1980—2015年青藏高原植被变化研究

青藏高原地形复杂,气候类型独特,是北半球气候变化的调节器。全球气候变化直接影响植被变化,探讨植被变化对了解青藏高原的环境状况及环境保护与恢复具有重要意义。选取青藏高原作为研究区域,基于1980年和2015年的1 km土地利用数据利用转移矩阵研究植被的转换变化,利用1981—2015年的GIMMS-NDVI数据借助趋势分析法分析土地利用未变化区域的植被覆被变化,并通过相关分析法研究植被变化与气候因子的关系。研究表明:1980—2015年,青藏高原植被的转换变化表现为转入面积大于转出面积,植被面积整体增加。植被类型变化的主要表现形式为农作物和草地面积增加,乔木林地和灌木林面积减少;草地的面积变化最大,农作物、乔木林地和灌木林面积变化很小。从不同植被类型和生态分区来看,植被覆被变化表现为农作物面积较小,分布于半干旱地区,NDVI呈上升趋势;乔木林地位于东南部湿润半湿润地区,生长状况呈现退化趋势;灌木林位于东部边缘和东南部的湿润半湿润和半干旱地区,呈退化趋势;草地分布范围最大,生长情况趋于改善。近35年来,青藏高原的植被覆盖整体趋于好转,低覆盖度、干旱半干旱地区趋于改善,高覆盖度、湿润半湿润地区出现退化。研究时段内,青藏高原趋于暖湿化,NDVI变化与年平均气温、年降水量变化呈正相关,对降水变化更为敏感。不同植被类型对气候变化响应不同,农作物相关系数最高。乔木林地与气温和降水变化呈负相关,农作物和草地则呈正相关,灌木林与降水变化呈正相关,与气温变化呈负相关。     

黄土高原典型区植被恢复及其对生态系统服务的影响

植被恢复是全球陆地生态系统恢复的主要途径,我国的大规模植被恢复具有特色,产生了巨大效益和广泛影响。退耕还林(草)是我国重大植被恢复工程的典型代表,在黄土高原地区试验示范进而推广到全国。工程实施以来,工程区植被的恢复情况及其产生的影响已成为学术界关注的热点。选取陕西省延安市、榆林市和山西省吕梁市、临汾市作为黄土高原典型区,分析了土地利用变化情况。基于2000—2014年的年均植被覆盖度数据分析了植被恢复的时空变化趋势。在此基础上,以土壤侵蚀率、地表植被蒸散(ET)和植被净初级生产力(NPP)为指标,对典型区土壤保持服务、水文调节服务和植被碳固定服务的变化进行定量评估,以此分析植被恢复对主要生态系统服务的作用。结果显示:(1)工程实施以来林地和草地范围明显增加。(2)植被改善趋势明显,2000—2005、2000—2010和2000—2014年植被显著恢复的比例分别为5.8%、49.1%和79.0%。(3)土壤保持服务增强,2014年土壤侵蚀速率比2000年降低17.5%,中度侵蚀区降幅达53.7%,2000—2014年历年土壤保持率均在84%以上且呈波动增加。(4)水文调节服务增强,2000—2010年ET增加区域面积达到48 094.1 km2,占典型区总面积的39.6%。(5)植被碳固定服务提高,2000—2014年典型区NPP总体处于增加态势,NPP显著增加区域占全区总面积的60.3%,固碳总量增加45.4%。研究表明,退耕还林(草)工程实施以来,典型区植被得到了显著恢复,有效促进了区域生态系统服务的提高,植被恢复及其生态系统服务效应的时空变异特征值得关注。     

