低剂量微囊藻毒素MC-LR诱导罗氏沼虾肝胰腺损伤及凋亡

微囊藻毒素(microcystins, MCs)是由水华蓝藻释放出来的一种有生物活性的环庚肽化合物,具有较强的肝毒性,MC-LR是其分布最广的和毒性最强的一个亚型。罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)是我国比较重要的一个水产养殖品种,但由于养殖水体富营养化程度比较严重,常常爆发蓝藻水华,给其健康养殖带来较大的威胁,但是关于MCs对罗氏沼虾的毒性机制研究的报道较少。因此,使用环境相关浓度的MC-LR(0.5和5μg·L~(-1))处理罗氏沼虾1、2和3周,通过组织学观察、免疫组化定位、氧化应激指标测定以及荧光定量PCR技术探究养殖水体中常见浓度MCs对罗氏沼虾的毒害效应及潜在机制。研究结果表明,较高环境相关浓度(5μg·L~(-1))的MCs会在罗氏沼虾肝胰腺中显著富集,诱导氧化应激,破坏肝胰腺的形态和结构,并且破坏作用随暴露时间延长而加剧,并发生细胞凋亡。而较低浓度的MCs(0.5μg·L~(-1))对肝胰腺的影响相对较小,但是依然会诱导罗氏沼虾肝胰腺氧化应激,并且在长时间作用下也会给肝胰腺组织带来损伤。上述研究结果证明,环境相关浓度的MCs对罗氏沼虾也有一定的毒害作用,并且毒害作用呈剂量与时间依赖效应。     

低温对日本沼虾耗氧率、排氨率和Na+/K+ ATPase比活力的影响

在低温和室温条件下，测定了两种规格日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponens)的耗氧率、排氨率和Na^ ／K^ ATPase比活力．结果表明，低温条件下日本沼虾的耗氧率和排氨率均低于室温，且与体重呈负相关；而Na^ ／K^ ATPase比活力高于室温，且与体重呈正相关．表4参21     

曲霉菌丝球HX对偶氮染料的吸附脱色

采用富积和驯化方法选育出的曲霉菌丝球HX对不同种类染料表现出高效吸附性能，可在12h内完全吸附200mg／L的直接染料、分散染料及活性黄X-R的颜色，并且研究了碳源质量浓度、氮源质量浓度、盐度、培养条件及优化条件组合对菌丝球HX吸附活性艳红X-3B的影响，结果表明：随碳源质量浓度的增加，吸附率相应增加，质量浓度为10．0g／L以上时，72h及以上的吸附率大于92．3％；氮源质量浓度高于0．75g／L时对吸附率影响不大；随盐度增加，染料吸附率有所下降．在温度为25～35℃、染料培养基pH为5．0～7．0、供氧充足的条件下吸附率较高．在所筛选的最佳吸附条件下，菌丝球HX对活性艳红X-3B表现出了更好的吸附效果．图6表3参9     

溴氰菊酯对鱼虾的毒性与安全评价研究

通过室内试验和野外试验研究了溴氰菊酯农药对龟类和虾类的毒性、回避性和实际危害性。结果表明，溴氰菊酯对鲤鱼的ＬＣ５０（２４ｈ）为１．０μｇ／Ｌ，对日本沼虾的ＬＣ５０（３ｈ）为０．４１μｇ／Ｌ。在稻田中按规定的剂量使用溴氰菊酯农药治虫，对稻田养鱼和邻近鱼塘无危害影响；对虾类有较大的危害性。但虾类对溴氰菊酯有十分明显的回避性，在自然水域中溴氰菊酯对虾类的实际危害程度比在实验条件下要轻些。     

2种杀虫剂对日本沼虾的急性毒性

研究了毒死蜱和硫丹对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)的毒性作用.根据预试验确定2种杀虫剂对日本沼虾的急性毒性试验浓度,测定沼虾24和48 h的半致死浓度p(LC50),在0～48 h的ρ(LC50)值范围内设定6个浓度梯度,对日本沼虾进行24 h胁迫试验以测定耗氧量和排氨量.毒死蜱和硫丹对日本沼虾的24和48 hρ(LC50)分别为5.03、2.01和8.47、4.02 μg·L-1,其安全质量浓度分别为0.096和0.272 μg·L-1,表明日本沼虾对毒死蜱的敏感性明显高于硫丹.随着2种杀虫剂浓度的逐渐升高,日本沼虾的耗氧量和排氨量均呈现下降趋势,表明日本沼虾采用相同的适应方式来抵御2种杀虫剂对其基础代谢的胁迫,表现为被动的忍耐.     

