灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在水相中光解产物的鉴定

采用HPLC—UV及GC—MS技术鉴定了灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在水相中的表观光解产物,通过分析表观光解反应与暗反应产物的相对含量,确认对氯苯基异氰酸酯和邻氯苯甲酰胺是灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在永相中光解的主要产物。另外,依据反应产物的组成和相对含量,对灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在水相中的光解反应速率常数作了估算。     

灭幼脲（Ⅲ）在甲醇中的光解作用

本文研究了灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中的光解作用。以氮气和氧气作饱和气体时,灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中的光化学反应均表现为一级动力学形式,其速率常数分别为0.118h~(-1)和0.129h~(-1);当光强为0.50和0.62cal/cm~2·min时,其半衰期分别为5.37和4.42h;灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中光解的主要产物包括:邻氯苯甲酰胺,N-苯基氨基甲酸甲酯,N-(对氯苯基)氨基甲酸甲酯以及对氯苯基脲等。本文还对灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在甲醇中的光化学反应机理作了初步探讨。     

生物检测标志物和分析方法

有四种分子水平的生物检测标志物在当前研究环境因素－基因变异－疾病之间相关性的分子生物学领域中起着重要的作用，它们是生物大分子样品的ＤＮＡ加合物，蛋白质加合物、８－羟基脱氧鸟苷、生物排泄筘的烷基化脱氧嘌呤，因为ＤＮＡ的特殊作用，ＤＮＡ加合物作为生物标志物倍受重视，ＤＮＡ加合物的分析方法有荧光法（灵敏度达１加合物／１０＾５－６正常核酸），免疫法（灵敏度达１加合物／１０＾６－８正常核酸），＾３２Ｐ后标记     

^32P后标记法测DNA加合物

＾３２Ｐ后标记方法测ＤＮＡ－致癌物的加合物过程是用小球菌核酸酶和脾核酸酶将ＤＮＡ及加合物酶解成２′－脱氧核苷３′－单磷酸（３′－ｄＮｍＰ＋３′－ｄｘｍＰ）,以它为底物,用Ｔ４多核苷酸激酶催化,使γ＾３２ＰＡＴＰ的放射＾３２Ｐ转移反应到底物上,形成２′－脱氧核苷３′５′．ｄＮＤＰ＋３′５′＊ｄｘＤＰ）,用ＯＤＳ－ＴＬＣ和ＰＥＩ－ＴＬＣ结合将标记过的二磷酸分离分辨,用自显影制成加合物的指纹图,液闪计数     

2—硝基芴DNA加合物的研究

２－硝基芴直接与小牛胸腺ＤＮＡ反应，用＾３２Ｐ后标记方法能够测定了出有多种ＤＮＡ加合物生成，将定量的２－硝基芴一次注射入大鼠和经过Ａｒｏｃｌｏｒ诱导的大鼠腹腔内，２４ｈ后取其肝，肾，肺，脾，血等诸器官，用Ｐ１加强灵敏度的＾３２Ｐ后标记方法测定各组织中的ＤＮＡ加合物。     

用^32P后标记方法测定典型有毒污染物的DNA加合物

＾３２Ｐ后标记方法测定生物样品里的有毒污染物－ＤＮＡ加合物的过程是用小球菌核酸酶和脾核酸酶将ＤＮＡ及加合物酶解成为２‘－脱氧核苷３’－单磷酸，以它为底物，在Ｔ４多核到激酶的催化下，与γ＾３２ＰＡＴＰ进行文笔磷的转移反应，形成带放射磷的２‘－脱氧核苷３’，５‘－二磷酸酯ＯＤＳ－ＴＬＣ吸附薄层板和ＰＥＩ－ＴＬＣ阴离子交换薄层板将标记过的带放射磷的＾＊３’，５‘－二磷酸酯分离分辨，然后用自显影技术制成加     

多氯代二恶英在土壤表面的紫外光解研究

本文利用５００Ｗ中压汞灯研究了二恶英在干燥土壤中的紫外光解，根据光解结果计算了土壤中二恶英的降解深度，并分析了五氯代二恶英（ＰｅＣＤＤ）的光解产物，结果表明，二恶英在土表面发生了较快的光解反应，反应在２ｈ内基本完成，降解深度为０．０２７ｍｍ，对ＰｅＣＣＤ光解产物的分析结果显示，二恶英在土壤表面紫外光降解的主要途径为脱氯，而且脱氯优先发生在邻位下。     

