菌剂强化潜流湿地总氮总磷去除及功能菌特性

从活性污泥中筛选的1株具有高效反硝化能力的聚磷菌B8应用于水平潜流人工湿地中进行强化去除总氮和总磷试验,同时分析并对比了菌剂强化潜流湿地系统和未投菌潜流湿地系统的功能菌数量变化规律.采用常绿植物构建2套相同的水平潜流湿地尾水处理模拟生态系统.结果表明,连续投加14 d B8菌液于水平潜流湿地后,在停止投菌后运行89 d内,投菌湿地系统平均脱氮率为70.1%,未投菌湿地系统平均脱氮率为50.2%;在停止投菌后运行19 d内,投菌湿地系统平均除磷率为63.1%,未投菌湿地系统平均除磷率为45.9%.经过4个月的跟踪运行,基于高通量454测序对湿地微生物群落结构及相关生物学信息对比分析,表明投加外菌源B8会引起潜流湿地内部微生物物种数量减少、微生物均匀度下降和湿地基质微生物群落多样性下降.通过湿地进水总氮浓度对投菌湿地系统和未投菌湿地系统脱氮率影响线性拟合分析表明,投菌湿地在不同氮负荷条件下脱氮效果显著优于未投菌湿地,证实投加B8菌可以有效强化水平潜流湿地的脱氮能力.     

生物强化技术及其在污水处理中应用研究评述

在传统废水生物处理过程中,难降解有机污染物的存在和外界环境的变化会抑制土著微生物的活性,从而影响废水处理效果。生物强化技术是向生物处理系统中引入特定的高效降解功能微生物,通过微生物自身所具备的降解机制对污染物质进行降解,达到有效处理废水的目的。相较于传统生物处理法,生物强化技术能更好地提高难降解污染物处理效果,维持系统的稳定性,减少污泥的产生,缩短系统的启动时间,并可以使系统表现出良好的抗冲击负荷能力。目前生物强化技术研究主要集中在高效菌群对难降解有机污染物的高效降解作用和优势菌种对于极端环境的耐受能力等方面。文章综述了生物强化技术的作用机理,主要有高效菌通过自身携带的降解基因或分泌的降解酶对污染物质的直接降解作用、微生物的共代谢作用和群体感应作用;介绍了生物强化技术中优势菌种的3种获取方式,分别是从自然界中直接进行驯化筛选、构造基因工程菌以及通过水平基因转移获取的方式;论述了生物强化技术的作用形式,包括直接将微生物投加到目标水体中、应用微生物固定化技术和研制生物强化菌剂进行投加的3种方式;另外还总结了近几年来生物强化技术在景观水体、土壤修复、产能和水处理等方面的应用,最后阐述了生物强化技术研究存在问题和新路径。     

菌剂强化曝气生物滤池预处理微囊藻毒素试验

本研究针对河湖饮用水源地因藻类爆发(水华)引起的微囊藻毒素(MC-LR)污染难以得到有效解决这一难题,采用菌剂强化曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理含藻微污染水源水.通过向BAF中投加本课题组从太湖底泥中筛选所得的藻毒素降解菌T1,考察了投加T1菌剂以及投加T1菌剂下水力负荷、水温等工艺参数对BAF降解MC-LR和叶绿素a的影响.结果表明,投加T1菌剂前后BAF对MC-LR的降解率分别为58.82%和79.45%;当水力负荷为0.07 m~3·(m~2·h)~(-1),平均水温为29.6℃时,出水MC-LR含量最低,仅为0.73μg·L~(-1),低于《生活饮用水水质卫生规范》(GB5749—2006)中对饮用水源中MC-LR浓度设定的1.0μg·L~(-1)基准限定值,T1菌剂对于MC-LR有较强的降解效果.投加T1菌剂前后BAF对叶绿素a的去除率分别为35.17%和40.59%,说明T1菌剂的强化"溶藻"效果一般.对BAF中的生物膜进行PCR扩增和高通量测序分析,显示其中微生物群落有14大门类43个种属,以变形菌门(Betaproteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)占主要优势(约50%).投加T1菌剂的BAF生物膜,其所属的芽孢杆菌高达1.97%,未投加菌剂的BAF生物膜所属的芽孢杆菌仅0.16%,表明投加的T1菌剂在BAF生物膜微生物中形成了优势菌群.本研究对于生物法处理含藻微污染水源水具有一定的理论意义和实用价值.     