伊乐藻在冬季低温条件下对污染水体的净化效果

研究了耐寒沉水植物伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)在冬季低温条件下的生长状况，以及不同生物量的伊乐藻对污染水体的净化效果。在冬季水温3—7℃的低温条件下，大多数水生植物处于生长停滞期，然而实验结果表明，伊乐藻在此条件下却具有明显的生长能力，并且单位生物量的增长量最大可达0．34g；实验结果同样显示了伊乐藻在低温条件下对TN、TP和CODCr具有一定的净化效果，对TP的去除效果要比对TN和CODCr的去除效果好；从实验结果还可看出，伊乐藻在水温高于4℃时对藻类具有抑制作用，从这一点就可说明伊乐藻具有一定的克藻效应，且其抑制能力与水温有很大的关系。     

溴氰菊酯对鱼虾的毒性与安全评价研究

通过室内试验和野外试验研究了溴氰菊酯农药对鱼类和虾类的毒性，回避性和实际危害性。结果表明，溴氰菊酯对鲤鱼的ＬＣ５０（２４ｈ）为１．０μｇ／Ｌ，对日本沼虾的ＬＣ５０（３ｈ）为０．４１μｇ／Ｌ。在稻田中按规定的剂量使用溴氰菊酯农药治虫，对稻田养鱼和邻近鱼塘无危害影响，对虾类有较大的危害性。但虾类对溴氰菊酯有十分明显的回避性，在自然水域中溴氰菊酯对虾类的实际危害程度比在实验条件下要轻些。     

催化湿式氧化法处理对硝基酚钠废水的试验

以Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu复合型氧化物作为多相催化剂，采用催化湿式氧化法处理高浓度对硝基酚钠废水，考察了各种反应条件对废水处理效果的影响。结果表明：在温度220℃、压力2．5MPa、反应时间60min、催化剂加入量3g／L的条件下，COD去除率可达63．7％。经处理后的废水，BOD5／COD的比值由原来的0．016提高到0．33，从而为后续的生物降解创造了良好条件。     

罗氏沼虾养殖塘叶绿素a与水质因子的灰色关联分析

为研究罗氏沼虾养殖塘中影响叶绿素a的主要水质因子,于2011年6—10月对地处上海市金山区的某罗氏沼虾养殖场的3个养殖塘及水源的水温(T)、溶解氧(DO)、pH值、透明度、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)、总氨氮(TAN)、总氮(TN)、活性磷(PO4-P)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a和化学需氧量(CODMn)等因子进行监测,运用灰色关联分析方法分析了叶绿素a与水质因子的相互关系。结果发现,水质因子与叶绿素a的关联度由大到小依次为TN、TP、CODMn、DO、pH值、NO2-N、T、TAN、PO4-P和透明度,在罗氏沼虾养殖塘中影响叶绿素a的优势因子依次为TN、TP、CODMn、DO和pH值,通过进一步讨论分析发现,TN和TP是影响池塘叶绿素a最重要的水质因子。     

内河螺蛳（Margaryamelanioides）对水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类的富集

为探索内河底栖生物对水环境中PAEs的富集规律,采用气相色谱质谱法定量测定宁波城市内河回龙段水体、底泥、螺蛳肉与壳中DMP、DEP、DIPP、DPP、DBP、BBP、DEHP和DOP的浓度。结果表明研究河域底泥、水样、螺蛳（Margaryamelanioides）肉和螺壳样品主要存在DMP、DBP、DEHP3种PAEs,DMP的平均浓度分别为3．435μg／g、0．023μg／g、1．239μg／g和0．712μg／g,DBP为2．613μg／g、0．484μg／g、6．984μg／g和0．282μg／g;DEHP为13．891μg/g、0．030μg／g、4．938μg／g和0．156μg／g,∑PAEs表现为底泥〉螺蛳肉〉螺壳〉水样。螺蛳肉及螺蛳壳对酯类富集能力分别表现为DEHP〉DBP〉DMP,DMP〉DEHP〉DBP,且螺蛳肉的富集能力明显强于螺蛳壳。螺蛳肉与水样DMP浓度呈显著的正相关,DBP和DEHP不相关;螺蛳壳中3种PAEs均与采样位点水样的PAEs呈显著的相关性;螺蛳肉、螺蛳壳与底泥的PAEs浓度均呈显著的相关性;各位点的螺蛳肉与螺蛳壳富集的3种PAEs浓度均呈显著的正相关。     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Estimation of the surface stress from the streamwise pressure gradient: The Kármán Integral Momentum Equation revisited