甘肃省植被覆盖变化及其对退耕还林工程的响应

利用2000—2015年MODIS-NDVI数据,基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,采用像元二分法和一元线性回归分析法,定量探讨了甘肃省近16 a植被覆盖的时空变化特征,并在此基础上评估退耕还林面积与植被覆盖的相互关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年甘肃省年均归一化植被指数(NDVI)值呈增加趋势,年增长速率为0.43%,说明甘肃省植被覆盖总体呈改善态势。(2)16 a间,全省植被覆盖虽有局部恶化趋势,但改善区域面积远大于植被退化区域。其中,明显改善、中度改善和轻微改善区域面积分别占总面积的20.62%、14.67%和33.05%,退化区域面积仅占2.87%。(3)总体上,甘肃省植被覆盖度仍然较低,全省16 a平均植被覆盖度为50.98%,低、中低植被覆盖区面积占总面积的50%以上,且分布不均,其中东南地区平均植被覆盖度最高,为75.43%,中部次之,为47.84%,西北最低,只有31.77%,空间差异显著。(4)退耕还林面积能较好地解释植被覆盖度的变化。退耕还林工程集中区即黄河以东地区累计退耕还林面积与2000—2015年年均植被覆盖度明显相关,其决定系数R2为0.721 8。     

三江源土地利用变化特征及因素分析

根据三江源地区1980年、1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年7期1∶10万土地利用数据集,运用Arcgis 10.0空间统计分析与数理统计方法定量研究了该区土地利用变化特征、规律及趋势,阐明了影响土地变化的主要因素,为三江源地区土地资源的可持续利用及土地管理决策提供科学依据。结果如下,(1)2015年三江源土地利用类型以草地、林地和水域为主,分别占总面积的71.20%、4.28%、5.47%。低覆盖草地主要分布在研究区西北部,中高覆盖度草地以及林地集中分布在东南部,水域在整个源区都有分布。(2)根据土地利用变化重要性指数(C_i),得知35年间三江源土地利用类型之间的转变主要以低中高覆盖度草地、未利用土地与水域之间的转化为主。1980—2015年,低、高覆盖度草地,水域,建设用地面积波动增加,未利用土地面积有明显的减少趋势,35年间减少了17.61%,中覆盖度草地和林地基本保持不变,草地面积总体增加了13.45%。(3)从土地利用变化来看,建设用地增加最快,1980—2015年,建设用地增加了89.54%,它的开发程度也最大,为2.63%;未利用土地的耗减程度最大,耗减率为0.66%。(4)人口、经济结构变化及政策的实施是土地利用变化的主要驱动机制。     

上海崇明县植被覆盖度动态变化遥感监测研究

植被覆盖度是用于描述和评价生态系统的重要参数。基于1989、2001、2006年的TM/ETM+遥感数据,以上海市崇明县为研究区域,利用改进的像元二分模型,估算出不同时期内崇明县的植被覆盖度,并对其变化进行了定量分析。结果表明:1989-2001年,植被覆盖度负向变化地表约10.17%,正向变化约20.58%,乡镇和湿地区域正向变化的面积大于负向变化,农场区域则相反;2001-2006年,负向变化约29.1%,正向变化约12%,农场和湿地区域正向变化的面积大于负向变化,乡镇区域则相反,并且随着城市化进程的深入,各土地用地类型的植被覆盖度变化在一定程度上都呈现出生态退化的趋势。     

西南喀斯特典型土壤在不同植被类型下的土壤呼吸特征

为了研究喀斯特地区不同植被类型覆盖下的典型土壤呼吸变化规律,采取野外原位观测的方法,监测了2种典型植被类型（林地和灌草地）下的红壤、棕色石灰土、黑色石灰土在不同时刻的土壤呼吸过程。通过对土壤呼吸的日变化、季节变化和在旱季、雨季的差异的分析,探讨了喀斯特典型土壤的土壤呼吸规律。结果表明,3种土壤不同植被呼吸速率相比,旱季红壤和棕色石灰土的土壤呼吸速率均有：林地〉灌草地（P〈0.05）,黑色石灰土的土壤呼吸速率有：灌草地〉林地（P〈0.05）;雨季为红壤：灌草地〉林地（P〈0.05）,石灰土：林地〉灌草地（P〈0.05）。灌草地土壤呼吸速率对温度湿度的响应比林地敏感。西南喀斯特地区土壤呼吸特征的变化因植被类型不同而存在差异。不同的植被覆盖状况会影响到土壤呼吸对不同土壤类型的敏感程度。     

