微生物燃料电池还原二氧化铅及产电研究

为探究二氧化铅在微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,简称MFC)中的还原及对产电性能的影响,采用电沉积法成功制备了钛基二氧化铅(PbO2/Ti),并将其作为阴极材料应用于双室MFC.二氧化铅的价态、晶型、形态特征以及电化学特性分别采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和循环伏安扫描(CV)进行分析,MFC的产电能力通过COD的去除、输出电压和极化曲线进行表征.结果显示,在以PbO2/Ti为阴极的MFC中COD的降解率可以达到87.68%,明显高于纯钛板的对照(71.4%).当外阻为1 000Ω时,最大输出电压达到760 mV,约为对照的30倍.最大功率密度达379 mW m–2,相应的电流密度为1 185 mA m–2.同时,PbO2被还原为PbO和Pb3(PO4)2.由此可见,二氧化铅由于其具有的强氧化性可作为廉价高效的阴极材料应用于MFC,从而大大提高MFC产电能力.     

负载型纳米Fe-Pd降解水溶性偶氮染料

采用阳离子交换树脂表面为载体,合成了负载型纳米Fe-Pd二元复合金属材料,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析对该材料进行表征,研究了其对一些水溶性偶氮染料的降解效果.实验表明,该材料对0.05 g.L-1甲基橙、日落黄、酸性橙8、金橙G和活性红2等偶氮染料有较好的降解效果,纳米双金属中Pd含量的增加有利于染料的降解;反应体系初始pH值对染料的降解率影响较大,本研究中,pH 4酸性条件下降解效果最佳;制备的材料在第10次活化后,仍有较好的降解效果;为环境中偶氮染料的降解提供了一种有效的方法.     

群体感应信号分子对Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1生物膜结构及产电性能的影响

电活性生物膜(EAB)是微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)的重要组成部分.为揭示群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)信号分子在MFC中对EAB的响应机制,在MFC阳极室接种铜绿假单胞菌,添加两种QS信号分子(N-丁酰基高丝氨酸内酯C4-HSL和喹诺酮PQS),观察其对阳极生物膜形态、结构及MFC产电性能的影响.结果显示:添加终浓度为10μmol/L N-丁酰基高丝氨酸内酯、喹诺酮的MFC的驯化启动期分别比对照组缩短了290.33 h、169.9h,最高输出电压分别提高了18.18%、22.73%,MFC运行后期传质电阻分别减小了9.77Ω、15.15Ω,绿脓素含量分别提高了20.27%、24.32%;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片显示添加两种信号分子生物膜的生物量均多于对照组;激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)照片显示添加QS信号分子可以明显增大阳极生物膜的厚度并改善活死细胞比例.本研究表明添加QS信号分子显著促进了产电菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1在MFC阳极表面的成膜速率,强化了其生物活性,提高了EAB与电极间的电子传递效率及MFC的产电性能.(图9参21)     

外阻对污泥微生物燃料电池产电以及有机物降解的影响

重点考察了不同外阻（10、150和1 000Ω）对污泥微生物燃料电池（sludge microbial fuel cell,SMFC）产电性能及有机物去除速率的影响。结果表明,外阻对电池产电和有机物降解有显著影响,低电阻有利于电流产生及有机物消耗。当外阻为10Ω时,输出电流最高（4.2 mA）,且污泥溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）去除速率最快（53 mg.d-1）。DGGE图谱显示,不同外阻导致阳极微生物菌落结构有明显差异;CV扫描发现外阻对生物膜氧化还原能力有显著影响,低电阻下运行的阳极生物膜氧化还原活性较强。本研究为理解外阻与阳极生物膜间的关系提供一条有益线索,也为MFC性能提高提供一条可操作性的途径。     

酸性矿山废水治理过程中产生二次污染的研究

在易氧化的硫化物矿物尾矿上叠加生活污水或乙酰丙酮等阻断尾矿向酸性矿山废水转移过程中,引发了硫化物矿物氧化产生的还原性硫与有机污水中一些水溶性有机物以及乙酰丙酮的作用,生成以CS_2为主的新的二次污染物.     

阳极微生物还原氧化石墨烯促进微生物燃料电池在米粉废水中的能量回收

米粉废水是一种含有高浓度有机质的工农业产物.本文以氧化石墨烯(GO)修饰石墨刷作为微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)阳极实现米粉废水的产电以及能量回收.当米粉废水的COD浓度为1200 mg·L~(-1)时,MFC的最大功率密度可达1273.89 m W·m~(-2),此时从废水中回收的能量高达0.97 k Wh·kg~(-1)-COD,其远高于目前文献报道值,例如,MFC体系下市政废水中回收的能量仅为0.18 k Wh·kg~(-1)-COD.利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)和激光共聚焦(confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)观测电极表面形貌,傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(fourier transform infrared,FTIR)以及拉曼光谱(raman)测定阳极电极的化学结构,循环伏安曲线(cyclic voltammetry,CV)以及电化学阻抗图谱(electrochemical impedance spectra,EIS)测定反映电极电化学性能,结果表明:阳极表面GO负载量随GO修饰浓度的增加而增加;当混合产电菌驯化6个月后,石墨刷表面GO被还原为r GO;与以空白石墨刷为阳极构建的MFC相比,GO修饰石墨刷构建的MFC具有更好的电容特性且传质电阻更低,从而可回收更高的能量.     

