红壤中稀土元素的有效性及其环境意义

研究了不同母质来源的红壤剖面层中稀土元素结合形态的变化以及可溶态稀土元素含量的变化，结果表明，红壤中稀土元素的有效性较其他类型土壤为高，可溶态稀土元素在土壤稀土总量中所占的比例可达６％～７％左右，稀土的有效性主要与土壤中粘土矿物及有机质等组分对稀土的吸附有关。     

海南省土壤中稀土元素的生物有效态含量和总量

利用高灵敏度、低检出限的ICP-MS研究了海南省土壤中稀土元素总量和有效态含量.结果表明:海南土壤中各稀土元素总量均高于全国背景值,是全国背景值的110160%,各稀土元素的有效态含量与总量之间的相关系数在0.6630.949范围内变化(p<0.01,n=63),具有明显正相关性.为深入探讨和评估土壤中稀土元素的生态和环境效应,制定农用稀土开发利用过程中的环境保护对策提供科学依据,将土壤中稀土元素总量和有效态含量结合起来研究是很有必要的;文章研究首次得出如下结论:海南土壤中生物有效态稀土元素含量占总量的23`%,显示出稀土元素生物有效性程度很高,所以稀土微肥在农业上的应用,在海南省应该区别不同的土壤类型,避免盲目向土壤中添加稀土,对保护土壤环境,维护农业生态系统有积极的科学指导意义.     

湖南省土壤中稀土元素的生物有效态含量和总量

利用高灵敏度、低检出限的ICP-MS研究了海南省土壤中稀土元素总量和有效态含量。结果表明：海南土壤中各稀土元素总量均高于全国背景值,是全国背景值的110-160%,各稀土元素的有效态含量与总量之间的相关系数在0.663-0.949范围内变化（P〈0.01,n=63）,具有明显正相关性。为深入探讨和评估土壤中稀土元素的生态和环境效应,制定农用稀土开发利用过程中的环境保护对策提供科学依据,将土壤中稀土元素总量和有效态含量结合起来研究是很有必要的;文章研究首次得出如下结论：海南土壤中生物有效态稀土元素含量占总量的23%-60%,显示出稀土元素生物有效性程度很高,所以稀土微肥在农业上的应用,在海南省应该区别不同的土壤类型,避免盲目向土壤中添加稀土,对保护土壤环境,维护农业生态系统有积极的科学指导意义。     

北京市土壤重金属形态分析

采用Tessier连续提取法对北京市朝阳、通州、石景山、海淀、顺义等地土壤进行重金属元素锌、铅、铬的形态分析,并用原子吸收分光光度法测定了重金属元素的含量。研究结果表明,在所测区土壤中,铬主要以可交换态和残渣态存在,说明元素铬较活泼,具有潜在的环境影响能力;锌元素主要以有机结合态和残渣态存在,说明元素锌相对比较稳定;而铅则主要以可交换态形式存在,说明铅最为活泼,应该给予更多的关注。     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤氟化学形态特征及其影响因素

采用连续化学提取法对粤东凤凰山茶区12个较大型茶园共60份土壤样品氟的5种化学形态分布进行研究.结果发现,土壤中氟的5种化学形态分布的规律为残余态〉〉铁锰结合态〉有机态〉水溶态〉可交换态.水溶态氟含量与可交换态氟含量、残余态氟含量及总氟含量呈显著正相关性,而铁锰结合态含量与有机束缚态之间呈显著正相关性,残余态与总氟之间...     

夹皮沟金矿区土壤汞的赋存形态及污染特征

使用改进的BCR连续提取法和电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS),测定夹皮沟金矿区土壤样品中汞元素的赋存形态及含量。结果表明,三个深度的土壤汞元素形态分布趋势相似,均以残渣态为主,其次为可氧化态和可还原态,酸溶/可交换态和水溶态所占比例较少,各形态汞的分配系数依次为:残渣态(48.28%)可氧化态(25.68%)可还原态(13.35%)酸溶/可交换态(8.38%)水溶态(4.33%)。垂直方向上,20~40 cm的中层土壤中的汞含量略高于0~20 cm的表层土壤,40~60 cm的下层土壤则含量最低。不同深度土壤中的有效态汞与总汞的含量具有较高的相关性,但三层土壤不具有相同的相关趋势。     

上海化学工业区土壤重金属元素形态分析

选取上海化学工业区土壤背景值样品，采用Tessier A连续提取法研究土壤中6种重金属元素的形态分布。研究结果表明，在该化工区土壤中，Cd主要以可交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主，分别占总量的41．5％和36．7％，说明元素Cd较活泼，具有潜在的环境影响能力，应该给予更多的关注；Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn等4种元素主要以有机结合态和残余态为主，两者分别占总量的41．4％、58．9％、31．4、32．5％和45．9％、31．5％、57．4％、52．3％；而Pb则主要以有机结合态形式存在，其占总量的87．8％；元素形态分析表明Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Pb这5种元素相对比较稳定。     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤锰、锌赋存形态特征及对茶叶的有效性

