树皮在大气有机氯农药监测中应用的研究进展

有机氯农药（Organochlorine pesticides, OCPs）曾在全世界被大量使用,即使禁用多年,仍能在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人体健康存在着潜在的威胁。因此OCPs的环境迁移和归趋一直是该领域的研究热点。树皮是一种天然的被动采样器,能够很好的反映出大气有机物长期的污染程度。本文简要论述了树皮作为被动采样器在大气污染物监测研究中应用的优势,并对OCPs在树皮中的残留浓度、特征及影响其富集的因素进行了探讨,最后特别针对具有手性的OCPs在树皮中的对映体选择性特征进行了评述。     

植物--实时富集大气持久性有机污染物的被动采样平台

对植物富集大气持久性有机污染物(POPs)的机理及其在大气POPs污染监测中的应用,主要是地衣、苔藓、树叶、树皮作为大气POPs的被动采样器在大气POPs监测中的应用做了介绍,指出树木“时间隧道”作为实时记录大气历史污染状况的又一“新标本”将在大气污染“历史监测”中发挥重要作用．     

内蒙古林草交错带有机氯农药的多介质分布特征及风险评价

本研究采集了内蒙古林草交错带土壤、凋落物和树皮等环境样品，通过对样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)含量进行测定，分析其残留特征、可能来源及潜在的生态风险.研究结果表明,研究区内土壤中ΣOCPs浓度为7.07—435.80ng·g^-1dw，平均值为85.22 ng·g^-1dw；凋落物中ΣOCPs浓度为7.52—35.48 ng·g^-1dw，平均值为21.52 ng·g^-1dw；活树皮中ΣOCPs浓度为0.99—13.19 ng·g^-1dw，平均值为8.11 ng·g^-1dw；死树皮中ΣOCPs浓度为5.75—38.89 ng·g^-1dw，平均值为12.11 ng·g^-1dw.不同环境介质中的OCPs以异狄氏剂醛、硫丹硫酸酯、HCHs、DDTs为主.不同土地利用类型下，土壤中OCPs的含量差异较大，农业用地、森林土壤中含量较高，边缘草地土壤中较低.来源分析表明，HCHs的主要来源于林丹的输入，DDT主要来源于外界新污染物的...     

江阴市大气PM_(2.5)中有机氯农药的残留水平、空间分布及来源分析

于2013年秋季利用大流量采样器采集了江苏省江阴市大气PM_(2.5)样品,使用气相色谱质谱连用仪(GCMS)检测了19种有机氯农药(OCPs),对其残留水平、空间分布及来源进行分析。结果显示,江阴市大气PM_(2.5)中19种OCPs的总质量浓度平均值为2.84 ng·m-3,主要成分为HCHs、DDTs、工业氯丹以及甲氧氯,分别占OCPs总量的48.2%、19.7%、12.3%和12.5%。与国内外其他地区比较,江阴市大气中有机氯农药污染水平属中等偏上。OCPs空间分布趋势表现为环境监测中心OCPs污染水平最高,而申港公园污染水平最低。来源分析表明,江阴市大气PM_(2.5)中DDTs和氯丹均来源于历史残留;HCHs既来源于工业HCHs的历史残留,同时又存在大量林丹的输入。     

我国西部地区树皮中类二噁英多氯联苯的水平及来源

本研究通过分析采集自我国西部地区树皮样品中类二英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的含量及分布,研究了该区域环境中DL-PCBs的污染水平及来源,同时通过数学模型评估了该区域大气中DL-PCBs的水平.结果表明,我国西部地区树皮中DL-PCBs的浓度范围为nd—1.81 ng·g~(-1).PCB-118是含量最高的DL-PCBs同族体,约占总浓度的70%.主成分分析结果显示西部地区树皮中DL-PCBs主要来自于大气的远距离传输.同时,本研究利用POPs的树皮-大气分配模型对我国西部地区大气中的DL-PCBs进行了估算,大气中的DL-PCBs的水平范围为0—0.79 pg·m~(-3).与国内外的研究相比较,我国西部地区大气中DL-PCBs的浓度处于较低水平.     

