施用污泥堆肥对作物和土壤的影响

污泥中的有机质、营养成分可为农业生产提供重要的有机肥源，但污泥中的重金属是制约污泥农用的重要因素，为检验污泥堆肥施用后对作物及土壤的影响，文章对污泥与稻草或木屑堆肥的产品进行了盆栽试验研究。结果表明，污泥与稻草或木屑的堆肥作为肥料施用于萝卜(Brassicacampestris)和菜心(Brassicaparachinensis),产量明显提高，部分堆肥产品增产效果优于化肥，且后效明显。堆肥施用使土壤中有机质、各养分含量增加，微生物活动增强、数量增加，然而作物和土壤中的重金属含量也有不同程度的提高。     

污泥和盐渍土混配介质的性质及对5种野生植物生长的影响

将污泥与滨海盐渍土按照不同比例(污泥质量分数分别为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%)混配,开展三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)、荆芥(Schizonepeta tenuifolia)、金叶马兰(Kalimeris indica)和蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicm)5种野生植物的盆栽试验,研究污泥混配介质的理化性质,污泥比例对植物成活率、叶绿素含量和干质量的影响,以及植物体内各种重金属的累积浓度,探索污泥在滨海区盐渍土中的最佳施用比例,并对野生植物资源进行评价。结果表明,污泥改良滨海盐渍土是可行的,污泥质量分数为20%～60%时,混配介质的理化指标符合CJ/T 340—2011《绿化种植土壤》,Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb和Ni含量符合GB 15618—95《土壤环境质量标准》中的二级标准,并以60%污泥+40%滨海盐渍土的质量配比效果最佳,该混配介质中植物存活率达100%;三叶鬼针草、稗子、荆芥、金叶马兰和蒲公英是上海市滨海地区优良的植被恢复先锋植物。     

施用污泥的土壤重金属元素有效性的影响因素

污泥农用是解决城市污泥出路较为合理的途径.但由于含较高量的重金属,它的应用受到限制.研究发现,进入土壤的重金属在不同的土壤类型、不同的土壤条件下,形态分布各不相同,而不同形态的重金属对植物的有效性和毒性也不相同,本文试图对土壤中影响重金属形态分布的因素及机制作一综述.     

污泥农用后土壤中重金属形态的转化

污泥农用后,土壤中重金属的形态会发生转化.用土柱模拟实际土壤,采用棕壤和褐土两种土壤类型,分别施人生活污泥和工业污泥.混合后,对土柱进行淋洗,经过7次淋洗后,测定土柱中0～10 cm均匀混合层中重金属各形态的含量,然后再与污泥和土壤混合后重金属形态不发生变化时重金属的总量相比较,得出污泥农用后土壤中重金属形态的转化规律.结果表明:Cu主要向碳酸盐结合态和残渣态转化,Pb向铁锰氧化物结合态转化,Zn向碳酸盐结合态转化.     

熟污泥改良土壤中Cd的形态分布特征和生物有效性

通过苜蓿盆栽实验和Tessier五步提取法,研究了不同比例的堆肥污泥施入黄土后,土壤中Cd的形态分布和生物有效性及重金属在施污土壤-苜蓿中的迁移转化规律。结果表明：不同比例的污泥施入黄土后,随着污泥施入量的增加,土壤中Cd的主要赋存形态由对照组的不可利用态(残渣态)向潜在有效态(铁锰氧化态)转化,污泥的施入提高了重金属Cd的生物有效性;苜蓿的种植对施污根际土中Cd的活性产生了钝化作用,使施污黄土根际土壤中潜在有效态Cd主要向不可利用态的Cd转化;苜蓿各器官对Cd均有富集和转移能力,苜蓿各部位重金属Cd含量的分布规律为：根部>茎叶部;线性回归分析结果表明：碳酸盐结合态Cd是苜蓿茎叶部和根部吸收Cd的主要贡献形态;因此在实际生产时须严格控制污泥的施用量,以避免Cd在苜蓿体内富集危害动物和人体健康。     