采用连续化学提取法对粤东凤凰山茶区12个茶园土壤Mn和Zn的5种赋存形态特征及对茶叶的有效性进行了研究。结果发现,茶区土壤Mn平均含量为337 mg.kg-1,Zn平均含量为166.0 mg.kg-1,Mn和Zn的形态分布规律均表现为残渣态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机束缚态>可交换态>碳酸盐结合态。土壤铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态Mn含量以及碳酸盐结合态、有机束缚态和铁锰氧化物结合态Zn含量分别与土壤pH值呈显著正相关,可交换态Mn含量与土壤pH值呈显著负相关;有机束缚态Mn、Zn含量以及铁锰氧化物结合态Zn含量分别与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,而铁锰氧化物结合态Mn含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著负相关。茶区茶叶Mn平均含量为1 046.3 mg.kg-1,Zn平均含量为42.0 mg.kg-1。茶叶Zn含量分别与土壤可交换态、有机束缚态、碳酸盐结合态Zn含量以及有机质含量呈显著正相关;茶叶Mn含量分别与土壤可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机束缚态Mn含量呈显著正相关,而与土壤pH值呈显著负相关。土壤pH值和有机质含量对茶区土壤Mn和Zn的化学形态分布及茶叶中Mn和Zn的累积有重要影响。     

山东省主要果园土壤中Cu、Zn的形态、含量及分布

对我国山东省主要果园土壤中的Cu、Zn元素的形态、含量及分布进行了研究。结果表明 :果园土壤中Cu、Zn元素的全量高于一般粮田土壤。在不同土壤类型中 ,形态分布各具特点 ,Cu元素在棕壤和褐土中的形态分布趋势一致 ,为矿物态 >有机态 >沉淀态 >交换态 ,在潮土和砂姜黑土中一致 ,为矿物态 >沉淀态 >有机态 >交换态 ;而Zn元素在这 4种土壤中的分布趋势相同 ,均为矿物态 >沉淀态 >有机态 >交换态。土壤中交换态的Cu、Zn含量随土壤pH值的增大而减小。Cu、Zn某些形态的含量与土壤中全量间有一定的相关性 ,其中沉淀态Cu与总Cu的关系较为紧密 ,2者呈极显著相关 ;矿物态Zn与总Zn也呈极显著相关。     

云南断陷盆地高原面典型小流域土壤元素含量特征

岩溶断陷盆地是中国西南岩溶地区典型的生态脆弱区。其特殊的盆-山共存的地质分异构造制约着断陷盆地地貌演化过程和水土岩植的空间分异格局。为探明断陷盆地高原面土壤元素全量及有效态含量特征,以云南蒙自市断陷盆地高原面典型封闭落水洞小流域为研究对象,探讨了铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、钾(K)、钠(Na)、磷(P)、铝(Al)、铬(Cr)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)等15种常量与微量土壤元素的含量及微量元素有效态含量特征。结果表明,(1)石漠化较为严重地区的元素全量和有效态含量均较为离散,这与石漠化区土壤空间异质性有较大关系;受裸露岩石的"聚集效应"影响,石漠化较严重地区元素全量和有效态含量平均值均较高。(2)pH值仅与Co和Pb的有效态含量呈正相关关系,与其他元素的相关关系不显著,这可能与土壤元素的溶解度随pH值上升而逐渐下降,而元素的固定和吸附却随土壤pH值的上升而增加有关。SOC和TN与9种微量元素的有效态含量之间的关系一致,除与Cr的有效态含量相关关系不显著之外,与其余8种元素的有效态含量之间均呈极显著正相关关系,这主要是因为微量元素能与有机化合物结合成分子量小、呈离子态、简单而可直接为植物所吸收的络合态。该研究结果可为阐明断陷盆地石漠化与地质环境分异协同演变的关系提供基础数据。     

Species and distribution of rare earth elements in the Baotou section of the Yellow River in China

This paper analyses the contents and species distributions of rare earth elements (REEs) in the water-suspended particulate-sediment system of the Baotou section of the Yellow River, China, with known anthropogenic REE input from industrial discharges. The major forms of REEs were suspended and dissolved in the mainstream and the tributaries of the Baotou section, respectively. The concentrations of the dissolved and suspended REEs had the same trends in the overlying water along the mainstream, which increased from the Seqi section (site A) to the mouth of the Sidaosha River (site D), reaching a maximum value at site D, and tending to decrease thereafter. The contents of REEs in sediment cores showed enrichment with light rare earth elements (LREEs). The bound to carbonates and to Fe–Mn oxides are the major forms of REE in the secondary phase and the REE exhibited LREE enrichment pattern and moderate Eu depletion in suspended particulates and surface sediments. The contents and species distributions of REEs in the water-suspended particulate-sediment system of the Baotou section suggest that the anthropogenic source of REEs from Baotou city have enhanced REE accumulation to the Baotou section. This information is important for predicting possible pollution resulting from anthropogenic REE input into rivers.     