人工降雨下草被对黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面径流的调控及临界阈值

黄土丘陵沟壑区降雨集中且多为暴雨,暴雨所形成的坡面径流是造成黄土丘陵严重水土流失的主要原因,而草地植被对坡面径流有良好的抑制作用,草地植被能够通过改变坡面下垫面条件、土壤入渗率来阻延坡面径流的产生,因此揭示草地植被对坡面产流过程的作用及调控机理对于控制该地区的水土流失具有重大意义。该研究以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型草地坡面为研究对象,通过野外人工降雨,探究坡面降雨-产流过程对不同草被覆盖度的响应规律。结果表明,(1)坡面流达到稳定产流时间随着草地植被覆盖度的增大所需时间更长;稳定产流时间随着降雨强度的增大而减小。(2)在60 mm·h~(-1)的降雨强度时,草地植被覆盖度的阈值为75.38%;在90 mm·h~(-1)的降雨强度时,草地植被覆盖度的阈值为90.54%;而对于120 mm·h~(-1)的特大降雨强度时,草地植被覆盖对于径流的影响不显著。(3)坡面流的雷诺数和弗劳德数分别为40.07—695.22和0.33—1.56,阻力系数为1.42—43.53。降雨强度越大,草地植被覆盖度对这些参数的影响逐渐减弱。黄土丘陵的降雨特点多为暴雨,草被对坡面径流的调控作用在强暴雨下不是特别显著,应当辅以林木、灌木措施,才能更有效地控制水土流失。若是只考虑草地植被对坡面的调控作用,90%左右的草地植被覆盖度能够最大效率的应对黄土丘陵沟壑区的降雨状况。     

2000—2018年云南省典型矿区植被生态时空变化特征——以临沧市为例

矿区植被生态恢复特征及其影响因素分析对矿区生态治理与植被恢复建设具有重要的参考价值和现实意义。以云南省典型矿区-临沧市为研究区,利用2000—2018年MODIS资料和气象观测数据,基于陆地生态系统碳通量TEC模型,结合趋势分析、相关分析等统计方法,揭示了2000年以来云南省典型矿区——临沧市的植被覆盖度、植被净初级生产力等时空变化特征及其与气候因子关系。结果表明,(1)矿区植被净初级生产力年均值为980.1 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)(以C计,下同),2000年以来区域NPP总体呈增加的趋势,平均每年增加6.2g·m~(-2)·a~(-1);在空间分布上,有90.5%区域植被NPP呈增加趋势。(2)矿区植被覆盖度多年均值为67.3%,2000年以来呈显著增加的趋势,平均每年增加0.42%,有92.2%区域植被覆盖度呈增加趋势。(3)不同类型植被净初级生产力均呈增加的趋势,但变化趋势率存在一定的差异,其中常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、灌丛、草地植被净初级生产力平均值最大。(4)矿区植被NPP与降水之间呈显著的正相关性,相关系数为0.737,但与气温、日照时数的相关性未达到显著水平;矿区植被覆盖度与各气象因子间的相关性也均未达到显著水平。2000年以来云南省典型矿区植被呈现向好趋势,说明近些年生态文明建设效果良好。     

基于MODIS的陕西黄土高原植被覆盖度变化特征及其驱动分析

基于MODIS数据,采用混合像元分解模型提取陕西黄土高原2000-2009年的植被覆盖度数据,研究其整体变化趋势,并根据植被覆盖类型、地形、气候和土壤因子进行特征分区,研究不同区域植被覆盖变化及其驱动因子.结果表明,整体而言,10a间研究区植被覆盖度呈增长趋势,2000-2009年共增长约10百分点.植被覆盖度为0 ～ 10％、＞10％ ～ 20％、＞20％ ～ 30％、＞30％～40％和＞40％ ～ 50％的区域面积年平均减少-1.05％、-8.63％、-7.04％、-7.20％和-3.49％,而植被覆盖度为＞50％～60％、＞60％ ～ 70％、＞70％ ～ 80％、＞80％～90％和＞90％ ～ 100％的区域面积年平均增长6.92％、10.53％、4.05％、0.87％和7.06％.地形和水热状况从宏观上决定植被覆盖类型,并且影响植被疏密程度,土壤侵蚀影响植被受破坏程度,植被覆盖度持续增长的主要原因是退耕还林(草)工程的实施.     