A method is developed to estimate the stress at the surface in a portable wind tunnel for wind erosion studies. The boundary layer height and the pressure gradient are used in a simple expression from the Kármán Integral Momentum Equation. Values of friction velocity u _* are within 10% of experimental values obtained through correlation techniques, including measurements of differential pressures with the Murdoch Turbulence Probe MTP and the X-wire, hot-wire anemometer XWA. Wind velocity and stress profiles reveal logarithmic trends and a constant stress layer near the surface in the DAWA portable wind tunnel. Realignment of the statistics with the mean wind is essential.     

Using decision science to evaluate global biodiversity indices

Global biodiversity indices are used to measure environmental change and progress toward conservation goals, yet few indices have been evaluated comprehensively for their capacity to detect trends of interest, such as declines in threatened species or ecosystem function. Using a structured approach based on decision science, we qualitatively evaluated 9 indices commonly used to track biodiversity at global and regional scales against 5 criteria relating to objectives, design, behavior, incorporation of uncertainty, and constraints (e.g., costs and data availability). Evaluation was based on reference literature for indices available at the time of assessment. We identified 4 key gaps in indices assessed: pathways to achieving goals (means objectives) were not always clear or relevant to desired outcomes (fundamental objectives); index testing and understanding of expected behavior was often lacking; uncertainty was seldom acknowledged or accounted for; and costs of implementation were seldom considered. These gaps may render indices inadequate in certain decision-making contexts and are problematic for indices linked with biodiversity targets and sustainability goals. Ensuring that index objectives are clear and their design is underpinned by a model of relevant processes are crucial in addressing the gaps identified by our assessment. Uptake and productive use of indices will be improved if index performance is tested rigorously and assumptions and uncertainties are clearly communicated to end users. This will increase index accuracy and value in tracking biodiversity change and supporting national and global policy decisions, such as the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.     

Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.     

Estimating freshwater turtle mortality rates and population declines following hook ingestion

Freshwater turtle populations are susceptible to declines following small increases in the mortality of adults, making it essential to identify and understand potential threats. Freshwater turtles ingest fish hooks associated with recreational angling, and this is likely a problem because hook ingestion is a source of additive mortality for sea turtles. We used a Bayesian‐modeling framework, observed rates of hook ingestion by freshwater turtles, and mortality of sea turtles from hook ingestion to examine the probability that a freshwater turtle in a given population ingests a hook and subsequently dies from it. We used the results of these analyses and previously published life‐history data to simulate the effects of hook ingestion on population growth for 3 species of freshwater turtle. In our simulation, the probability that an individual turtle ingests a hook and dies as a result was 1.2–11%. Our simulation results suggest that this rate of mortality from hook ingestion is sufficient to cause population declines. We believe we have identified fish‐hook ingestion as a serious yet generally overlooked threat to the viability of freshwater turtle populations.     

Content analysis of newspaper coverage of the Florida panther

Populations of large carnivores are declining globally, and analysis of public discourse about carnivores is useful for understanding public opinion and influences on management and policy. Portrayal of carnivores in the media affects public perceptions and support for their conservation. We conducted a content analysis of 513 articles about Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) published from 2003 to 2006 in newspapers with local circulation in core panther habitat in southwest Florida and papers with statewide circulation to compare the differences in the amount of coverage and portrayals of panther risks to people and property on the basis of proximity of human communities to panthers. Local papers published significantly more news articles and significantly longer news articles primarily about panthers. Articles in local and statewide papers used both episodic frames, which focus on specific occurrences (e.g., a panther sighting or predation) and thematic frames, which focus on general trends (e.g., abundance of panthers over time). Local articles more often emphasized risks that panthers might harm people, pets, or livestock than statewide papers. Our results are consistent with theory that proximity to human-carnivore conflict influences perceptions and salience of risks posed by large carnivores. Most articles mentioned panthers as a secondary topic, which we believe was a result of the relevance an endangered carnivore has in discussions of public land management, development, and regulations in Florida. Claims made by sources quoted in each article had a neutral to positive depiction of panthers, and most quotations were from federal and state agency scientists. We suggest continued use by the media of agency sources provides the opportunity for clear, concordant messages about panther management. Content analysis provides a way to monitor media portrayal of carnivores for consistency with agency outreach goals.