Rare earth elements distribution in seawater and suspended particulate of the Central Mediterranean Sea

Rare earth element (REE) content in suspended and dissolved phases from the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea) has been measured. Vertical profiles of several dissolved REEs along the water column reflect the 3-D oceanographic features of the studied area and identifies the different water masses present there. Shale-normalized REE distribution patterns and derived parameters calculated for the suspended particulate show different atmospheric dust-surface inputs and their interactions with seawater. Finally, combined information from [La/Yb]_N, ratios, REE/La ratios and Eu anomalies measured in the suspended particulate suggest an important contribution of volcanic materials from the Etna volcano and Saharan dust to the lithogenic fraction of the suspended particulate.     

Rare earth elements distribution in seawater and suspended particulate of the Central Mediterranean Sea

Rare earth element (REE) content in suspended and dissolved phases from the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea) has been measured. Vertical profiles of several dissolved REEs along the water column reflect the 3-D oceanographic features of the studied area and identifies the different water masses present there. Shale-normalized REE distribution patterns and derived parameters calculated for the suspended particulate show different atmospheric dust-surface inputs and their interactions with seawater. Finally, combined information from [La/Yb]_N, ratios, REE/La ratios and Eu anomalies measured in the suspended particulate suggest an important contribution of volcanic materials from the Etna volcano and Saharan dust to the lithogenic fraction of the suspended particulate.     

稀土元素在土壤中的释放与迁移研究进展

稀土是全球重要的战略资源,在高科技产业及日常生活中广泛应用。由于稀土资源需求量的日益增加,稀土矿大量开采,加剧了稀土矿区周边环境污染,危害居民健康。因此,探究土壤中稀土元素的释放和迁移机理及影响机制对稀土的污染防治、生态修复及潜在风险评估都具有重要的现实指导意义。文章综述了稀土元素在土壤中释放与迁移机制、形态、及其影响因素方面的研究进展,主要结论为,(1)稀土元素在土壤中的释放与迁移机制主要包括4种类型:铁锰(氢)氧化物的还原溶解、土壤有机质的促进、离子交换作用以及土壤胶体协同。(2)稀土有机络合物、硫酸盐络合物、碳酸盐络合物是稀土元素在土壤中迁移的主要形态,稀土氟、氯、磷酸盐络合物不太可能作为稀土元素在土壤中迁移的载体。(3)稀土元素在土壤中的释放与迁移主要受pH值、氧化还原条件、配体浓度等环境因子影响,pH值与配体浓度与稀土元素的迁移形态高度相关。未来应通过世界各地不同土壤类型、不同环境驱动因子作用下稀土元素释放迁移的研究,探明引起稀土元素在土壤中释放的主导机制;加强稀土元素长距离迁移研究,在土壤环境中稀土元素分馏机制层面揭示稀土元素地球化学循环,为稀土矿区尾矿、废弃地中残留稀土的回收、利用提供理论与技术支持。     

Assessment of leaching behavior and human bioaccessibility of rare earth elements in typical hospital waste incineration ash in China

Leaching behavior and gastrointestinal bioaccessibility of rare earth elements (REEs) from hospital waste incineration (HWI) fly and bottom ash samples collected from Beijing and Nanjing Cities were assessed. In the same ash sample, the leaching concentrations of individual REEs determined by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) were higher than those detected by the European standard protocol (EN-type test), thereby suggesting that the low pH value of leaching solution was an important factor influencing the leachability of REE. The REE bioaccessibility results, which were evaluated using the physiologically based extraction test (PBET), indicated that REEs were highly absorbed during gastric phase by dissolution; and subsequently precipitated and/or re-adsorbed in small intestinal phase. The relative amounts of the total REEs extracted by the TCLP method, EN-type test and PBET test were compared. In addition to the pH value of extraction solutions, the chelating role of REEs with organic ligands used in the PBET method was also an important parameter affecting REE adsorption in human body. Additionally, this study showed that REEs were extracted by these methods as concomitants of heavy metals and anions (NO₃ ^–, F^–, SO₄ ^2–, and Cl^–) from HWI ash, which probably caused the remarkably complex toxicity on human body by the exposure pathway.

