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1.
应用固相萃取(SPE)及超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)技术,建立了快速提取测定水环境中4种四环素类抗生素(四环素、土霉素、强力霉素、金霉素)和6种磺胺类抗生素(磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲唑和磺胺噻唑)的方法.水样经过HLB小柱浓缩萃取之后以C18柱为分析柱,乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,采用UPLC-MS/MS多反应监测(MRM)离子模式进行分析.纯水和城市生活污水中抗生素物质检出限分别为0.015—0.12 ng·L-1、0.03—0.09 ng·L-1,平均回收率分别为88.7%—113.5%、73.7%—94.5%,相对标准偏差均在2.6%—10.6%之间(n=8).方法操作简单、定性定量准确,检出限低,能够满足测定各类水环境中四环素类和磺胺类抗生素痕量残留的分析要求.  相似文献   

2.
通过两次采集上海某大型污水处理厂的水样,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-M S/MS)技术对水样中的94种典型药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)进行分析,并初步分析了污水处理工艺对典型药物的处理效果.结果显示,该厂污水中有咖啡因、布洛芬、酮洛芬、双氯酚酸、氧氟沙星、睾酮、诺龙、磺胺吡啶、磺胺甲恶唑、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素、氯贝酸、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、氯霉素和诺龙等15种药物被检出和定量.初沉出水中药物总浓度为8 643~10 481 ng·L1,主要为咖啡因,出厂水中药物总浓度为1 005 ~1 076 ng·L1.其中,磺胺二甲基嘧啶、甲砜霉素和氟甲砜霉素在相关报道中较少进行检测或没有检出.磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、氯霉素和诺龙4种药物经生化反应池(A/A/O)和二沉池处理之后未检出.以A/A/O为核心技术的污水处理工艺对咖啡因、氯霉素、甲砜霉素和诺龙等药物处理效率较好(85%~99%),但对大部分药物处理效果并不显著.  相似文献   

3.
α-MnO2/水界面磺胺嘧啶的氧化降解动力学   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过反歧化法合成α-MnO2,并以α-MnO2为氧化剂,研究了不同锰氧化物剂量、不同磺胺嘧啶初始浓度和不同pH值下α-MnO2/水界面磺胺嘧啶的氧化降解动力学,并讨论了不同的反应条件对反应动力学的影响.结果表明,α-MnO2可以有效的氧化降解甚至矿化磺胺嘧啶,反应符合准一级反应动力学方程,在25 ℃,pH 4.6的反应条件下,反应120 min后,11.5 mmol·L-1的α-MnO2对0.02 mmol·L-1磺胺嘧啶去除率达到99.98%.α-MnO2剂量和磺胺嘧啶的初始浓度均与磺胺嘧啶氧化降解的动力学常数呈显著正相关关系,相关因子分别为0.67和0.18,相关系数R分别达到0.9961和0.9979;而磺胺嘧啶的降解动力学常数与体系的pH则呈显著负相关关系,相关因子为-0.25,相关系数R达到0.9975.初步探讨了锰氧化物氧化降解磺胺嘧啶机理.研究表明,土壤及沉积物中的锰氧化物可以有效促进其中残留抗生素类药物磺胺嘧啶的降解消除过程.  相似文献   

4.
5种典型滨海养殖水体中多种类抗生素的残留特性   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
王敏  俞慎  洪有为  孙棣棣 《生态环境》2011,20(5):934-939
水产集约化养殖的迅速发展带来的抗生素环境问题已经受到各国学者的关注,尤其是环境残留抗生素对微生物耐药性的诱导和抗生素在食物中的残留,直接影响水生生态系统健康以及人类健康。应用固相萃取-高压液相色谱-串联质谱方法(SPE-LC-MS/MS)研究不同生物养殖水体(鱼塘、螃蟹池、蛏池、虾池、鸭池)中残留抗生素类型和质量浓度。结果表明,基于LC-MS/MS分析的固相萃取方法对滨海养殖水体中5类14种抗生素残留的检测具有较高的萃取效率,并且检测方法回收率在63%~124%之间;在典型滨海养殖区不同养殖水体中检出了3类7种抗生素(含磺胺类增效剂甲氧苄氨嘧啶)残留,最高质量浓度分别为诺氟沙星(3.54 ng.L-1,虾池)、氧氟沙星(14.8 ng.L-1,蛏池)、磺胺嘧啶(5.36 ng.L-1,鸭池)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(7.35 ng.L-1,虾池)、磺胺甲噁唑(18.5 ng.L-1,虾池)、氟甲砜霉素(5.00 ng.L-1,虾池)和甲氧苄氨嘧啶(40.2 ng.L-1,鸭池),均低于已有的报道质量浓度水平。养殖水体中残留抗生素种类和质量浓度与养殖生物类型有关,螃蟹养殖水体抗生素残留种类(4种)最少,鱼和鸭养殖水体抗生素残留检出达6种,而检出的抗生素最高残留质量浓度主要来自于虾养殖水体。  相似文献   