3种人工草地不同植被覆盖度实地测量方法比较

植被覆盖度是植被垂直投影面积占统计区域面积百分比;理想覆盖度实地测量方法耗时短,工具简单,结果准确,受人为因素影响小.以结缕草(Zoysia japonica)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)和雀稗(Paspalum thunbergii)人工草地为研究对象,以照相法测量值为参考,比较样线法、目估法、样针法、点框架法、网格法1×1、网格法5×5、网格点法1×1和网格点法5×5等8种方法测量精度.结果表明:样线法误差小于5%,耗时短,工具简单.目估法误差大于样线法,适用于植被高度低且覆盖度较低或较高样方.样针法误差大于样线法和目估法,误差受植被高度和茎叶硬度影响,适用于植被高度低且硬度较小样方.点框架法、网格法和网格点法误差均较大,一般大于10%.网格法误差受覆盖度和小网格边长影响,误差峰值出现在覆盖度接近65%的样方,误差随着小网格边长增加而增加.8种方法测量值与照相法测量值均呈显著正相关(P <0.05),因此对于类似人工草地,这些方法测量值可通过本文提供的拟合公式转化为真实值.随着样方数量增加,8种方法误差均呈现出先降低后稳定趋势.本研究推荐样线法作为类似人工草地覆盖度实地测量方法;未来应根据覆盖度、植被高度和硬度等特征选择适合的测量方法.(图4表2参46)     

污水湿地处理工艺优化组合设计

污水湿地处理系统是利用土壤、作物、微生物自然净化功能的生态工程技术。主要有水面湿地和渗滤湿地两种类型，在天津城市污水土地处理与利用系统研究的基础上，将两种工艺的优点进行优化组合，并应用于大港油田等污水湿地处理工程，运行结果表明：将水面湿地和渗滤湿地工艺优化组合设计的示范工程，具有提高水力负荷、减少运行费用、节省工程投资、处理效果稳定等特点，有利于处理工程的长期稳定运行。     

Mapping the intertidal vegetation of the harbours of southern England for water quality management

This paper discusses a research project dealing with the mapping of the intertidal vegetation of several harbours along the southern coastline of England. It describes in detail the methods used to map the vegetation and gives examples of the results from these studies. This paper then goes on to explain how these results are applied by the Environment Agency of England and Wales to improve water quality in the harbours. This type of vegetation mapping is useful in monitoring the development of the intertidal species includingSpartina, Zostera and of particular importance to this study the green algaeUlva andEnteromorpha. The work was undertaken with funding from the Environment Agency and at present has taken place over a four year period. The data collected will be used by the Environment Agency to assess macro-algae covervalues for the intertidal area of the harbours concerned. This forms part of the Agency's commitment to the EU Nitrates Directive and the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. Some of the species mapped act as suitable indicators of water quality and are symptoms of entrophication. Other species are of interest for nature conservation and were recorded to provide a record for longer-term trends in vegetation patterns within the harbour. This paper aims to provide readers with an understanding of the techniques involved as well as an evaluation of the methodology.     

Projected vegetation changes for the American Southwest: combined dynamic modeling and bioclimatic-envelope approach

This study focuses on potential impacts of 21st century climate change on vegetation in the Southwest United States, based on debiased and interpolated climate projections from 17 global climate models used in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Among these models a warming trend is universal, but projected changes in precipitation vary in sign and magnitude. Two independent methods are applied: a dynamic global vegetation model to assess changes in plant functional types and bioclimatic envelope modeling to assess changes in individual tree and shrub species and biodiversity. The former approach investigates broad responses of plant functional types to climate change, while considering competition, disturbances, and carbon fertilization, while the latter approach focuses on the response of individual plant species, and net biodiversity, to climate change. The dynamic model simulates a region-wide reduction in vegetation cover during the 21st century, with a partial replacement of evergreen trees with grasses in the mountains of Colorado and Utah, except at the highest elevations, where tree cover increases. Across southern Arizona, central New Mexico, and eastern Colorado, grass cover declines, in some cases abruptly. Due to the prevalent warming trend among all 17 climate models, vegetation cover declines in the 21st century, with the greatest vegetation losses associated with models that project a drying trend. The inclusion of the carbon fertilization effect largely ameliorates the projected vegetation loss. Based on bioclimatic envelope modeling for the 21st century, the number of tree and shrub species that are expected to experience robust declines in range likely outweighs the number of species that are expected to expand in range. Dramatic shifts in plant species richness are projected, with declines in the high-elevation evergreen forests, increases in the eastern New Mexico prairies, and a northward shift of the Sonoran Desert biodiversity maximum.     