硝酸盐生物氧化沼气硫化氢及微生物群落结构

沼气中的硫化氢(H2S)是一种具有腐蚀性的有毒气体,因此在使用前必须对沼气进行人工脱硫处理.以硝酸盐作为电子受体,设置两个反应器研究在不同沼气进气速率下微生物对H2S去除能力的影响,并分析厌氧污泥的菌群结构和关键微生物种群类型.结果表明在接种污泥的反应器A中,在低进气H2S负荷下,即沼气流速为0.5 L/min时,H2S的去除率在96%以上;在高进气H2S负荷下,即沼气流速为2 L/min、3 L/min和4 L/min时,H2S去除率在20%-35%之间.即随着沼气流速加快,气体停留时间缩短,H2S去除率逐渐下降.未接种污泥的反应器B前6 d H2S去除率逐渐升高,6 d后去除率逐渐下降.厌氧污泥中的微生物生化作用对H2S的去除率有显著影响.微生物群落结构分析结果表明,在反应器运行过程中污泥的微生物种类变化较小.厌氧污泥中微生物群落的优势门是变形菌门(Proteobacteria),优势属是硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus).Sulfurimonas在微生物群落中的相对丰度变化与H2S去除率的变化呈显著正相关.故Sulfurimonas可能是本反应系统中的主要脱氮脱硫菌.     

以黏土为载体的好氧颗粒污泥培养及其对番茄废水的处理

针对新疆番茄酱加工废水排放量大、有机物浓度高等问题,采用好氧颗粒污泥技术处理.为了解黏土对于污泥好氧颗粒化进程的影响,在SBR反应器中接种絮体污泥并投加黏土,以人工合成番茄酱加工废水为基质培养好氧颗粒污泥,并采用扫描电镜、激光共聚焦(CLSM)、死活细菌染色以及高通量测序等技术表征活性污泥的颗粒化过程.结果显示,在反应器中投加黏土运行20 d时获得平均粒径0.54 mm左右的好氧颗粒污泥.颗粒污泥成熟后,污泥沉降性能较好,COD、NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P的平均去除率分别达到90%、85%、40%以上.扫描电镜下,颗粒污泥轮廓清晰,结构密实. CLSM显示,α-多糖、β-多糖和蛋白质作为胞外聚合物(EPS)的组成部分在颗粒中分布广泛,贯穿整个颗粒截面.添加黏土培养的颗粒污泥死活细菌染色显示其死细菌数量积累程度更高,活细菌多位于外层并包裹着死细菌.高通量测序结果显示,黏土投加后微生物多样性提高,Shannon指数由4.50增至4.79,动胶菌属和产黄菌属的相对丰度分别为37.87%和8.79%.本研究表明投加黏土可促进好氧颗粒污泥形成,维持体系稳定运行及有机物降解效果主要源于微生物群落的共同作用.     

纺锤形芽孢杆菌L13对蓝莓生长及根际土壤生物学特性的影响

以八年生蓝莓品种"蓝丰"为供试植株,通过田间试验研究添加纺锤形芽孢杆菌L13在单一菌剂和复合微生物肥料中对植株生长及根际土壤的影响.试验设4个处理,其中单一菌剂即L13(P),以不施肥处理作为对照(CK);以灭菌后的腐熟鸡粪作为吸附载体接种酵母菌DY3和乳酸菌DY4作为普通生物肥(OF),在此基础上进一步接种L13作为复合微生物肥料(PF),以OF作为对照,分别研究单一菌剂和复合微生物肥料对蓝莓叶片酶活、果实品质、植株养分、根际土壤酶活和理化性质以及细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明:含L13的两种肥料都显著降低了果实中可滴定酸含量,提高了植株全氮、全钾含量以及土壤碱解氮、全氮、有机质含量,促进了蓝莓生长;L13在单一菌剂中的作用更为明显,和对照相比,叶片中丙二醛含量降低61.9%,果实中花青苷含量提高21.68%,可滴定酸含量降低13.61%,植株全氮、全磷、全钾分别提高4.12%、10.27%、8.63%,土壤蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶活性分别提高107.59%、21.36%,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、全氮、有机质含量分别提高了49.66%、31.28%、21.95%、63.83%、84.54%,土壤p H降低,并且两个处理间各指标都达到了显著性差异.运用Illumina Miseq高通量测序分析根际土壤细菌群落结构发现,L13作为单一菌剂显著降低了土壤细菌菌群丰度和多样性,而在复合微生物肥料中菌群丰度和多样性增加;单一菌剂和复合微生物肥料都增加了变形菌门和厚壁菌门的比例,单一菌剂还增加了放线菌门的比例,复合微生物肥料增加了拟杆菌门的比例;放线菌目、芽孢杆菌目等的比例也有所增加;L13在单一菌剂中对蓝莓根际细菌群落结构的影响最为明显,厚壁菌门的改变是造成结构差异的主要因素.综上,纺锤形芽孢杆菌L13在两种微生物肥料中都能发挥其促生作用,在单一菌剂中作用更显著,土壤细菌群落结构的改变同蓝莓生长、土壤肥力状况存在一定的相关性,这为PGPR与植物根际的相互作用研究以及微生物肥料的研制提供了理论基础.     