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Evaluation of rare earth elements in groundwater of Lagos and Ogun States,Southwest Nigeria

Rare earth elements in our environment are becoming important because of their utilization in permanent magnets, lamp phosphors, superconductors, rechargeable batteries, catalyst, ceramics and other applications. This study was conducted to evaluate the level of rare earth elements (REE) and the variability of their anomalous behavior in groundwater samples collected from Lagos and Ogun States, Southwest, Nigeria. REE concentrations were determined in 170 groundwater samples using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, while the physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods. Lagos State groundwater is enriched with REE [sum REEs range (mean ± SD)]; [0.365–488 (69.5 ± 117)] µg L^?1 than Ogun State groundwater [sum REEs range (mean ± SD)]; [1.14–232 (22.6 ± 41.1)] µg L^?1. Boreholes are more enriched with REEs than wells. Significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation (R = Pearson) was recorded in Lagos State groundwater between sum REEs and Fe (R = 0.55). However, there were no significant correlations between sum REEs, pH (R = 0.073) and HCO₃ ^2? (R = 0.157) in Ogun State groundwater. Chondrite-normalized plot shows that Lagos groundwater exhibits positive Ce anomaly, while Ogun State groundwater does not. The source of REE in Lagos State may be from the ocean and leaching from wastes dumpsites, while the source in Ogun State groundwater may be from the rocks.     

Environmental biogeochemical behaviors of rare earth elements in soil–plant systems

With the continual increase in the utilization of rare earth elements (REEs) for industrial and agricultural purposes in China, the research into the environmental biogeochemical behavior of REEs has become a pressing issue. The REEs’ content in soil and various parts of wheat under different conditions in soil–plant systems were measured by INAA and ICP-MS. The results showed four aspects. (1) The mean value of total REEs in soil of China was 176.8 mg kg⁻¹. The mean ratio of ΣLREE/ΣHREE in soils was 8.0 and cerium accounts for 42% of the total REEs. The content of REEs in wheat seed ranged between 10⁻¹¹ and 10⁻⁸ g g⁻¹, 3–4 orders of magnitude lower than that in soil. (2) The REEs contents in ryegrass, especially in roots, were significantly related to that of soil. The bioavailability of REEs in soil mainly depended on the exchangeable fraction of REEs, which was strongly affected by the physico–chemical properties of the soil. (3) Long-term foliage-dressing with Changle microfertilizer of REEs did not affect the contents and distribution patterns of REEs in soil. At the maturing stage of spring wheat, the REEs content was in the order of root > leaf >stem and crust. Compared with the control, foliage-dressing has a higher accumulation of REEs in root and leaf. However, no significant difference was found in stem and crust between the two treatments. (4) There was no significant accumulation with the soil-dressing method. When comparing controls in both foliage- and soil-dressing methods, no distinct residue of REEs in grains was found.     

Rare earth elements in street dust and associated health risk in a municipal industrial base of central China

The content levels, distribution characteristics, and health risks associated with 15 rare earth elements (REEs) in urban street dust from an industrial city, Zhuzhou, in central China were investigated. The total REE content (∑REE) ranged from 66.1 to 237.4 mg kg^?1, with an average of 115.9 mg kg^?1, which is lower than that of Chinese background soil and Yangtze river sediment. Average content of the individual REE in street dust decreased in the order Ce > La > Nd > Y > Pr > Sm > Gd > Dy > Er > Yb > Eu > Ho > Tb > Tm > Lu. The chondrite-normalized REE pattern indicated light REE (LREE) enrichment, a relatively steep LREE trend, heavy REE (HREE) depletion, a flat HREE trend, a Eu-negative anomaly and a Ce-positive anomaly. Foremost heavy local soil and to less degree anthropogenic pollution are the main sources of REE present in street dust. Health risk associated with the exposure of REE in street dust was assessed based on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effect and lifetime average daily dose. The obtained cancer and non-cancer risk values prompt for no augmented health hazard. However, children had greater health risks than that of adults.     

土壤中腐殖酸对外源农用稀土生物可利用性的影响

采用盆栽实验方法，研究了腐殖酸对稀土元素在土壤-植物体系中的迁移、富集和生物可利用性的影响，结果表明，在试验土壤红壤中，稀土元素主要富集在小麦根部，加入低浓度的腐殖酸后，促进了小麦对稀土元素的吸收：而高浓度的腐殖酸则抑制小麦对稀土元素的吸收，腐殖酸浓度过高时，对小麦生长产生毒害作用，同时发现，小麦中叶绿素含量与小麦中稀土含量存在相关关系。     

Environmental geochemical characteristics of rare-earth elements in surface waters in the Huainan coal mining area,Anhui Province,China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - This study investigated the environmental geochemical characteristics of rare-earth elements (REEs) in surface waters in the Huainan mining area, Anhui...