用幼苗法指示污泥和土壤中重金属的植物有效性

利用小麦幼苗与黑麦幼苗研究了污泥和土壤中重金属的植物有效性，并对二者进行了比较。结果表明， 在两种污灌区土壤、四种污泥以及一种污泥施用于两种清洁土壤中，黑麦和小麦测定的Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,Ni五种重金属有效性的顺序，以及有效性大小的数量级上是一致的；除了在污泥中，二者的茎Pb,Ni及根Zn相关不显著，以及在Lou土中施用污泥后，两种植物各部位相关不好外，在污泥及污泥施于赤红壤各处理中黑麦与小麦相关均匀为极显著。上述结果表明，应用小麦幼苗可以替代黑麦幼苗指标土壤中重金属的植物有效性，但同时也应考虑不同植物间的差异。     

植物对污灌区土壤锌形态的影响

通过大田试验研究种植5种植物(玉米、向日葵、大豆、高粱、菊花)对污灌区土壤锌形态的影响.结果表明,污灌区土壤中锌含量均未超过国家二级标准,且主要以残留态存在.土壤中各形态锌与种植前相比,除可交换态锌呈增加趋势,其余各形态锌均呈下降趋势.其中可交换态锌在向日葵土壤中增加最明显,达24.19%;碳酸盐结合态锌在玉米土壤中下降最明显,达47.68%;铁锰氧化物态锌和残留态锌在菊花土壤中下降最明显,分别达35.65%、27.46%;总锌和有机结合态锌在向日葵土壤中下降最明显,分别达15.68%、44.23%.土壤中可交换态锌含量与植物籽粒中锌含量显著相关(P<0.05),适于用作土壤锌污染的生物评价指标.土壤中锌的生物活性系数与种植前相比,在玉米、高粱和菊花土壤中呈降低趋势,其中在玉米土壤中降低最明显,达31.43%,在大豆和向日葵土壤中呈增加趋势.总之,向日葵籽粒中重金属锌含量超出食品中锌限量标准(GB13106-1991),不宜在污灌区种植;玉米、高粱、大豆等植物籽粒中重金属锌含量均未超出食品中锌限量卫生标准(GB13106-1991),可以在污灌农田长期种植.     

城市污泥和建筑垃圾混合基质对臭椿生长及重金属转移的影响

城市污泥与建筑垃圾是城镇主要固体废弃物,为促进其安全低成本的土地利用,采用盆栽方式,配置城市生污泥体积占比为0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%等6种生污泥与建筑垃圾混合基质,播种臭椿种子,分析混合基质的理化性状与植物当年生长量变化.结果显示,随着污泥含量增加,基质中黏粒含量、电导率、有机质、养分和重金属砷、镉、钴、铜、镍、锌含量显著增加,而铬、铅变化不大.污泥含量40%及以下的基质中各重金属含量均达到国家《土壤环境质量标准》旱地Ⅰ-Ⅱ级标准,污泥占比60%和80%基质中各重金属含量均达到III级标准.污泥含量为20%和40%的基质最适宜臭椿生长,植株干重比对照提高54.57%以上,高于40%则抑制臭椿生长,高比例污泥基质中臭椿萌发与生长差,基质黏粒含量高、透气透水性差是主要原因.臭椿根茎叶重金属含量及富集系数随着生长基质中重金属增加而增加,臭椿对镉的富集系数最大,在0.1-0.5之间,对锌、镍的富集系数次之,叶片对重金属的富集系数大多高于根茎.综合考虑植株生物量、重金属污染,未经前处理的生污泥与建筑垃圾直接混合成植物生长基质是完全可行的,生污泥占比为40%的混合基质适宜种植臭椿,臭椿对基质中的重金属具有较强的富集能力.     

