中国不同城市群的经济社会与环境可持续发展协调度分析

采用定量为主和定量定性相结合的分析方法,研究了中国不同城市群的经济社会与环境协调度。通过分析发现：第一,中国城市经济社会环境整体协调度不高,绝大部分属于轻度失调类,经济发展是其主要影响因素;第二,协调度呈现出由东部沿海城市向内陆城市递减的梯度变化,而社会与经济的滞后性影响力却呈现出东高西低的现象;第三,协调度呈现＂三高两低＂的城市集聚格局,其中3个协调度高值城市集聚群分别位于珠三角、长三角、环渤海地区;2个协调度低值城市集聚群位于内陆中部地区。     

基于Ward系统聚类的京津冀城市群空气质量时空变化特征与成因分析

京津冀城市群是中国空气污染最严重的区域之一,探明该地区空气质量的时空变化特征和影响因素对空气污染防治具有重要意义。利用2014—2018年空气实时监测数据,运用系统聚类与空间分析方法,研究京津冀城市群空气质量的时空变化特征和关键影响因素,结果表明:2014—2018年京津冀城市群空气质量改善趋势明显,SO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀与CO浓度均有显著下降,O₃浓度逐年升高;以PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂与O₃四项污染物浓度指标为依据,可将区域空气质量状况分为“低-低-低-低”(Ⅰ类),“中低-中低-高-中低”(Ⅱ类),“中高-中高-中低-高”(Ⅲ类)与“高-高-中高-中高”(Ⅳ类)4个区域,区间城市的地理点具有空间上的连续性,区内城市则具有空间上的聚集性;空气质量指数(AQI)呈“秋冬高,春夏低”的变化特点,5—9月O3污染突出,10月至次年4月颗粒物污染突出,四类分区内的特征污染物和变化规律各异;污染“热点”始终保持在保定西部-石家庄-邢台-邯郸一带,区域春夏季AQI的差异表现为东西向,秋冬季则表现为南北向;政策影响对污染物减排作用明显,是整个地区空气质量改善的根本原因。太阳辐射、空气湿度、季风等气象因素是张家口与承德夏季臭氧污染的关键因子,污染物排放变化是第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类城市空气质量改善的主要原因,风速,降雨等气象因子具有局部调节作用。在微观区域分析中,第二产业比重对PM_2.5和O₃的影响以北京-廊坊-天津为核心由内而外逐渐减小,汽车拥有量的影响逆向增加。     

基于空气负离子浓度的建筑室内空气清洁度评价

对深圳某办公楼部分房间的空气负离子浓度分布进行了观测研究,利用空气离子单极系数和安倍空气离子评价指数对不同设备制冷的办公室空气质量进行了评价分析。结果表明:自然通风状态下的空气清洁度比机械通风状态下高,利用可再生能源制冷技术的室内空气质量比普通空调制冷技术的好,放置负离子发生器对室内空气质量有显著提高。因此提高室内负离子浓度可以创造舒适的空气环境,并建议把空气负离子浓度列为室内环境的监测和评价指标,为今后城乡建设规划、城市林业规划和环境能源保护提供科学依据和设计思路。     

生态规划在冕宁县城市总体规划中的作用研究

以冕宁县的生态规划为例,通过对冕宁县生态城市规划建设背景的研究,确定其生态城市建设的定位,通过分析冕宁县城市的现状,得出了冕宁县进行生态城市规划的总体思路.生态城市建设的重点是对城市的生态功能进行划分,生态功能划分的原则包括生态城市功能区划的原则、可持续发展原则、区域相关原则、部分与整体协调原则、相似性原则、环境容量和环境承载力原则以及区域特色原则等等.通过对冕宁县城市生态区域的划分,将生态规划彻底融入冕宁县的总体规划之中,进一步改善冕宁县生态环境、人居环境和发展环境,不断提高城乡人民生活质量,将冕宁建设成为生态县.     

城市生态可持续性的内涵及其支持系统评价指标体系研究

构建城市生态可持续性支持系统评价模型并对其发展水平进行综合评价,是城市生态可持续性从理论研究阶段进入可操作的实际应用阶段的重要步骤。针对城市生态可持续性基本内涵,根据＂承载力-支持力-吸引力-延续力-发展力＂（CSAED）模型框架,构建城市生态可持续性支持系统的评价指标体系,以泛长株潭地区为例,分析了该区域各地市在生态环境有效改善、资源能源集约利用、社会民生和谐进步、经济高效公平增长、人口质量综合提升、政策和制度调整与完善等方面的基本情况与提升方向。评价结果表明：泛长株潭地区大部分城市生态环境有效改善水平、资源能源集约利用效率、社会民生进步程度以及经济高效公平增长水平都普遍偏低,这意味着当前该区域亟需解决城市生态承载力不够强、环境容量有限、产业结构仍待升级、就业结构不优及公共服务不足等区域经济社会发展不协调问题,以维持区域城市生态可持续性。     