山西万家寨引黄工程沿线生态环境特征及其保护

山西万家寨引黄工程从万家寨水利枢纽至太原市呼延水厂,全长285km。论述了引黄工程沿线的生态环境特征,主要为(1)降水偏少分布不均水资源缺乏,(2)水土流失严重,(3)植被覆盖率较低,(4)生物多样性贫乏。预测了引黄工程对生态环境的潜在影响。提出了生态环境保护的科学对策:(1)科学规划降低对植被的扰动程度,(2)综合治理减少水土流失,(3)加强环境保护工作,(4)植树种草提高植被覆盖率,(5)合理放牧防止草地继续退化,(6)调整产业结构,减轻对生态系统的压力。     

Species richness in a riparian plant community along the banks of the Xiangxi River,the Three Gorges region

The distribution of vascular plant species richness along an altitudinal gradient and their relationships with environmental variables, including slope, aspect, bank (flooding) height, and river width of the Xiangxi River, Hubei Province, were examined. Total vascular plant species richness changed with elevation: it increased at lower elevations, reached a maximum in the midreaches and decreased thereafter. In particular, tree and herbaceous species richness were related to altitude. Correlation analysis (Kendall's τ) between species richness and environmental variables indicated that the change in species richness in the riparian zone was determined by riparian environmental factors and characteristics of regional vegetation distribution along the altitudinal gradient. The low species richness at lower elevations resulted from seasonal flooding and human activities – agriculture and fuel collection – and the higher species richness in the midreaches reflected transitional zones in natural vegetation types that had had little disturbance. These results on species distribution in the riparian community could be utilized as a reference for restoration efforts to improve water quality of the emerging reservoir resulting from the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Dam project.     

Understanding Interaction Effects of Climate Change and Fire Management on Bird Distributions through Combined Process and Habitat Models

Abstract: Avian conservation efforts must account for changes in vegetation composition and structure associated with climate change. We modeled vegetation change and the probability of occurrence of birds to project changes in winter bird distributions associated with climate change and fire management in the northern Chihuahuan Desert (southwestern U.S.A.). We simulated vegetation change in a process‐based model (Landscape and Fire Simulator) in which anticipated climate change was associated with doubling of current atmospheric carbon dioxide over the next 50 years. We estimated the relative probability of bird occurrence on the basis of statistical models derived from field observations of birds and data on vegetation type, topography, and roads. We selected 3 focal species, Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), and Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), that had a range of probabilities of occurrence for our study area. Our simulations projected increases in relative probability of bird occurrence in shrubland and decreases in grassland and Yucca spp. and ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) vegetation. Generally, the relative probability of occurrence of all 3 species was highest in shrubland because leaf‐area index values were lower in shrubland. This high probability of occurrence likely is related to the species’ use of open vegetation for foraging. Fire suppression had little effect on projected vegetation composition because as climate changed there was less fuel and burned area. Our results show that if future water limits on plant type are considered, models that incorporate spatial data may suggest how and where different species of birds may respond to vegetation changes.     