西安市市政污水厂剩余污泥中重金属形态特征及潜在生态风险评价

采用现场采样及室内分析方法,研究了西安市剩余污泥的基本理化性质,污泥中重金属元素的含量、赋存形态及迁移特征,并对市政污泥土地利用的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:西安市剩余污泥整体pH呈中性(6.24~8.12),具有高有机质(46.71%~72.41%)、高N(6.18%~6.94%)、高P(1.71%~4.21%)、低K(1.02%~2.03%)的特点,具有很好的土地利用价值;污泥中重金属(除Pb、Mn、Co外)及As整体含量高于《土壤环境质量标准》的二类标准(pH=6.5~7.5),但除Zn、Ni、Hg超过《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》酸性土壤(pH6.5)最高允许含量外,其余重金属及As均低于该标准值;西安市污泥中重金属的形态分布主要由重金属元素的性质决定,污泥中各重金属的迁移或稳定性顺序(F1+F2)为Cu(19.38%)Cr(21.2%)Pb(47.76%)Co(50.22%)Ni(54.63%)Mn(61.53%)Zn(74.21%);修正潜在生态风险评价结果表明,西安市剩余污泥重金属综合污染程度处于重度水平,污泥土地利用时重金属污染的潜在生态风险水平为严重,其中Hg为其首要贡献者,其次是Zn和Ni。     

植物对污泥的响应及根系对重金属的活化作用

为了研究植物对污泥的改良作用及植物根系对重金属的活化作用,在温室盆栽条件下对生长于污泥中的几种耐性植物遏蓝菜属(Thlaspi goesingense)、羽叶鬼针草(Bidens maximowicziana Oett)、酸模(Rumex acetosa L.)、紫苜蓿(Medicogo sativa L.)和印度芥茉(Indian mustard)的植物干重、体内重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)的含量、叶片中叶绿素含量和植物根系对重金属的活化率做了研究。结果表明,生长于污泥中的植物其干重比对照均有不同程度的增加,其中羽叶鬼针草与对照相比差异极显著;不同植物对不同重金属的吸收量亦不同;各种植物叶片中的叶绿素含量变化不同,与对照相比,差异不显著;遏蓝菜对Cu、Zn的活化率最高,印度芥茉对Cd的活化率最高。     

不同来源重金属污染的土壤对水稻的影响

采用人工污染土壤、尾矿砂、污泥等不同载体的污染源来模拟土壤污染 ,研究其对水稻生长、吸收养分和吸收重金属的影响。结果表明 ,不同污染载体对水稻生长的影响不同 ,其影响的大小顺序为人工污染土壤 >尾矿砂 >污泥 >尾矿砂 +污泥。不同污染载体对水稻吸收重金属的影响亦不同 ,以纯化学试剂的形式添加到土壤中的重金属最易被提取出来 ,植物从中吸收的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd最多 ,而从以污泥为污染载体的土壤中吸收的Zn、Pb、Cd最少。研究表明 ,用添加纯化学试剂的方法来模拟污染土壤对生态与环境的影响是可行的 ,确定土壤负载容量是安全的 ,因为在实验条件下它对供试植物的影响最明显     

Effect of cropping systems on the mobility and uptake of Cd and Zn

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different land use systems such as continuous grass and agricultural crops rotation on the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils contaminated by former excessive sewage sludge application. The results show that Cd and Zn concentrations increased to 2 and 3.5 folds within 3 cuts of grass, respectively. Even 10 years after the end of excessive sewage sludge application the concentration of Cd in winter and summer wheat is 3.4 and 2.5 folds higher than the control, respectively. Zn concentration increased by two folds for both crops. In conclusion, the uptake depends on plant species and the degree of soil contamination. The availability of heavy metals was not changed with time.     

