城市垃圾处理与管理对策研究

对北京、天津、上海、重庆、广州等１７个城市垃圾的调查,结果表明,近１０年,上述城市垃圾总量的增长城市化关系密切,城市垃圾的组分受经济发展,生活水平、消费行为方式的影响,地域差异显著;城市垃圾处理技术欠完善,管理体制不合理,急需通过市场化动作国吧改善。     

城市生活垃圾处理利用生态工程技术

城市垃圾处置是城市环境管理中的一大难题。后工业化国家普遍采用的末端治理不适合我国国情。运用生态工程技术,将城市垃圾处理与利用相结合,寓处理于利用之中,寓环境保护于产业生产之中,发展垃圾处理利用生态产业是解决这一难题的可由之路。在广汉市的研究与探索表明：通过硬件、软件、心件的结合,政府引导,科技支持,企业经营,居民参与,使城市垃圾减量化,无害化,资源化,处理利用产业化,系统化,可以达到环境效益与经济     

城市生活垃圾处理利用生态工程技术

城市垃圾处置是城市环境管理中的一大难题。后工业化国家普遍采用的末端治理技术不适合我国国情。运用生态工程技术,将城市垃圾处理与利用相结合,寓处理于利用之中,寓环境保护于产业生产之中,发展垃圾处理利用生态产业是解决这一难题的可由之路。在广汉市的研究与探索表明：通过硬件、软件、心件的结合,政府引导、科技支持、企业经营、居民参与,使城市垃圾减量化、无害化、资源化,处理利用产业化、系统化,可以达到环境效益与经济效益、社会效益的统一。论述了城市垃圾处理利用生态工程的原理及具体措施与设计     

城市生活垃圾生命周期管理

生命周期评价是一种全面的环境管理工具,具有潜在的发展前景。０它通过对产品,产品系统,工艺活动整个生命周期的环境影响环境改善的机会进行评价。根据国际环境毒理与化学学会１９９３年和ＩＳＯ１４０００环境管理体系中关于生命周期评价的技术框架,本文应生命周期评价在城市生产垃圾管理系统中的作用及管理系统的清单分析,影响评价和改善评价进行研究。     

城市生活垃圾的综合处理技术与发展方向

随着社会经济的发展和城市化进程的不断加快，生活垃圾已成为我国城市环境卫生面临的紧迫问题。大量垃圾的产生，不但占用大量的土地，还会给周围环境带来一系列的问题。在综合分析评述卫生填埋，焚烧，堆肥3种主要处理技术及各自优缺点的基础上提出了我国应实行中转站分选后，多凶化综合处理系统的垃圾处理方式。     

当代城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与展望——兼论中国城市生活垃圾对策视点的调

以探究全球城市生活垃圾治理技术实践,展示人类面向21世纪解决城市生活垃圾问题的新视点,并对我国垃圾对策视点的调整及垃圾产业化提出建议。     

21世纪城市生活垃圾生态化处理展望

我国目前由于管理,经济,技术以及公众环境意识的薄弱,城市生活垃圾已成为污染环境的一大公富,大致使大量有用资源浪费,就生态城市建设中垃圾生态化处理的重要性和对策进行了探讨,以期推动我国城市生活垃圾生态化处理和生态城市建设工作的开展。     

城市生活垃圾的处理和防治污染对策

本文分析了发达国家和我国城市生活垃圾处理的现状，并以广州为例，提出了城市垃圾处置的一些问题，指出卫生填埋城市生活垃圾在我国有广阔的应用前景。     

浅谈邵阳市城镇生活垃圾处理现状及防治措施

该文总结了邵阳市城镇生活垃圾处理现状和存在的问题,并提出了处理途径和改善措施.参5.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧厂设计方案研究

本文章简要介绍了城市生活垃圾焚烧厂工艺参数、炉型结构、烟气处理、用地面积、设备配置、环境保护、工程投资和运行成本等内容的选择原则和设计方案。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液回流处理技术研究进展

垃圾渗滤液回流处理后，CODcr去除率最高达95％，在半好氧状态下NH3-N质量浓度降低至10mg/L几以下，渗滤液水质得到改善；渗滤液回流增加了湿度，使有机物的降解速率加快；渗滤液同流处产甲烷速率是不回流处产甲烷速率的2倍多：渗滤液回流处的总沉降幅度可达填埋场深度的20％，而不回流处仅为8％。回流处理技术分为直接回流至垃圾层、表面喷灌或浇灌至填埋场表面、地表下回流或内层回流技术。在填埋场处于产酸阶段早期，回流的渗滤液量宜少不宜多：在产气阶段则可逐渐增加。应将稳定化程度高的垃圾层区(产甲烷区)排出的渗滤液回流至新填人的垃圾层(产酸区)，将新垃圾层所产生的渗滤液回流至老的稳定化区。通过控制垃圾的组成、回流的时间、渗滤液的pH值等手段可改善回流处理效果。     

Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on solid waste generation and management strategies

• Implication of COVID-19 on medical waste and MSW generation is studied. • Challenges and effective strategy of solid waste generation is reviewed. • 2.9 million tons of COVID-19 related medical waste has been generated until Sep. 22. • The pandemic has postponed policies related to the reduction of plastic use. • Blockade resulted in a significant drop in waste generation in some regions. It has been over ten months since the beginning of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-2019), and its impact on solid waste management, especially medical waste, is becoming clearer. This study systematically reviews the potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste, personal protection equipment waste and municipal solid waste (MSW), and discusses the corresponding measures and policies of solid waste management in typical countries. The results show that the generation of medical waste from the pandemic increased significantly, with 18%‒425% growth. It is estimated that the daily output of COVID-19 medical waste increased from 200 t/d on Feb. 22 to over 29000 t/d at the end of September 2020 throughout the world. The use of personal protective equipment will continue to grow in the long-term, while the blockade and isolation measures greatly reduced the volume of commercial waste, especially for tourist cities, and part of this waste was transferred to household waste. Residents’ attitudes and behavior toward food waste have changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the pandemic, international organizations and several countries have issued new policies and guidelines and adjusted their management strategies for medical waste and MSW treatment. The pandemic has brought specific challenges to the disposal capacity of medical waste worldwide. It has also brought about the stagnation of policies related to the reduction of plastic products and waste recycling. This study will provide some useful information for managers and governmental officials on effective solid waste management during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.     

Assessment of key parameters in municipal solid waste management: a prerequisite for sustainability

Municipal solid waste management was studied for 1 year in a representative urban area of Lahore city for environmental sustainability. The effects of financial status of the household and the seasonal variations on generation rate and compositions of municipal solid waste (MSW) were determined. MSW generation rate and the economic status of the households were positively correlated (p < 0.05). Seasonal variations observed were significant only for organics (p = 0.001), plastics (p = 0.008) and food waste fractions (p = 0.009) in MSW. Response surface regression model developed and analysed by Minitab-15® showed that the interaction of season and different economic zones of the town on the MSW generation rate was non-significant (p = 0.334). Elemental and heating value analyses of the mixed organic fractions in kitchen waste had carbon 47.93%, hydrogen 6.20%, nitrogen 2.24%, sulphur 0.23%, oxygen 39.01%, and C and N ratio 27.78. Findings concluded that food waste was 56% of total MSW with 71.03% moisture content and a modest heating value of 5566 J/g. Existing temporary storage capacity of MSW is 51% of the total MSW generated considering the weighted MSW generation rate of 0.57 kg/person/day calculated in this study. Composting could be a possible final disposal option due to high moisture and organic content and can be studied in future research. Development of a transfer station, introduction of home composting programmes and awareness towards proper segregation and reduction of waste at the household level is suggested to attain sustainability in the MSW management system.     

城市有机生活垃圾溶胞处理对其厌氧消化的影响机理

由于城市有机生活垃圾成分的复杂性和厌氧消化的限速步骤的影响,导致厌氧发酵的速度比较缓慢、产气量较少和工艺不稳定等问题。文章综述了国内外有机生活垃圾的各种溶胞处理技术,如物理法、化学法、生物法及其联合处理等方法,以便改善发酵物料的性质,消除厌氧发酵的限速步骤。研究认为,通过溶胞处理能够改善有机垃圾的物理化学性质如发酵物料的溶解度、酸碱度等,提高微生物对难降解有机物的分解,增加可溶性COD和挥发性酸的浓度,优化发酵细菌的代谢途径以及产物的组成等,从而增加生物气产量,缩短水力停留时间,强化厌氧发酵过程,减轻了后续处理的负担。     

Municipal solid waste management in Dalian: practices and challenges

The fast growing of urban areas in developing countries has brought serious problems on municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It will be rational to adopt an integrated approach to deal with such a challenge so that the overall eco-efficiency of MSW management could be improved. To better examine how attributes of integrated MSW management are being interpreted and put into practice, and to explore what changes should be made to improve the application of integrated MSW management, we employ a case study method so that lessons learned could be used to inform initiatives in other cities and the potential solution may offer feasible strategies. The case study city is Dalian, a typical seaport city with fast growing rate in economy. The outcomes of this case study show us that fragmented management structure, ineffective and inefficient enforcement of relevant regulations, backward technologies, limited financial resources and lack of public participation are main barriers for the implementation of integrated MSW management. Consequently, in order to overcome these barriers, we propose an integrated management framework on MSW management, aiming to maximize the overall eco-efficiency of MSW management.     