超声预处理对剩余污泥微生物燃料电池性能的影响

为了实现剩余污泥资源化,本实验采用了超声波破壁的预处理方式,构建了以剩余污泥破壁处理混合液为阳极液和以KMn O4溶液为阴极液的序批式双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cells,MFC).将MFC的输出功率密度和COD去除速率作为电池性能的考察指标,研究了超声预处理和投加污泥量对MFC性能的影响.结果表明,随着对投加污泥预处理比(超声预处理污泥量占投加污泥量的比例)和投加污泥浓度的上升,MFC的输出功率密度和COD去除速率也随之上升,在100%污泥预处理比下输出功率密度峰值为296 m W·m-2(Rext=1000Ω);平均COD去除速率为90 mg·L-1·d-1.在投加污泥浓度为8000 mg·L-1时,输出功率密度峰值为476 m W·m-2(Rext=1000Ω);平均COD去除速率为100 mg·L-1·d-1.由实验结果分析,采用超声波破壁预处理高浓度的剩余污泥作为燃料搭建MFC,可提高微生物燃料电池的产电性能和COD去除速率.     

2-溴乙烷磺酸盐对污泥厌氧发酵过程中乙酸累积及细菌种群的影响

研究了污泥厌氧发酵过程中产甲烷菌被特异性抑制剂——2-溴乙烷磺酸盐(BrCH2CH2SO3-,BES)抑制时乙酸的累积,并采用一种新的微生物分子生态学手段——末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)研究乙酸累积状态下的微生物种群结构.结果表明,BES可以促使厌氧发酵中乙酸的累积,在污泥厌氧发酵初始时一次投加BES条件下,乙酸累积的最大值为1.158gL-1,是阴性对照样最大值的4倍.BES在d4开始投加并每间隔4d补加条件下,乙酸累积最大值为0.851gL-1.微生物种群结构分析表明,对于发酵初始投加BES的样品,乙酸累积主要来源于β-Pro-teobacteria和Sphingobacteria的作用.对于每4d投加BES的样品,Sphingobacteria在中间过程的d8占有较高比例,Bacilli和β-Proteobacteria在整个过程均占优势.图2表2参14     

异养硝化微生物菌剂及其好氧颗粒污泥的脱氮试验

在3个相同的反应器(No.1、No.2、No.3)中,向活性污泥中投加异养硝化微生物菌剂,以批次试验和SBR试验的方式,研究了异养硝化微牛物菌剂对模拟废水的处理效果.结果表明,该菌剂可以大幅度提高活性污泥对氨氮和COD的去除率.批次运行试验中,反应器No.1运行3 d,氨氮去除率大于98.11%,COD去除率大于99%.该投加菌剂的活性污泥每克干污泥的脱氮能力为15.77 mg d-1.以SBR方式运行16 d的试验中,可能是由于功能菌株的流失导致3个反应器的脱氮效果有逐步降低的趋势.采用该异养硝化脱氮微生物菌剂培育出的异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥对模拟废水进行了脱氮试验.在较低运行温度(11～13℃)下以SBR方式运行10 d,反应器处理效果稳定,氨氮去除率70.75%～76.42%,COD去除率在90%以上.该异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥每克干颗粒的脱氮能力为372.00 mg d-1.以上试验都没有发现硝酸氮和亚硝酸氮的积累.图5表1参19     