Evaluating eco-sustainability and its spatial variability in tourism areas: a case study in Lijiang County,China

Studying eco-sustainability of tourism areas is part of sustainable development research. In tourism areas, the ecosystem comprises both the environment and the human system. The environmental system is basically physical, whereas the human system, consisting of both tourists and residents, is the dominant factor driving ecosystem change. If the combined influence of tourists and residents exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment, which is the ecological threshold of eco-sustainability in the tourism area, then the structure, function and stability of the environment will degenerate. Hence, eco-sustainability assessment of tourism areas should be based on analyses of the relationship between the influence of tourists and residents on the environment and the environmental carrying capacity. Using ecological footprint and tourism ecological footprint models, we developed and applied a synthetic assessment index system for eco-sustainability of tourism areas in Lijiang County, Yunnan Province, China, to conduct a quantitative spatial assessment for 2001. The eco-sustainability of Lijiang was high, with a harmonious relationship between regional socioeconomic development and the ecological environment. There were significant spatial differences in eco-sustainability among 24 towns in the region because of spatial heterogeneity in socioeconomic status, tourism development and environmental elements.     

城市大气环境监测优化布点模糊优选模型及应用实例

文章根据城市大气环境监测优化布点的模糊性，提出了一种模糊环境条件下的模糊聚类与模糊识别理论模型，并且在山东省肥城等市成功应用。结合统计方法确定出的大气监测优化点位，不但具有代表性和整体性，而且具有较高的分辨率，能快速准确地、最大范围地反映出该区域的环境空气质量状况、大气污染扩散规律、污染源分布特点、污染气象及地理位置特征，为环境管理和政府决策提供可靠依据。     

环境空气质量评价的普适指数公式及其应用

在适当设定空气污染物的“基准”值和用相对于“基准”值的空气污染物的：“相对”值情况下，采用S型曲线表示空气污染物对环境空气质量的危害程序，并应用遗传算法优化公式中的参数，得出了一个对多种空气污染物通用的环境空气质量评价的普数指数公式，借助于折衷激励功效函数将单项污染物分指数加权为综合指数，该公式形式简单，容易计算，评价结果精度较高，且具有可比性。     

资源型城市生态承载力对土地利用变化的响应

探讨了鞍山、抚顺和本溪3个资源型城市1996-2000年生态承载力的变化趋势、土地利用程度综合指数变化以及生态承载力对土地利用变化的响应.结果表明:鞍山、抚顺和本溪3市1996-2000年生态承载力隶属度呈上升趋势,但均属一般水平,2000年分别为0.60、0.47、0.49;鞍山、抚顺和本溪3市土地利用程度变化综合指数分别为0.82、4.04、1.10,鞍山、本溪土地利用强度低,抚顺土地利用强度高;鞍山、抚顺、本溪3市生态承载力与土地利用程度综合指数的变化呈正相关趋势,能够基本达到相互促进的发展模式.     

沙尘与大雾天气对京津石空气质量影响

采用北京、天津、石家庄2001-2010年沙尘与大雾天气的统计数据以及城市空气污染指数（API）,分析北京、天津、石家庄3市空气污染指数变化特征及大雾和沙尘天气下北京、天津、石家庄3市空气质量情况,进而得出沙尘大雾天气对京津石空气质量的影响。结果表明：2001-2010年间北京、天津、石家庄3市API总体呈下降趋势,天津、石家庄相对于北京空气质量改善较为明显,且空气质量夏季〉秋季〉春冬季。沙尘天气条件下,北京、天津、石家庄3市API平均值分别为255、179和167,空气质量出现良的比率天津为24%,北京、石家庄为10%左右,出现重污染的比率北京高达50%以上,天津和石家庄均在20%左右;3市沙尘天气高频次均出现在3-5月份,但北京沙尘天气发生次数远大于天津和石家庄。大雾天气条件下,北京、天津、石家庄3市API平均值为185、130和167,空气质量出现优或良的比率：天津〉石家庄〉北京,北京和石家庄出现重污染的比率均接近30%,天津不到10%,所以大雾天气对3市空气质量影响较小,大雾天气频次的变化波动并未对该地区空气质量的年际变化造成显著影响,3市高频次大雾天气集中在10-12月份,对该时段内空气污染呈现加重趋势有一定的贡献。所以沙尘和大雾天气均对北京、天津和石家庄空气质量存在不利影响,其中对北京影响最为严重,对天津影响最轻。整体上沙尘对3市的空气质量影响较大,大雾天气影响较小。     