Eco-friendly approach for leaching out heavy metals from sewage sludge

Sewage sludge contains rich organic matter and nutrients essential for the growth of plants but the presence of toxic heavy metals restricts its land application. To overcome this, the study aims an eco-friendly approach for leaching out heavy metals. Sewage sludge from sewage treatment plant, Chennai, India was characterised. The analysis of total heavy metal concentration was done by digesting in nitric acid and different forms were extracted by community bureau of reference sequential method. Heavy metals: As, Cd, Cr, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry Perkin Elmer Optima 5300 DV. The experimental set-up for heavy metal leaching was held for five consecutive days at different concentrations of humic acid (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) at varied pH (5–9). Results revealed that at the end of fifth day at pH 8, 1% humic acid is capable of leaching out 75.5% cadmium, 66.0% nickel, 52.0% lead, 51.2% zinc, 31.2% copper and 8.5% cadmium from sewage sludge. Statistically positive correlation (0.7088) existed between the percentage of heavy metals leached out and the sum of soluble and reducible fractions. Thus, from ecological point of view, humic acid can be used to leach out heavy metals from sewage sludge serving the need in restoration of soil fertility upon land application.     

Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and biomass for stabilizing heavy metals and reducing biochar toxicity: A review

The huge amounts of sewage sludge produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants induce major environmental and economical issues, calling for advanced disposal methods. Traditional methods for sewage sludge disposal increase greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. Moreover, biochar created from sewage sludge often cannot be used directly in soil applications due to elevated levels of heavy metals and other toxic compounds, which alter soil biota and earthworms. This has limited the application of sewage sludge-derived biochar as a fertilizer. Here, we review biomass and sewage sludge co-pyrolysis with a focus on the stabilization of heavy metals and toxicity reduction of the sludge-derived biochar. We observed that co-pyrolyzing sewage sludge with biomass materials reduced heavy metal concentrations and decreased the environmental risk of sludge-derived biochar by up to 93%. Biochar produced from sewage sludge and biomass co-pyrolysis could enhance the reproduction stimulation of soil biota by 20‒98%. Heavy metals immobilization and transformation are controlled by the co-feed material mixing ratio, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis atmosphere.

     

Heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to Sorghum plants

We studied the mobility and transport of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb, from soil and soil amended with sewage sludge to sorghum plants. The total and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extractable heavy metals in agricultural soil and untreated domestic sewage sludge (DWS) samples were determined. The correlation between the total and extractable metals in soil and sewage sludge was investigated. The total and extractable heavy metals in soil, sewage sludge and sorghum grain were analysed by flame and electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS/ETAAS), after digestion in microwave oven. Statistically good correlations were obtained between the total contents of all heavy metals and their respective extractable fractions in soil and domestic wastewater sludge. Transfer factors of all heavy metals from domestic sewage sludge to sorghum grains were determined.     

施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展

城市污泥的合理处置已成为目前环境科学研究领域中的重要课题。因污泥富含有机质和有效营养成分,对土壤改良有积极的促进作用,所以污泥的土地利用普遍被认为是一种积极、有效的处置方式。鉴于此,本文就国内外施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统的．影响及相关的过程和机理进行了综述。结果显示,施用污泥可改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤有机质和氮、磷等养分元素的含量,其改良作用因污泥类型而异。污泥对土壤重金属的积累有所影响,特别是在酸雨频发地区或者长期施用污泥,可能会带来重金属Gu污染的环境风险。污泥普遍有利于提高土壤酶活性,譬如土壤淀粉酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,但污泥施用过量或时间延长,则会抑制多酚氧化酶和磷酸酶的活性,而污泥对过氧化氢酶的影响则不大。污泥对土壤微生物特性短期内有积极的影响,但长期则有负面作用。施用污泥可导致土壤动物活性的增加,但也会对一些土壤动物产生毒性,譬如异壳介虫属和弹尾目昆虫,而且污泥毒性不仅取决于污泥用量,土壤类型也起着重要作用。基于上述分析和评述,提出了未来研究展望如下：（1）针对污泥施用后土壤生态系统生物、物理和化学过程和机理进行系统、综合的基础研究;（2）对污泥土地利用进行长期的系统定位试验和环境监测,并对之进行环境风险评价;（3）对污泥稳定化处理技术的创新及其应用研究。     

Co-pyrolysis of sludge and kaolin/zeolite in a rotary kiln: Analysis of stabilizing heavy metals