Ti/Sb-SnO2功能电极的制备及电化学处理废水的性能

采用热分解法制备了Ti/Sb-SnO2电极,并用XRD、SEM对电极涂层进行表征.研究了涂层次数对于析氧过电位的影响,应用阳极快速寿命测试法测试了Ti/Sb-SnO2电极的使用寿命,通过极化曲线考察了电极的析氧过电位.采用该电极对甲基橙模拟废水进行了电化学降解实验,并考察此电极处理实际废水的效果.研究表明,随着涂层次数...     

城市黑臭河涌底泥-微生物燃料电池产电性能及对底泥的修复

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)是一种将化学能转化为电能的技术。它可以利用包括河涌与海底的沉积物在内的众多基质来产生电能。在利用微生物燃料电池对沉积物进行修复时,通常采用将阳极埋在水底沉积物中,阴极悬于上覆水中的方式来构建电池。由于上覆水的存在,底泥中的污染物质不仅会被电池修复,也会向上覆水释放,影响底泥和上覆水的整体修复情况。以广州某黑臭河涌底泥为阳极微生物接种源及阳极基质,50 m M·L-1铁氰化钾缓冲溶液为阴极室溶液构建了双室有膜型微生物燃料电池,排除上覆水对微生物燃料电池修复底泥的影响,研究在不同的外接电阻下,MFC的产电性能以及MFC对底泥的修复效果。结果表明:以黑臭河涌底泥为阳极底物能够保持MFC较长时间产电运行(650 h)。构建的电池内阻分别为:1 341.6、1 339.2、1 330.2、1 386.7和1 311.7Ω。外阻能够对MFC的产电和功率密度输出产生影响:在外接电阻为1 500Ω时,MFC获得的稳定输出电压最高为0.753 V,最大输出功率为4.94 m W·m-2。在运行中,微生物燃料电池对底泥进行了修复:在外接电阻为1 500Ω时,有机质去除效果最佳,去除率为7.834%;全磷在外阻100Ω达到29.98%的最高去除率;铵态氮在外阻100Ω处达到41.64%的最高去除率;在硝态氮最高去除率则在外接1000Ω时,为71.52%。这说明了外阻能够影响电池对底泥的修复效果。     

超声预处理对剩余污泥微生物燃料电池性能的影响

为了实现剩余污泥资源化,本实验采用了超声波破壁的预处理方式,构建了以剩余污泥破壁处理混合液为阳极液和以KMn O4溶液为阴极液的序批式双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cells,MFC).将MFC的输出功率密度和COD去除速率作为电池性能的考察指标,研究了超声预处理和投加污泥量对MFC性能的影响.结果表明,随着对投加污泥预处理比(超声预处理污泥量占投加污泥量的比例)和投加污泥浓度的上升,MFC的输出功率密度和COD去除速率也随之上升,在100%污泥预处理比下输出功率密度峰值为296 m W·m-2(Rext=1000Ω);平均COD去除速率为90 mg·L-1·d-1.在投加污泥浓度为8000 mg·L-1时,输出功率密度峰值为476 m W·m-2(Rext=1000Ω);平均COD去除速率为100 mg·L-1·d-1.由实验结果分析,采用超声波破壁预处理高浓度的剩余污泥作为燃料搭建MFC,可提高微生物燃料电池的产电性能和COD去除速率.     

Fe-Cu铁内电解处理甲基橙的谱学表征

应用紫外-可见光谱(UV-VIS)、质谱(MS)和电子顺磁共振(EPR)对甲基橙印染废水在Fe-Cu铁内电解中的变化进行跟踪表征.研究结果表明,pH=3时,甲基橙在Fe-Cu(质量比1∶1)和Fe-Cu-Mn(质量比1∶1∶0.05)铁内电解体系中随着反应时间的增加在400—600nm区域UV-VIS吸收峰面积逐渐减少;Fe-Cu-Mn(质量比1∶1∶0.05)吸收峰迅速蓝移至350—550nm区域,且吸收峰面积也逐渐减少.MS正负离子模式测得甲基橙准分子离子峰强度逐渐减小,但相应还检测到由于甲基橙分子断裂引起的逐渐变多的诸如芳香类和苯环裂解后共轭二烯物质的碎片信息.EPR检测到Fe3+、Fe2+的信号略有增加,在Fe-Cu-Mn(质量比1∶1∶0.05)中Mn2+的6条超精细结构谱峰由弱转强.这些研究表明,在Fe-Cu铁内电解中甲基橙降解的原因之一是氧化还原反应破坏发色基团,即偶氮双键的消失,引起甲基橙溶液脱色;另一原因是在微电场中,甲基橙分子断裂为更小质荷比的分子离子碎片而引起甲基橙脱色降解,这些研究结果为探索甲基橙溶液在铁内电解中脱色、降解机理提供有力的理论依据.     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.