A building-based data capture and data mining technique for air quality assessment

Recently, a building-based air quality model system which can predict air quality in front of individual buildings along both sides of a road has been developed. Using the Macau Peninsula as a case study, this paper shows the advantages of building-based model system in data capture and data mining. Compared with the traditional grid-based model systems with input/output spatial resolutions of 1–2 km, the building-based approach can extract the street configuration and traffic data building by building and therefore, can capture the complex spatial variation of traffic emission, urban geometry, and air pollution. The non-homogeneous distribution of air pollution in the Macau Peninsula was modeled in a high-spatial resolution of 319 receptors·km^-2. The spatial relationship among air quality, traffic flow, and urban geometry in the historic urban area is investigated. The study shows that the building-based approach may open an innovative methodology in data mining of urban spatial data for environmental assessment. The results are particularly useful to urban planners when they need to consider the influences of urban form on street environment.     

九龙江流域规模化养殖环境风险评价

在G IS支持下采用养分收支平衡法对九龙江流域规模化生猪养殖的环境风险进行评价。规模化养殖污染负荷在不同类型养殖场的分配、空间分布规律以及规模化养殖的环境风险评价结果表明:规模化养猪业年产粪尿量达107万t,以小型规模化养殖场产生的污染负荷最高;整体来看,规模化生猪养殖的环境风险不大,但由于养殖场的地理分布集中,造成近郊区域规模化养殖的环境风险极高;由于过多施用化肥,中远郊规模化养殖粪尿未得到合理利用而流失。位于水系附近的养殖场对水体影响较大,根据“福建省畜禽养殖污染防治管理办法”,为减少规模化生猪养殖对九龙江水质的直接威胁,需搬迁主要支流沿岸1 km范围内的规模化养猪场250个。     

津河水系的修复对天津城市生态环境的影响

针对天津城市生态环境特点和背方城市大气污染现状，探讨了津河水系的修复对改善城市环境质量，丰富城市景观以及修复城市生态环境的重要意义。     

广州市区植物叶片重金属元素含量及其大气污染评价

文章通过对广州市区植物叶片中重金属元素含量的分析，研究了植物大气环境污染指数，探讨了植物叶片重金属元素含量与城市大气环境污染之间的关系。结果表明，植物叶片中Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr元素污染都较严重，在重污染区这些元素的含量明显高于清洁对照区；用植物污染指数可以综合评价大气环境质量状况；利用植物叶片内的重金属含量变化，为大气污染生物监测和环境质量评价提供了科学依据。     

九龙江流域规模化养殖环境风险评价

在GIS支持下采用养分收支平衡法对九龙江流域规模化生猪养殖的环境风险进行评价。规模化养殖污染负荷在不同类型养殖场的分配、空间分布规律以及规模化养殖的环境风险评价结果表明：规模化养猪业年产粪尿量达107万t，以小型规模化养殖场产生的污染负荷最高；整体来看，规模化生猪养殖的环境风险不大，但由于养殖场的地理分布集中，造成近郊区域规模化养殖的环境风险极高；由于过多施用化肥，中远郊规模化养殖粪尿未得到合理利用而流失。位于水系附近的养殖场对水体影响较大，根据“福建省畜禽养殖污染防治管理办法”，为减少规模化生猪养殖对九龙江水质的直接威胁，需搬迁主要支流沿岸1km范围内的规模化养猪场250个。     

Biodiversity of urban soils for sustainable cities

The last century was marked by a high demographic revolution and the fast development of urban environments. Now, more than 50% of the world’s 7.5 billion humans live in cities. This change has often induced the degradation of environmental quality in urban areas. As a consequence, management policies are now fostering the ‘return of nature’ in cities, which, in turn, is requiring a better understanding of the ecology of urban environments. In particular, there is a need for a better knowledge on soil management because soils provide many functions in cities such as urban agriculture. Optimizing the diversity of soil-living organisms is essential to many environmental functions such as water depollution, biochemical cycles, fertility and carbon storage. However, few studies on the biological quality of urban soils have been performed so far. This article reviews actual knowledge on soil biological quality for urban management. The definition of urban soils is discussed, and we present services provided by soils. We also review modern methods and techniques to assess the biological quality of urban soils. Last, we suggest communication means to improve the consideration of soil quality in urban planning policies aimed at sustainable cities.     