聚糖菌颗粒污泥的反硝化特性与微生物群落分布

为了解聚糖菌在污泥颗粒化中的脱氮能力及其微生物生态特性,采用反应器工艺、批式试验、显微技术和荧光原位杂交技术来评估其反硝化能力,揭示其微生物群落的微观结构,探索聚糖菌和聚磷菌在不同粒径污泥中的分布特征.结果表明,污泥对有机物的吸收率稳定在90%以上.颗粒污泥的沉降指数(SVI10)稳定在30-50 mL g-1,远低于接种污泥的108.2 mL g-1.聚醣菌颗粒污泥对硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的反硝化去除率分别达到了65%和70%,氮气为主要气态产物.聚糖菌颗粒污泥被大量的四联球菌结构所充斥,丝状菌在其中起到了重要的构架和搭桥的作用.荧光原位杂交结果表明聚糖菌可生存于各尺寸颗粒化污泥内;而聚磷菌受到严重抑制只能较少地分布在颗粒污泥的外围空间.上述结果表明,在SBR反应器中采用厌氧搅拌—排水—好氧曝气的处理模式成功培育出具有聚糖特性的颗粒化微生物聚集体,培育成功的颗粒污泥对硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮均具有良好的反硝化特性.在整体颗粒污泥微生物群落中聚糖菌为优势种群.图8表1参19     

废水生物强化处理技术研究进展

生物强化技术具有高效去除目标污染物、加速系统启动、提高系统抗水力及有机负荷能力以及优化系统菌群结构和增强功能稳定性等功能,在废水生物处理实际应用中潜力巨大.总结了国内外废水生物强化处理技术研究进展,在功能微生物选育方面,通过传统选育手段与基因工程手段并举来实现;在功能菌应用与生物强化处理工艺方面,主要通过所投加的功能菌直接作用或是利用基因水平转移(HGT)来实现生物强化;在分子检测技术方面,随着分子生物学的发展,一些技术如变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、核糖体间隔基因分析方法(RISA)及荧光原位杂交(FISH)等在与微生物生态学研究中得到了广泛应用.分析认为,应用分子生物学等先进技术手段,探讨废水生物强化处理工程应用过程中的微生物生态学机制,并以此为指导研发高性能菌剂,将是本领域的研究重点与方向之一.     

重金属污染降低水稻土微生物商并改变PLFA群落结构——苏南某地污染稻田的案例研究

重金属污染可能影响土壤中微生物生物量与活性及群落结构.但这种影响随土地利用和土壤类型、污染物类型而异.采集了江苏南部某市金属冶炼产业区周边重金属污染的稻田和未明显污染稻田的表土样品,分析了重金属复合污染下土壤微生物生物量以及PLFA群落结构的变化.结果表明,重金属污染下稻田土壤的微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物商比未明显污染的土壤显著降低(约20%);PLFA分析显示,重金属污染下土壤微生物群落结构发生了明显的变化,细菌和真菌PLFA的变化幅度达到30%以上,革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌的脂肪酸比值升高,而真菌/细菌的比例降低了约70%.这种改变可能进一步影响到土壤中C、N等养分的生物地球化学循环,这有待深入的研究.     

醌类图谱分析在环境微生物生态测定中的应用

近年来，随着人们对各种非培养微生物测定法的重视，醌类图谱分析作为微生物群体指标已在各种环境中得到了应用．首先是样品的分析测定技术得到了提高，如用硅胶柱代替薄层色谱．醌类图谱分析的特点是能够同时对应微生物生态评价的3个重要指标，即微生物群体结构、生物量及微生物多样性．在结合统计分析的基础上，在土壤、污泥及堆肥等不同环境样品及不同微生物反应过程中，已通过醌类图谱分析对这3个指标在微生物生态系中的变动进行了成功的评价．另外，对C-14同位素标记醌类图谱分析法及醌类图谱分析法在污染物降解中的应用等最新进展也进行了简介．图4表3参43     

Ecological consequences of carbon substrate identity and diversity in a laboratory study

