0.829、-0.767、-0.765和0.674、0.757、0.774。复合人工湿地对TP、TN及浊度的去除率高于表流湿地和潜流湿地,表明复合人工湿地具有优于表流湿地和潜流湿地的整体性功能,能有效提高人工湿地对TN、TP以及浊度的去除率。     

Removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm technique

Algal biofilmtechnology is a new and advanced wastewater treatment method. Experimental study on removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm under the continuous light of 3500 Lux in the batch and continuous systems was carried out in this paper to assess the performance of algal biofilm in removing nutrients. The results showed that the effect of removing nitrogen and phosphorus by algal biofilm was remarkable in the batch system. The removal efficiencies of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reached 98.17%, 86.58%, 91.88%, and 97.11%, respectively. In the continuous system, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 days was adopted; the effects of removing TP, TN, NH₃-N, and COD by algal biofilm were very stable. During a run of 24 days, the removal efficiencies of TP, TN, NH₃-N, and COD reached 95.38%, 83.93%, 82.38%, and 92.31%, respectively. This study demonstrates the feasibility of removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm.     

串联式垂直流生态滤池处理农村生活污水的试验研究

对串联式垂直流生态滤池处理农村生活污水进行了为期5个月的现场试验研究。结果表明：通过该工艺,污水中的COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷等污染物均得到了有效去除,在进水COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷平均质量浓度为73.19、25.08、48.55、0.55 mg·L-1时,平均去除率依次为65.6%、71.6%、58.7%、86.9%。COD、氨氮和总磷的去除主要发生在第一级生态滤池的进水0～40 cm阶段,而总氮浓度基本呈均匀下降趋势。串联式生态滤池对各污染指标较好的去除效果也证明了其是一种适合农村分散式污水处理、解决农村污水肆意排放的新途径。     

Biodegradation of 2-methylisoborneol by bacteria enriched from biological activated carbon

One of the most common taste and odour compounds (TOCs) in drinking water is 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) which cannot be readily removed by conventional water treatments. Four bacterial strains for degrading 2-MIB were isolated from the surface of a biological activated carbon filter, and were characterized as Micrococcus spp., Flavobacterium spp., Brevibacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. based on 16S rRNA analysis. The removal efficiencies of 2-MIB with initial concentrations of 515 ng·L^-1 were 98.4%, 96.3%, 95.0%, and 92.8% for Micrococcus spp., Flavobacterium spp., Brevibacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp., respectively. These removal efficiencies were slightly higher than those with initial concentration at 4.2 mg·L^-1 (86.1%, 84.4%, 86.7% and 86.0%, respectively). The kinetic model showed that biodegradation of 2-MIB at an initial dose of 4.2 mg·L^-1 was a pseudo-first-order reaction, with rate constants of 0.287, 0.277, 0.281, and 0.294 d^-1, respectively. These degraders decomposed 2-MIB to form 2-methylenebornane and 2-methyl-2-bornane as the products.     

人工生物浮床技术治理富营养化水体研究现状

本文综合介绍了人工生物浮床技术治理富营养化水体研究现状．其构建方式包括泡沫板栽培、人工蛭石袋栽培等；栽培植物多达八十余种；对TN、TP、COD、SS以及重金属等都取得了良好的去除效果；但对人工生物浮床治理富营养化水体的机理研究尚不够深入．文章认为人工生物浮床的良好综合效益使之可能成为治理富营养化水体技术的一个重要发展方向．     

Kinetics of oxidation of dimethyl trisulfide by potassium permanganate in drinking water

Metabolites of algae such as geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol etc. are reported to induce pungent odors into drinking water and attract additional scientific attention. Recently, in China, taste and odor outbreaks in drinking water supply have become increasingly common. In source water affected by eutrophication, dimethyl trisulfide, speculated to be produced by decayed algae, was found to be the source of taste and odor issues and can be removed effectively by usual oxidation agents. In this experimental study, batch scale tests were carried out focusing on the removal of dimethyl trisulfide. Reaction kinetics of dimethyl trisulfide oxidized by potassium permanganate in water had been studied; influence factors such as pH, organic substrate, other existed taste, and odor contaminant in equivalent concentration were also discussed. Results showed that dimethyl trisulfide can be removed by potassium permanganate efficiently; the ratio can reach more than 70% with oxidant dosage of 4 mg·L^-1 and contact time prolonged to 120 min. The dimethyl trisulfide decomposition followed a second-order kinetics pattern with a rate constant k = 0.00213 L·(min·mg)^-1. Typically, the degradation rate of dimethyl trisulfide was increased with the increasing KMnO₄ dosage, but dramatically dropped with the increasing levels of humic acid (1.8–4.5 mg·L^-1) and other odor-causing compounds (e.g. β-cyclocitral, 0–1886.0 μg·L^-1). Solution pH (5.2–9.0) and initial dimethyl trisulfide concentration did not significantly affected the degradation. This study demonstrates that KMnO₄ oxidation is an effective option to remove dimethyl trisulfide from water.