职业接触苯乙烯工人静脉血中血红蛋白—环氧苯乙烯加合物的分析测定

人的静脉血中血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）－环氧苯乙烯（ＳＯ）加合物的分析测定过程是：从人的静脉血中提取的血红蛋白在一定条件下酶解,蛋白质中半胱氨酸残留加合物再以Ｒａｎｅｙ Ｎｉｃｋｅｌ催化反应生成两种加合物的异构体：α－苯己醇（２－ＰＥ）,β－苯乙醇（１－ＰＥ）,再用五氟苯酰氯衍生化,最后用ＧＣ／ＭＳ测定这两种加合物（ｉｎ ｖｉｔｒｏ和ｉｎ ｖｉｖｏ）。实验结果表明：在动物实验中,所测的血红蛋白－环氧苯乙烯两     

盐胁迫下耐盐与盐敏感水稻的RAPD和POD同工酶检测

对耐盐、一般耐盐和盐敏感３种水稻材料进行了ＲＡＰＤ和同工酶检测，结果发现：３３个引物（Ｎ－１－Ｎ－１２，Ｓ４５０－Ｓ４７０）中，２７个引物具有拉增产物，拉增片段大小分布在０．２－３．４ｋｂ之间，说明在一定程度上反映了３种对盐具有不同耐盐性水稻在基因组ＤＮＡ分子水平上的差异，以Ｓ４５０为引物，在强耐盐的７７９中扩增出１个１．１ｋｂ的特异ＤＮＡ片段（Ｓ４５０１１００），而在对盐敏感的早花２号中，以Ｎ－     

单甲脒等农药的土壤薄层层析行为

用土壤薄层层析法研究单甲脒，单甲脒盐酸盐、灭幼脲和涕灭威等农药在不同土壤中的迁移行为，分别获得了这几种化合物的Ｒｆ值，它们分别为０．１４、０．１７，０．０８，０．７６，研究表明，单脒，单甲脒盐酸盐和灭幼脲不会污染地下水，而涕灭威则会对地下水污染构成严重的威胁。     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Estimation of the surface stress from the streamwise pressure gradient: The Kármán Integral Momentum Equation revisited

A method is developed to estimate the stress at the surface in a portable wind tunnel for wind erosion studies. The boundary layer height and the pressure gradient are used in a simple expression from the Kármán Integral Momentum Equation. Values of friction velocity u _* are within 10% of experimental values obtained through correlation techniques, including measurements of differential pressures with the Murdoch Turbulence Probe MTP and the X-wire, hot-wire anemometer XWA. Wind velocity and stress profiles reveal logarithmic trends and a constant stress layer near the surface in the DAWA portable wind tunnel. Realignment of the statistics with the mean wind is essential.     

Using decision science to evaluate global biodiversity indices

Global biodiversity indices are used to measure environmental change and progress toward conservation goals, yet few indices have been evaluated comprehensively for their capacity to detect trends of interest, such as declines in threatened species or ecosystem function. Using a structured approach based on decision science, we qualitatively evaluated 9 indices commonly used to track biodiversity at global and regional scales against 5 criteria relating to objectives, design, behavior, incorporation of uncertainty, and constraints (e.g., costs and data availability). Evaluation was based on reference literature for indices available at the time of assessment. We identified 4 key gaps in indices assessed: pathways to achieving goals (means objectives) were not always clear or relevant to desired outcomes (fundamental objectives); index testing and understanding of expected behavior was often lacking; uncertainty was seldom acknowledged or accounted for; and costs of implementation were seldom considered. These gaps may render indices inadequate in certain decision-making contexts and are problematic for indices linked with biodiversity targets and sustainability goals. Ensuring that index objectives are clear and their design is underpinned by a model of relevant processes are crucial in addressing the gaps identified by our assessment. Uptake and productive use of indices will be improved if index performance is tested rigorously and assumptions and uncertainties are clearly communicated to end users. This will increase index accuracy and value in tracking biodiversity change and supporting national and global policy decisions, such as the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.     

Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.     

Estimating freshwater turtle mortality rates and population declines following hook ingestion

Freshwater turtle populations are susceptible to declines following small increases in the mortality of adults, making it essential to identify and understand potential threats. Freshwater turtles ingest fish hooks associated with recreational angling, and this is likely a problem because hook ingestion is a source of additive mortality for sea turtles. We used a Bayesian‐modeling framework, observed rates of hook ingestion by freshwater turtles, and mortality of sea turtles from hook ingestion to examine the probability that a freshwater turtle in a given population ingests a hook and subsequently dies from it. We used the results of these analyses and previously published life‐history data to simulate the effects of hook ingestion on population growth for 3 species of freshwater turtle. In our simulation, the probability that an individual turtle ingests a hook and dies as a result was 1.2–11%. Our simulation results suggest that this rate of mortality from hook ingestion is sufficient to cause population declines. We believe we have identified fish‐hook ingestion as a serious yet generally overlooked threat to the viability of freshwater turtle populations.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.