Plants return a wide range of carbon (C) substrates to the soil system. The decomposition rate of these substrates is determined by their chemical nature, yet few studies have examined the relative ecological role of specific substrates (i.e., substrate identity) or mixtures of substrates. Carbon substrate identity and diversity may alter soil chemistry and soil community composition, resulting in changes in belowground ecosystem functions such as decomposition and nutrient transfer, creating feedbacks that may affect plant growth and the aboveground community. A laboratory experiment was set up in which eight C substrates of varying chemical complexity were added to a base soil singly, in pairs, fours, or with all eight together every four days over a 92-day period. After 92 days these soils were analyzed for changes in chemistry, microbial community structure, and components of ecosystem functioning. The identity of the added C substrates significantly affected soil chemistry, microbial basal and substrate-induced respiration, and soil microbial community structure measured by either the catabolic response profile (CRP) technique or phospholipid fatty acid composition. These belowground changes strongly affected the ability of the soil microflora to decompose cellulose paper, probably because of differential effects of the C substrates on soil energy supplies and enzyme activities. The addition of C substrates to soils also reduced plant growth compared to the unamended control soil, but less so in soils amended with a tannin than those amended with other substrates. Carbon substrate diversity effects saturated at low diversity levels, tended to have neutral or negative effects on ecosystem functions, and depended strongly on which C substrates were added. It increased CRP compound use but had little effect on other measures of the soil microbial community. Overall, results showed that the chemical nature of C substrates added to soil, and sometimes their diversity, can affect the soil microbial community and soil chemistry, which subsequently affect other ecosystem processes such as decomposition and plant growth. The identity and diversity of substrates that plants add to soil may therefore have important consequences for both above- and belowground ecosystem functions.     

Changes in microbial community characteristics and soil organic matter with nitrogen additions in two tropical forests

Microbial communities and their associated enzyme activities affect the amount and chemical quality of carbon (C) in soils. Increasing nitrogen (N) deposition, particularly in N-rich tropical forests, is likely to change the composition and behavior of microbial communities and feed back on ecosystem structure and function. This study presents a novel assessment of mechanistic links between microbial responses to N deposition and shifts in soil organic matter (SOM) quality and quantity. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and microbial enzyme assays in soils to assess microbial community responses to long-term N additions in two distinct tropical rain forests. We used soil density fractionation and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure related changes in SOM pool sizes and chemical quality. Microbial biomass increased in response to N fertilization in both tropical forests and corresponded to declines in pools of low-density SOM. The chemical quality of this soil C pool reflected ecosystem-specific changes in microbial community composition. In the lower-elevation forest, there was an increase in gram-negative bacteria PLFA biomass, and there were significant losses of labile C chemical groups (O-alkyls). In contrast, the upper-elevation tropical forest had an increase in fungal PLFAs with N additions and declines in C groups associated with increased soil C storage (alkyls). The dynamics of microbial enzymatic activities with N addition provided a functional link between changes in microbial community structure and SOM chemistry. Ecosystem-specific changes in microbial community composition are likely to have far-reaching effects on soil carbon storage and cycling. This study indicates that microbial communities in N-rich tropical forests can be sensitive to added N, but we can expect significant variability in how ecosystem structure and function respond to N deposition among tropical forest types.     

Do mucilage events influence pico- and nanoplankton size and structure in the Adriatic sea?

Temporal changes in abundance and biomass of picophytoplankton, heterotrophic pico-eukaryotes, and nanoplankton assemblages were investigated along a transect crossing the Adriatic Sea, from the Italian to the Croatian coast. This 15-months (June 1999-August 2000) investigation allowed comparing microbial parameters during summer 1999 (year without mucilage) and summer 2000 when a major mucilage event occurred. Pico- and nanoplankton assemblages displayed significant differences between the 2 summer periods. The main differences can be summarized as: (i) presence of cyanobacterial blooms (up to 10⁸ cells l^-1) in summer 2000, absent in summer 1999; (ii) an increasing fraction of heterotrophic pico-eukaryotes (up to 5.0 × 10⁶ cells l^-1) and heterotrophic nanoplankton (size 2-5 µm) during mucilage event; (iii) a reduced abundance of small-sized (2-3 µm) phototrophic nanoplankton in summer 2000. Changes in community structure were signals of changes in trophic condition of the system, which resulted in a competitive advantage for small sized pico- and nanoheterotrophs. Data presented here indicated that mucilage events are associated with changes in microbial community structure and functioning in ambient water and induced the amplification of 3-step microbial food chain. The potential use of the heterotrophic pico-eukaryotes for describing alterations of the trophic pathways during mucilage events is discussed.     