5.
采用优化固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱同步检测养猪废水中24种抗生素的.水样用1 mol·L~(-1)盐酸调节p H值至3.5—4.0,流经Oasis HLB固相萃取柱富集后再用甲醇和乙酸乙酯(V∶V=1∶1)进行洗脱.以Agilent eclipse plus C_(18)色谱柱为分离柱,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾正离子源,多反应监测模式检测.24种抗生素的检出限(S/N=3)在0.03—3.00μg·L~(-1)之间.进一步以不同养猪场废水进行实际样品测定,四环素类、大环内酯类、β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类等5大类抗生素均有检出,土霉素、替米考星和磺胺甲嘧啶等3种抗生素为主要污染抗生素,最高浓度可达147.10、107.83、100.20μg·L~(-1),磺胺甲噻二唑及去甲基金霉素均未检出.本研究建立了快速准确的同步分析5大类24种抗生素的分析方法.  相似文献   

6.
通过两次采集上海某大型污水处理厂的水样,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)技术对水样中的94种典型药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)进行分析,并初步分析了污水处理工艺对典型药物的处理效果。结果显示,该厂污水中有咖啡因、布洛芬、酮洛芬、双氯酚酸、氧氟沙星、睾酮、诺龙、磺胺吡啶、磺胺甲恶唑、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素、氯贝酸、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、氯霉素和诺龙等15种药物被检出和定量。初沉出水中药物总浓度为8 643~10 481 ng·L1,主要为咖啡因,出厂水中药物总浓度为1 005~1 076 ng·L1。其中,磺胺二甲基嘧啶、甲砜霉素和氟甲砜霉素在相关报道中较少进行检测或没有检出。磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、氯霉素和诺龙4种药物经生化反应池(A/A/O)和二沉池处理之后未检出。以A/A/O为核心技术的污水处理工艺对咖啡因、氯霉素、甲砜霉素和诺龙等药物处理效率较好(85%~99%),但对大部分药物处理效果并不显著。  相似文献   

7.
采用在线固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱联用(On-line SPE-LC-MS/MS)技术,建立海水循环水养殖系统中磺胺类(磺胺甲基异恶唑、磺胺噻唑、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶)、大环内酯类(克拉霉素、脱水红霉素)、喹诺酮类(恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星)、四环素类(金霉素、四环素、土霉素)13种抗生素及孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿共15种药物的同时检测方法,为循环水养殖海水中部分有机污染物的检验鉴定提供依据.采用0.1%(V/V)甲酸水溶液和0.1%(V/V)甲酸的乙腈-甲醇(1∶1,V/V)溶液为分析流动相,水样经简单酸化处理后直接进样0.9 mL进行On-line SPE-LCMS/MS检测,经在线固相萃取柱富集后,经过梯度洗脱分离,串联质谱多反应监测模式进行定性、定量分析测定.结果表明,15种目标化合物在1—100 ng·L-1范围内均具有良好的线性响应,方法检出限范围为0.02—1.00 ng·L-1,定量限范围为0.06—3.00 ng·L-1.采用该方法对山东省烟台市某水产公司2个海水循环水养殖系统的15...  相似文献   

8.
本文建立了一种检测污水及污泥中4种磺胺类抗生素及其相应的乙酰化代谢物的分析方法,包括磺胺嘧啶(SD)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(SM1)、磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)以及它们相对应的乙酰化代谢物.本文采用了固相萃取(SPE)的方法作为前处理,并优化了固相萃取条件.计算了样品中复杂的基质效应,并使用内标法来抵消基质效应.该方法在污水中检测限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为0.12—2.06 ng·L~(-1)和0.43—5.12 ng·L~(-1),在污泥中分别为0.28—2.31 ng·g~(-1)和0.88—6.77 ng·g~(-1),在污水和污泥中的回收率为分别为70.8%—130.6%,88.0%—129.2%.本方法成功应用于检测污水处理厂中的污水及污泥中的目标化合物.  相似文献   