天空蓝色饱和程度与城市空气质量等级的相关性

以大气散射理论为基础,结合颜色学、大气环境监测及城市空气质量日报等相关原理,从理论分析与实证研究2个方面证实了天空蓝色饱和程度与城市空气质量等级之间存在着显著的负相关性,即:天空蓝色饱和程度越低,空气污染等级越高,空气质量状况越差;天空蓝色饱和程度越高,空气污染等级较低,空气质量状况越好;通过相关及回归分析与检验,制得“城市空气质量等级目测色卡”,适用于晴朗天气肉眼观察天空颜色,进而目测估计空气质量等级状况,以采取必要防护措施。     

Ecological risk assessment from the viewpoint of surface water pollution in Xiamen City,China

The ecological security of urban surface water is subject to significant risk due to rapid urbanization. Pollutant discharge and accumulation are among the most critical stressors endangering urban surface water and affecting the normal operation of urban aquatic ecosystem services. In this study, we assessed how pollutant accumulation stresses water purification systems, which perform important urban ecosystem services. First, we applied a water environmental capacity model to calculate thresholds of urban surface water environmental capacity under a given water quality target. Second, based on a stepwise regression method, an equation was used to describe the relationship between stressor factors (pollutant accumulation) and measurable socioeconomic indicators. Third, an ecological risk index was used as an assessment endpoint indicator to assess the negative ecological effect of pollutant accumulation. Finally, risk level was classified according to the risk quotient method. Taking Xiamen City as an example, we analyzed the contribution of different sources of pollutants and evaluated the urban ecological risk posed by two major contaminants present in the environment by measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N). The results show that the ecological risk indexes of both COD and NH₄⁺-N are expected to decrease from 2020 to 2030; that of COD is expected to fall from medium to low, whereas that of NH₄⁺-N is expected to fall from high to medium. These findings demonstrate that the ecological risk posed to the surface water in Xiamen City can be reduced by controlling population growth, optimizing industrial structure, and promoting economic development.     

城市住区空气负离子浓度时空变化及空气质量评价--以合肥市为例

以夏热冬冷地区合肥市为研究区域,从建筑布局、空间形态、建筑密度、交通路网、植物绿化等方面综合考虑城市住区的不同环境特征,选择12个样点进行实地观测,于2013年8至2014年1月进行了空气离子浓度、风速、温度、相对湿度等指标的实地测定,并对数据进行筛选分析得出结果,空气负离子浓度随季节变化较为明显,夏季最高,平均浓度约为358/cm3,秋季次之,平均浓度约为338/cm3,冬季最低,平均浓度约为322/cm3。总体看来,上午9：00─10：00和下午14：30─15：30区间空气负离子浓度最高,上午10：30和下午16：00─16：30区间空气负离子浓度相对较低。②自由式布局和具有较明显开敞空间的测试样点空气负离子浓度较高。夏季样点9空气负离子浓度最高,平均浓度为815/cm3;秋季样点12空气负离子浓度最高,平均浓度约为483/cm3;冬季样点9空气负离子浓度最高,平均浓度约为407/cm3。最后运用单极系数和安培空气质量评价指数对住区空气质量进行评价,得出住区环境的空气清洁度以允许和清洁为主,等级多分布在D级和B级。根据这些结果和分析得出以下结论：在不同的季节,住区室外环境的空气负离子浓度变化较为明显,夏季最高,冬季最低。②影响城市住区空气负离子浓度最主要气象因子是风速、温度和相对湿度,其中风速和温度与空气负离子浓度呈现出正相关,而相对湿度则总体趋势不明确。③采取层次丰富的植物结构有利于提高环境的空气负离子浓度。④空气负离子浓度与空气清洁度有着密切关系,不同的环境特征下空气清洁度存在差异。⑤以空气负离子浓度为参考标准指导并优化住区建筑布局,不仅有利于提高住区人居环境质量评价工作的科学管理水平,同时对于提高居民的健康水平和营造健康舒适的居住环境具有重要的?     

Urban ecological risk assessment management platform

Due to rapid socioeconomic development in recent years, the influence of human activities on the urban ecosystem and environment is becoming more pronounced, causing increases in accumulated pollutants, resource consumption, and built-up land area. At this time, cities are facing complex ecological threats. We designed a platform to classify and assess the various types of ecological risks that cities and urban agglomerations may encounter. We used PHP to develop a web-based application, with nginx as the platform server, and MySQL to manage the background database. The platform provides users with a clearly structured, visual platform to manage ecological risk. By using this platform, users can quickly identify regional risk sources, find and describe risk factors, and predict possible consequences caused by these risks based on simulation modeling. The forecasting model and database can be synchronously updated and adjusted according to the actual situation. The visual web management platform and user security login system employ the MD5 encryption algorithm. The platform is designed to provide convenient, accurate, and scientific decision-making services for urban planning, construction, environmental protection, and other related areas.