Enhanced atrazine removal using membrane bioreactor bioaugmented with genetically engineered microorganism

Bioaugmentation with genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for enhanced removal of recalcitrant pollutants was explored. An atrazine-degrading genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) with green fluorescent protein was inoculated into an MBR and the effects of such a bioaugmentation strategy on atrazine removal were investigated. The results show that atrazine removal was improved greatly in the bioaugmented MBR compared with a control system. After a start-up period of 6 days, average 94.7% of atrazine was removed in bioaugmented MBR when atrazine concentration of influent was 14.5 mg/L. The volumetric removal rates increased linearly followed by atrazine loading increase and the maximum was 65.5 mg/(L·d). No negative effects were found on COD removal although carbon oxidation activity of bioaugmented sludge was lower than that of common sludge. After inoculation, adsorption to sludge flocs was favorable for GEM survival. The GEM population size initially decreased shortly and then was kept constant at about 10⁴–10⁵ CFU/mL. Predation of micro-organisms played an important role in the decay of the GEM population. GEM leakage from MBR was less than 10² CFU/mL initially and was then undetectable. In contrast, in a conventionally activated sludge bioreactor (CAS), sludge bulking occurred possibly due to atrazine exposure, resulting in bioaugmentation failure and serious GEM leakage. So MBR was superior to CAS in atrazine bioaugmentation treatment using GEM.     

土壤微生物呼吸热适应性与微生物群落及多样性对全球气候变化响应研究

土壤微生物呼吸热适应性被认为是决定陆地生态系统对全球变暖反馈作用的潜在重要机制,可能显著改变未来的气候变化趋势,然而,土壤微生物群落结构变化如何引起土壤微生物呼吸热适应性的研究目前尚存争议.该文针对气候变化对土壤微生物呼吸的影响研究,梳理了当前对土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性是否存在的争议和不同观点与结论,综述了气候变化对土...     

生物炭与炭基肥对大豆根际土壤细菌和真菌群落的影响

土壤微生物在农田土壤生态系统中发挥重要作用,然而秸秆生物炭与炭基肥处理对微生物群落的影响以及对农田生态环境的意义尚不清楚。以黄淮海平原豆-麦轮作为研究对象,采用荧光定量PCR和Illumina高通量测序技术比较不同施肥方式对土壤细菌和真菌群落的丰度、组成和多样性差异,探究秸秆还田、生物炭以及炭基肥添加对根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响。试验处理包括单施化肥对照(CK)、秸秆全量还田配施化肥处理(CS)、炭基肥处理(BCF)、低量生物炭配施化肥处理(LB)以及高量生物炭配施化肥处理(HB)。结果表明:与对照CK相比,LB、BCF和HB处理显著提高了根际土壤有机碳和速效磷含量;LB、BCF和HB处理对土壤细菌丰度没有显著影响,HB处理显著降低了变形菌门的相对丰度。HB处理的真菌丰度显著高于CK,增加了86.3%,真菌群落Chao1和ACE指数较CK分别显著增加了5.9%和5.8%;与CK和CS相比,LB、HB和BCF处理明显改变了真菌群落结构。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤有机碳、总氮和速效钾是改变真菌群落结构的主要驱动因子。综上,研究表明大豆根际真菌群落对生物炭施加的敏感程度高于细菌,且土壤碳和氮含量是影响真菌和细菌群落结构的关键因子。该研究结果可为秸秆资源的合理利用提供理论参考。     

模拟升温和放牧对高寒草甸土壤微生物群落的影响

通过开顶式温室(Open top chambers,OTCs)升温以及刈割+施加牛粪处理,应用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)方法,研究了青藏高原东部高寒草甸土壤微生物群落结构对气候变暖和放牧的响应.结果表明,高寒草甸在生长季节,微生物群落以细菌为主.平均1.17℃的土壤升温使土壤微生物PLFAs总量增加34.58%,而春季割草结合牛粪施加使微生物PLFAs总量增加65.77%.模拟变暖和放牧均引起土壤微生物群落结构的显著变化.升温使细菌相对含量增加8.80%,而使真菌相对含量降低17.48%,细菌与真菌之比由7.3变为9.6.放牧使细菌相对含量增加8.40%,真菌相对含量降低14.04%,细菌与真菌之比由7.3变为9.2.OTCs升温+放牧处理比单独的升温或放牧处理对土壤微生物总量和细菌与真菌比值的影响更加明显.本研究表明,气候变暖和人类活动能够在短期内显著地改变青藏高原高寒草甸土壤微生物群落结构,进而可能影响这一地区的生态系统碳收支和养分循环.