大气中持久性有机污染物的采样技术进展

大气是全球持久性有机污染物(persistent organic polutants,POPs)监测的重要环境介质,大气中POPs的采样技术是准确表征大气中POPs赋存水平的关键所在。近年来大气中POPs的采样技术发展很快。本文介绍了大气中POPs的两类采样方法:主动采样法(active air sampling,AAS)和被动采样法(passive air sampling,PAS),总结了新型吸附材料和新型采样器研发的成果,讨论了不同类型的采样方法的特点,对比分析了不同采样方法获得的POPs监测数据,并提出今后应用不同POPs大气采样技术在监测数据可对比性研究方面值得关注的问题。     

珠江三角洲地区大气中有机氯农药的被动采样观测

利用PUF被动采样装置,对珠江三角洲地区大气中有机氯农药(OCPs)进行监测.结果显示,广东省大气中有机氯农药主要是滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCH)及氯丹(Chlordane),其中DDTs约占总OCPs的54.5%;香港大气中农药残留主要是氯丹和DDTs,氯丹约占总含量的51.3%.珠三角地区大气中有机氯农药空间分布差异明显(580-5500pg·m-3),香港平均浓度远远低于广东省.另外,广东省仍有工业DDT在使用,造成广东省大气中有"新"的工业DDT输入;而三氯杀螨醇是香港大气中DDT高含量的重要来源;广东省和香港HCH主要源于林丹使用的残留,香港的Eastern及Tsuen Wan源于工业六六六使用的残留;珠江三角洲所有采样点的HCB含量较低,大气中HCB少量残留可能是HCB作为药物中间体的化学合成及HCB在大气中长距离传输的结果.     

博物馆微环境中酸性气体被动采样方法的改进

环境空气质量的优劣是影响文物保存质量的重要因素,本文采用新型被动采样器建立了可靠准确的被动采样方法,重点研究了如何控制采样器前处理中的空白污染问题.     

云南省树皮样品中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的浓度分布及来源解析

2012年8月于云南省采集了16个树皮样品,分析了其中多环芳烃和有机氯农药(包括六六六和滴滴涕)的浓度水平和分布特征.树皮中∑_(16)PAH的浓度范围为317—1194 ng·g~(-1),平均值为639 ng·g~~(-1);研究区域树皮中∑_4HCH和∑_6DDT的浓度分别为为0.10—3.86 ng·g~(-1)干重(平均值为1.10 ng·g~(-1)干重)和0.78—7.29 ng·g~(-1)干重(平均值为3.32 ng·g~(-1)干重),PAHs浓度是藏东南林芝地区的2—3倍,而有机氯农药的浓度低于藏东南林芝地区.树皮中脂肪可影响研究区域持久性有机污染物(Persistent organic pollutants,POPs)的分布,但影响不显著.同时HCHs、DDTs和2环及3环PAHs的浓度随海拔的升高而增加,呈典型的高山冷捕获效应;4环、5环和6环PAHs的浓度随着海拔的升高而降低,这可能是云南本地污染源影响所致.较低质量的PAHs(2—3环)是研究区域PAHs的重要组成部分,平均占总浓度的77%以上,说明研究区域受到污染物大气远距离传输的重要影响.PAHs特征单体比值表明,草、木材等生物质和煤炭燃料等的低温燃烧是研究区域PAHs的主要来源,同时较低的α/γ-HCH和较高的o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT比率表明,林丹和三氯杀螨醇的使用对研究区域树皮中有机氯农药的污染有一定的贡献.根据反向气团轨迹模型及PAHs和OCPs的浓度分布,推断研究区域的OCPs主要受印度季风和西风环流的影响,而PAHs是大气远距离传输源和云南本地污染源共同作用的结果.     

黄河三角洲地区土壤中有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评价

在黄河三角洲不同区域采集了26个土壤样品,利用GC-MS内标法测定土壤中22种有机氯农药(OCPs)含量,并对其残留特征、污染来源和生态风险进行了分析和评价.研究结果表明,土壤中共检测到19种OCPs,总的OCPs浓度范围为0.01—10.49 ng·g~(-1),平均浓度为1.678 ng·g~(-1).OCPs平均浓度顺序如下:DDTsHCHs氯丹类硫丹类,DDTs类农药的检出率最高,DDTs和HCHs是土壤中OCPs主要的组成成分,研究区土壤中DDTs和HCHs的残留水平低于国内其他地区土壤中含量,也低于规定的土壤阈值和土壤环境质量标准,本研究区土壤未受OCPs的污染.β-HCH和p,p'-DDE分别是HCHs和DDTs的主要组成成分.研究区土壤中OCPs主要来源于历史残留,无新的污染源输入.土壤中TOC和p H值对OCPs的残留存在影响,并且呈现弱的负相关性,不同类型土壤OCPs残留量存在差异,OCPs在树林土壤中的残留含量高于海岸带和原耕地土壤中.风险评价表明研究区土壤中HCHs农药残留量不会对生物产生风险;DDTs类农药对研究区生物存在可能性较小的生态风险,危害性总体较低.     