9.
采用HPLC-MS/MS对渭河西安段(咸阳至西安)表层水体中的磺胺类抗生素污染物进行检测分析,丰水期共检出包括磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲唑、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺吡啶、磺胺喹喔啉、磺胺氯哒嗪和磺胺增效剂甲氧苄啶8种药物残留,检出率50%—100%,检出浓度nd—178.44 ng·L~(-1);平水期检测到除磺胺氯哒嗪外7种,检出率25%—100%,检出浓度nd—114.46 ng·L~(-1).与国内其他河流相比,渭河西安段检出的磺胺类抗生素种类较多,浓度处于中等水平.磺胺类抗生素的浓度分布呈现:平水期,上游中游下游;丰水期,中游下游上游的特点;平水期和丰水期共同检出的磺胺类抗生素比较,平水期检出总浓度高于丰水期.源分析初步表明,生活污水、工业和医疗废水、禽畜和水产养殖是渭河西安段磺胺类抗生素浓度水平较高的主要原因.此外,渭河西安段表层水体中磺胺类抗生素浓度与COD、NH_3-N、TN、TP等其他同步水污染指标无明显相关关系.风险商值RQs分析表明除磺胺甲唑(RQs≥1)对相应物种存在高风险,其他抗生素的风险较低(RQs0.1).  相似文献   

10.
应用Sampli Q SPE-C18固相萃取小柱净化处理,利用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV)检测,建立了土壤样品中新型烟碱类杀虫剂哌虫啶的残留测定方法.优化了哌虫啶的分析条件,以选用乙腈/水比例为40∶60(V/V)作为流动相,流速为1.0 m L·min-1,采用HPLC-UV在359 nm处检测,哌虫啶的两个峰保留时间分别为4.251 min和6.526 min.在0.5×10-9—2.5×10-7g范围内,哌虫啶的进样量与色谱峰面积呈良好线性关系,相关系数为0.9993,哌虫啶的最小检出量为2.5×10-10g.土壤样品用色谱纯乙腈提取,由SPE-C18固相萃取小柱净化后.哌虫啶在土壤中的平均添加回收率为81.73%—89.05%,变异系数为3.59%—5.25%,哌虫啶最低检测浓度为2.5×10-3mg·kg-1.该分析方法灵敏、准确、操作简便,节约溶剂,对环境污染小,适合土壤中低浓度哌虫啶的残留检测  相似文献   

11.
基因污染与生态环境安全   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库;有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性,加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失;使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大,有可能创造出“超级杂草”;带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组,有可能创造出新的植物病毒,导致新的病害;BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素,在食物链中传递,很难加以控制,对非目标生物造成危害,并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。  相似文献   

12.
Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM10) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM10 and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM10 to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.  相似文献   

13.
土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的,它既具重要性,又具长久性.市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的.土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大,局面必须改观,且宜快不宜迟.土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作.根据广东的实际,增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施,因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点.  相似文献   

14.
High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.  相似文献   

15.
● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.  相似文献   

16.
湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。  相似文献   

17.
Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.  相似文献   

18.
19.
Growth and pollution convergence: Theory and evidence   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Stabilizing pollution levels in the long run is a pre-requisite for sustainable growth. We develop a neoclassical growth model with endogenous emission reduction predicting that, along optimal sustainable paths, pollution growth rates are (i) positively related to output growth (scale effect) and (ii) negatively related to emission levels (defensive effect). This dynamic law reduces to a convergence equation that is empirically tested for two major and regulated air pollutants – sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides – with a panel of 25 European countries spanning the years 1980–2005. Traditional parametric models are rejected by the data. More flexible regression techniques confirm the existence of both the scale and the defensive effect, supporting the model predictions.  相似文献   

20.
河流底泥污染及其控制与修复   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
水体底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题。污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。在河流环境中,河床沉积底泥以推移和悬浮形式输送,很大程度上导致了上覆水和沉积底泥的相互物理作用。河流有强有力的自然环境,在河流系统中趋向有利于沉积底泥的解吸作用,从而将会影响上覆水的水质。因此,在水质管理计划中,应该将已污染的沉积底泥作为一个污染源予以考虑,沉积底泥是河流污染的一个重要方面。文章根据近年来国内外对河流底泥污染的控制、处理、修复及利用的文献资料,分析了河流底泥的污染现状及主要类型,包括重金属、NP营养物质、难降解有机物和持久性有毒污染物等,指出了目前在底泥污染修复中存在的问题。针对河流底泥污染控制与修复技术,介绍了除控制外源污染物外的物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等几种主要的修复方法和技术,分析了各种方法的利弊以及适用情况。在阐述了堆肥、建材利用、低温热解、湿地及栖息地建设、修复废弃地和建设填方等利用方式后,提出具体的控制和修复应因地制宜,综合各种恢复技术及利用方式,以达到控制及修复污染的河流底泥,恢复河流生态系统之目的。  相似文献   

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