• Adding kaolin/zeolite promotes the formation of stable heavy metals. • The potential ecological risk index of co-pyrolysis biochar is extremely low. • Increasing the pyrolysis temperature reduces the leaching toxicity of heavy metals. • The toxicity of biochar reduces with the increasing content of stable heavy metals. Pyrolysis is a promising technique used for treating of sewage sludge. However, the application of pyrolysis products is limited due to the presence of heavy metals. In this study, sewage sludge mixed with kaolin/zeolite was pyrolyzed in a rotary kiln, aiming to improve the immobilization of heavy metals in pyrolytic carbon. The total concentrations, speciation distributions, leaching toxicities, and potential ecological risk indices of heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar were explored to examine the effects of kaolin/zeolite and pyrolytic temperature on immobilizing heavy metals. Further, mineral composition and surface morphology of biochar were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the potential mechanism of immobilizing heavy metals. Increasing pyrolysis temperature facilitated the stabilization of heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar. The proportions of stable heavy metals in biochar obtained at 650℃ were 54.50% (Cu), 29.73% (Zn), 79.29% (Cd), 68.17% (Pb) and 86.70% (Cr). Compared to sewage sludge, the potential contamination risk index of pyrolysis biochar obtained at 650℃ was reduced to 17.01, indicating a low ecological risk. The addition of 7% kaolin/zeolite further reduced the risk index of co-pyrolysis biochar prepared at 650℃ to 10.86/15.28. The characterization of biochar revealed that increase in the pyrolysis temperature and incorporation of additives are conducive to the formation of stable heavy metal-inorganics. This study demonstrates that the formation of stable mineral compounds containing heavy metals is the key to stabilizing heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar.     

Effects of land use on concentrations of metals in surface soils and ecological risk around Guanting Reservoir,China

It is accepted that the historical routine use of agrochemicals may have resulted in undesirable concentrations of metals in the environment. To investigate and assess the effects of land use on concentrations of heavy metals around the Guanting Reservoir in China, 52 surface soil samples (depth of 2–10 cm) were taken from areas where four types of land use were practiced (including arable land, woodland, bare land, orchard land). The metals and metalloids (As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Significant accumulation of As, Cd, and Cr was found in soils of arable land. Based on correlation and cluster analysis, it can be concluded that Cd and Zn originate mainly from phosphate fertilizer, Pb from the use of insecticides, fertilizers, and sewage sludge as well as air deposition, and Cu from copper-based fungicides, while As, Ni and Cr might come from parent soil material. According to an ecological risk analysis of metals based on the ecological index suggested by Hakanson, the four types of land can be ranked by severity of ecological risk as follows: arable land > woodland > bare land > orchard land, with a high ecological risk of Cd for all four types. Management measures for land use planners for avoiding water, soil, and sediment pollution caused by metals around the Guanting Reservoir are presented.     

The correlation of total and extractable heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to maize ( Zea mays L.) plants

A study to understand the mobility and transport of heavy metals (HMs) from soil and soil amended with sewage sludge to maize plants was carried out. The total and ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA)-extractable HMs in agricultural soil and untreated domestic sewage sludge samples, and the correlation between the total and extractable metals in soil and sewage sludge were carried out. Pot experiments were performed to study the transfer of HMs to maize grains, grown in soil (control) and in soil amended with sewage sludge (test samples). The total and extractable HMs in soil, sewage sludge, and maize grains were analysed by FAAS/ETAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometer/electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer) after digestion in microwave oven. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the total contents of Cu, Cd, As and their respective extractable fractions in soil, while in domestic wastewater sludge (DWS) the better correlation was observed only for Ni and Cd. The edible part of maize plants (grains) from test samples presented high concentration of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, As, and Cr concentrations (80.7–85.6, 3.8–3.95, 2.35–2.5, 0.75–0.82, 3.21–3.29, 0.23–0.27, and 0.22–0.29?mg?kg^?1, respectively). Good correlations were found between metals in exchangeable fractions of both soil and DWS and total metals in control and test samples of maize grains. The transfer factor of all HMs from DWS to maize grains was also determined.