Assessment of persistent organic pollutants in soil and sediments from an urbanized flood plain area

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phenolic compounds (PCs) are persistent organic compounds. Contamination of these potentially toxic organic pollutants in soils and sediments is most studied environmental compartments. In recent past, studies were carried out on PAHs, OCPs and PCs in various soils and sediments in India. But, this is the first study on these pollutants in soils and sediments from an urbanized river flood plain area in Delhi, India. During 2018, a total of fifty-four samples including twenty-seven each of soil and sediment were collected and analyzed for thirteen priority PAHs, four OCPs and six PCs. The detected concentration of ∑PAHs, ∑OCPs and ∑PCs in soils ranged between 473 and 1132, 13 and 41, and 639 and 2112 µg/kg, respectively, while their concentrations in sediments ranged between 1685 and 4010, 4.2 and 47, and 553 and 20,983 µg/kg, respectively. PAHs with 4-aromatic rings were the dominant compounds, accounting for 51 and 76% of total PAHs in soils and sediments, respectively. The contribution of seven carcinogen PAHs (7CPAHs) in soils and sediments accounted for 43% and 61%, respectively, to ∑PAHs. Among OCPs, p, p’-DDT was the dominant compound in soils, while α-HCH was found to be dominated in sediments. The concentrations of ∑CPs (chlorophenols) were dominated over ∑NPs (nitrophenols) in both the matrices. Various diagnostic tools were applied for the identification of their possible sources in soil and sediments. The observed concentrations of PAHs, OCPs and PCs were more or less comparable with the recently reports from various locations around the world including India. Soil quality guidelines and consensus-based sediment quality guidelines were applied for the assessment of ecotoxicological health effect.

     

大气污染指示植物的研究

自50年代以来.为寻找一种经济、实用和灵敏的方法来监测环境变化,开展了大量大气污染指示植物的研究.这些工作包括用植物叶片典型症状、树皮、草本植物、附生植物指示气体污染(O_3、PANs、NO_x、SO_2、HF、乙烯等)、粉尘以及重金属污染.进入80年代以后,有关研究集中到利用植物富集的污染物含量结合计算机等先进技术指示和监测大气环境变化及进行大气质量评价.本文对国内外开展的大气污染指示植物研究的历史及其主要方法作了简要介绍,并就利用植物指示和监测大气污染的若干问题进行了探讨.     

鱼体中有机微污染物的定量及筛查研究进展

化学品通过多种途径进入环境水体,可对水生生物及人体健康造成潜在风险。鱼类作为水环境污染物监测的指示生物,分析鱼体内有机微污染物的分布特征是评估水环境安全的重要方法。现有污染物种类繁多,且在生物体内存在降解转化的过程,基于靶向定量分析的监测方法难以系统、准确地评估鱼体中有机污染物的暴露特征。由于具有高分辨率、高质量精度、高通量和回顾性分析等特点,高分辨质谱技术逐渐被用于鱼体中有机污染物的筛查研究,为鱼体中高风险及未知污染物的定性、定量分析提供可能。本文综述了鱼体中有机污染物的定量分析现状,筛查分析方法以及其在鱼体中有机微污染物筛查研究中的应用。     

超临界流体萃取在研究土壤和沉积物结合态残留中的应用

许多有机污染物在土壤和沉积物中形成持久稳定的结合态残留；结合态残留对土壤和沉积物的解毒过程、污染物长期分配行为、生物可用性和生物毒性都具有重要影响。为了揭示结合态残留的形成机制及其对污染物环境行为和毒理学参数的影响，从土壤或沉积物中提取出不同结合状态的有机污染物就显得非常重要。超临界流体萃取(SFE)可以实现选择性萃取，从而得到有关污染物一基体间相互作用的信息。文章介绍了SFE应用类型、超临界流体种类以及影响SFE萃取率的因素，对SFE模拟有机污染物长期吸附／解吸行为和生物可用性研究进行了论述，并认为SFE势必发展成为土壤或沉积物中结合态残留形成机理研究、土壤修复和生态风险评价的一种强有力的技术。     

(Persistent) Organic pollutants in Germany: results from a pilot study within the 2015 moss survey