Development of a framework for fire risk assessment using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies

Forest fires play a critical role in landscape transformation, vegetation succession, soil degradation and air quality. Improvements in fire risk estimation are vital to reduce the negative impacts of fire, either by lessen burn severity or intensity through fuel management, or by aiding the natural vegetation recovery using post-fire treatments. This paper presents the methods to generate the input variables and the risk integration developed within the Firemap project (funded under the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology) to map wildland fire risk for several regions of Spain. After defining the conceptual scheme for fire risk assessment, the paper describes the methods used to generate the risk parameters, and presents proposals for their integration into synthetic risk indices. The generation of the input variables was based on an extensive use of geographic information system and remote sensing technologies, since the project was intended to provide a spatial and temporal assessment of risk conditions. All variables were mapped at 1 km² spatial resolution, and were integrated into a web-mapping service system. This service was active in the summer of 2007 for semi-operational testing of end-users. The paper also presents the first validation results of the danger index, by comparing temporal trends of different danger components and fire occurrence in the different study regions.     

Developing a saltmarsh monitoring methodology to meet multiple policy and management objectives in Scotland

To meet Scotland’s conservation and legislative requirements to monitor and set management objectives for saltmarsh habitat, a national survey was developed jointly funded by Scottish Natural Heritage and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency. This national survey focussed on developing a fine scale vegetation map of all Scottish saltmarshes over 3 ha, which was digitised using GIS software. A condition monitoring protocol was also developed to assess the health of key ecological parameters of the saltmarsh system. A total of 7,704 ha of coastal habitat was surveyed as part of the project, which included 5,840 ha of saltmarsh vegetation and 1,864 ha of associated vegetation. The condition monitoring protocol results show that targets relating to the presence of built structures and transition integrity are not achieved more frequently than others. Targets for stock grazing intensity; the maintenance of saltmarsh extent; and poaching damage are also not achieved frequently. Further research is required to accurately reflect the condition of pioneer saltmarsh.     

Global burned-land estimation in Latin America using MODIS composite data.

This paper presents results of the AQL2004 project, which has been develope within the GOFC-GOLD Latin American network of remote sensing and forest fires (RedLatif). The project intended to obtain monthly burned-land maps of the entire region, from Mexico to Patagonia, using MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) reflectance data. The project has been organized in three different phases: acquisition and preprocessing of satellite data; discrimination of burned pixels; and validation of results. In the first phase, input data consisting of 32-day composites of MODIS 500-m reflectance data generated by the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) of the University of Maryland (College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.) were collected and processed. The discrimination of burned areas was addressed in two steps: searching for "burned core" pixels using postfire spectral indices and multitemporal change detection and mapping of burned scars using contextual techniques. The validation phase was based on visual analysis of Landsat and CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) images. Validation of the burned-land category showed an agreement ranging from 30% to 60%, depending on the ecosystem and vegetation species present. The total burned area for the entire year was estimated to be 153 215 km2. The most affected countries in relation to their territory were Cuba, Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela. Burned areas were found in most land covers; herbaceous vegetation (savannas and grasslands) presented the highest proportions of burned area, while perennial forest had the lowest proportions. The importance of croplands in the total burned area should be taken with reserve, since this cover presented the highest commission errors. The importance of generating systematic products of burned land areas for different ecological processes is emphasized.     

Future Climate in the Yellowstone National Park Region and Its Potential Impact on Vegetation

Biotic responses to future changes in global climate are difficult to project for a particular region because the responses involve processes that operate at many spatial scales. This difficulty is exacerbated in mountainous regions, where future vegetation changes are often portrayed as simple upward displacements of vegetation zones in response to warming. We examine the scope of future responses that may occur in a mountainous area by illustrating the potential distributions of selected tree taxa in the region of Yellowstone National Park. The output of a coarse-resolution climate model that incorporated a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere was interpolated onto a 5-minute grid of topographically adjusted climate data. The output was also used as input into statistical relationships between the occurrence of individual taxa and climate. The simulated vegetation changes include a combination of elevational and directional range adjustments. The range of high-elevation species decreases, and some species become regionally extirpated. The new communities have no analogue in the present-day vegetation because they mix low-elevation montane species currently in the region with extralocal species from the northern and central Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest. The projected climate changes within the Yellowstone region and the individualism displayed by species in their potential range adjustments are equal or greater than the changes seen in the paleoecologic record during previous warming intervals. Although the results support conservation strategies that include habitat connectivity, the magnitude of the changes may exceed the ability of species to adjust their ranges. The predicted patterns call into question the adequacy of current management objectives to cope with the scope of future changes.