Industrial solid waste flow analysis of eco-industrial parks: implications for sustainable waste management in China

Sustainable waste management in the industrial ecology perspective brings enormous challenges to the existing methodology of waste analysis at the industrial park (IP) scale. In this study, a four-step method was proposed for industrial solid waste (ISW) flow analysis of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) and applied to two IPs in eastern China. According to a park-wide census of 619 industrial enterprises and 105 questionnaires by a survey from 2006 to 2008, the results indicated that: 1) at the enterprise scale, more than 60% of enterprises were small-ISW-generation enterprises which encountered great difficulties on effective waste management; 2) at the IP scale, though the two IPs have set up their own environmental management systems and passed the ISO 14001 certification, the efficiencies of the ISW management systems have yet to be improved in the industrial ecology perspective; and 3) at the regional scale, more than 97% of ISW flowed within the provincial region, indicating that the provincial governments prevented the wastes from flowing into their own “back yard”. Effective waste management should be placed in a broader perspective. Approaches to sustainable waste management may include wastes exchange, efficient waste and information flow, virtual EIP, waste minimization clubs and regionalization of waste management.     

城市有机生活垃圾厌氧发酵处理研究

在适当的PH值和搅拌条件下，研究了反应温度、总固体含量、pH值、碳氮比、碳磷比以及接种物量对有机牛活垃圾厌氧发酵产沼气的影响。实验结果表明：有机生活垃圾厌氧消化产沼气的适宜条件是：反应温度50～55℃，总固体含量23％～28％，pH=6．8～7．4，w(C)／w（N)=(20～30)，w(C)／w(P)=50，60％～75％的生物气，可实现能量回收；发酵剩余物可制有机肥，时间为15～20d。接种物量为25％～30％。在厌氧的条件下，可以制取含甲烷实现物质再利用。有机生活垃圾在厌氧消化反应器的停留时间为15～20d。     

Development of machine learning multi-city model for municipal solid waste generation prediction

● A database of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in China was established. ● An accurate MSW generation prediction model (WGMod) was constructed. ● Key factors affecting MSW generation were identified. ● MSW trends generation in Beijing and Shenzhen in the near future are projected. Integrated management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a major environmental challenge encountered by many countries. To support waste treatment/management and national macroeconomic policy development, it is essential to develop a prediction model. With this motivation, a database of MSW generation and feature variables covering 130 cities across China is constructed. Based on the database, advanced machine learning (gradient boost regression tree) algorithm is adopted to build the waste generation prediction model, i.e., WGMod. In the model development process, the main influencing factors on MSW generation are identified by weight analysis. The selected key influencing factors are annual precipitation, population density and annual mean temperature with the weights of 13%, 11% and 10%, respectively. The WGMod shows good performance with R² = 0.939. Model prediction on MSW generation in Beijing and Shenzhen indicates that waste generation in Beijing would increase gradually in the next 3–5 years, while that in Shenzhen would grow rapidly in the next 3 years. The difference between the two is predominately driven by the different trends of population growth.     

城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置的政策分析

简要介绍了城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术，提出污泥产业发展政策的建议，指出土地利用是符合我国国情的污泥处置的方向之一：污泥处理技术主要有减量化、浓缩、脱水、消化、堆肥等；污泥处置技术主要有焚烧、填埋、土地利用、建材利用等。污泥处理处置应按照减量化、稳定化、无害化原则，鼓励污泥资源化综合利用。合理确定污水处理厂污泥处理处置设施的布局和设计规模；鼓励对污泥处理处置给与税、费优惠政策，明确将污泥处理处置的运营费用列入污水排污收费范围，建立科学的价格补偿机制；政府在污泥产业发展中起着较为重要的作用，主要体现为服务与监督，包括承诺、保障和协调三个方面。     

Leaching toxicity characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash

The continuously increasing production of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) has promoted its utilization as construction material and raised environmental concern. The physico-chemical properties and leaching behavior of MSWIBA were studied, and ecotoxicological testing using a luminescent bacterium bioassay was performed to assess the ecological pollution risks associated with its leached constituents. The MSWIBA was leached by two types of leachants, H₂SO₄/HNO₃ and HAc solution, at different liquid to solid ratios and contact times. The concentrations of heavy metals and anions in the leachates were analyzed. Multivariate statistical analyses, including principle component analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, were used to evaluate the contributions of the constituents to the toxicity (EC₅₀) of the MSWIBA leachate. The statistical analyses of the ecotoxicological results showed that the Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, F⁻ and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were closely correlated with the EC₅₀ value, and these substances were the main contributors to the ecotoxicity of the MSWIBA leachate. In addition, the cluster of these variables indicated similar leaching behaviors. Overall, the research demonstrated that the ecotoxicological risks resulting from MSWIBA leaching could be assessed before its utilization, which provides crucial information for the adaptation of MSWIBA as alternative materials.