Background

Since 1990, every 5 years, moss sampling is conducted within the European moss monitoring programme to assess the atmospheric deposition of airborne pollutants. Besides many other countries, Germany takes regularly part at these evaluations. Within the European moss monitoring 2015, more than 400 moss samples across Germany were taken according to a harmonized methodology for the assessment heavy metal and nitrogen input. In a pilot programme, eight of these sites were chosen for additional investigations on a broad range of organic contaminants to evaluate their accumulation in moss and thereby their presence in atmospheric deposition in Germany. Target compound classes comprised polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and –furans (PCDD/F), dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB, ndl-PCB), polyfluorinated alkyl substances, classical flame retardants as well as emerging chlorinated and brominated flame retardants. In total, 120 target compounds were analysed. For some analytes, comparisons of accumulation in moss and tree leave samples were possible.

Results

Except for certain flame retardants, PFAS, and ndl-PCB, substances of all other compound classes could be quantified in moss samples of all sites. Concentrations were highest for PAH (40–268 ng g^?1) followed by emerging flame retardants (0.5–7.7 ng g^?1), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE; 0.3–3.7 ng g^?1), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD; 0.3–1.2 ng g^?1), dl-PCB (0.04–0.4 ng g^?1) and PCDD/F (0.008–0.06 ng g^?1).

Conclusions

Results show the widespread atmospheric distribution and deposition of organic contaminants across Germany as well as the suitability of moss as bioaccumulation monitor for most of these compound classes. Compared to nearby tree leaf samples, accumulation potential of moss appeared to be higher for pollutants of high octanol–air partition coefficient (K_OA) and octanol–water partition coefficient (K_OW).

     

Long-term monitoring of environmental change in German towns through the use of lichens as biological indicators: comparison between the surveys of 1970, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2010 in Wetzlar and Giessen

Background

In the years 1970, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2010, lichen mapping in the towns of Wetzlar and Giessen in Hesse was performed. The aim was to show the effects of immission load. Despite the application of modified test methods during the study period, the results can still be compared directly because they could be adapted to the requirements of the guidelines of the Association of German Engineers. Even the earlier study results could be interpreted partly within the scope of the guidelines. Parallel to the lichen mapping, comparative examinations of pH on tree bark were carried out.

Results

In both towns, the pH of the tree bark has been increasing continuously, presently almost reaching pre-industrial values. The increase was stronger in Wetzlar than in Giessen. In 1970, the lichen vegetation showed a complete depletion. Since then the number of species has risen significantly. This development happened faster and more intensely in Wetzlar. The comparison of the lichen vegetation between 1970 and 2010 also shows an increased existence of species that are favored by hypertrophic air contaminants. In the 2010 survey, some species considered as being promoted by global warming were found for the first time.

Conclusions

The increase of the bark pH can be explained by the decreasing acid pollution, primarily SO₂. This is also assumed to be the main cause for the increasing number of lichen species. An explanation for Wetzlar's advantage is that the acid pollutants had been neutralized by a local industrial emittent of lime dust. With the reduction of dust emissions in Wetzlar due to the installation of filters, the bark pH in both towns steadily converged in the reference period. An examination of pre-industrial lichen studies shows that in both towns the original state of lichen vegetation has not been restored yet.     

广东西江流域饮用水源中典型持久性有机污染物的含量与来源

从广东省西江流域三个饮用水源地采集三个样品,分别分析其中两类持久性有机污染物—有机氯农药和多环芳烃的含量以及来源,从这两类污染物对水环境污染的角度初步判断饮用水源的安全性。首先采用液液萃取的方法对样品进行前处理,然后分别用GC．ECD和GC—MS测定有机氯农药和多环芳烃的含量。实验发现有机氯农药质量浓度在水相中为1．99ng·L^-1～ 4．76ng·L^-1,在颗粒相中为0．36ng·L^-1～0．68ng·L^-1;多环芳烃质量浓度在水相中为73．40ng·L^-1～865．89ng·L^-1,在颗粒相中为16．76ng·L^-1～19．31ng·L^-1。结果表明,六六六和滴滴涕质量浓度低于国标《生活饮用水水源水质标准》（CJ3020．93）的规定,同时苯并[a]芘也低于世界卫生组织《饮用水水质标准》的规定,而其它物质标准中均无规定。由此说明,就有机氯农药和多环芳烃这两类污染物在水中的含量来说,广东西江领域饮用水源是相对安全的。但是由于这两类污染物都具有很强的生物富集性,因此它们在水环境中的存在和作用也是不容忽视的。