基于本底格局的鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观破碎化评价

在3S技术支持下构建了鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观本底格局,并以本底格局为参照,分别对1989年和2005年鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观破碎化过程进行了监测评价.结果表明:湿地本底格局可作为强度开发环境下湿地景观格局破碎化评价的参照依据.与本底格局相比,鸭绿江口湿地景观格局呈持续破碎化趋势,1989年和2005年湿地景观整体自然度分别为89.373%和86.691%.在不同自然湿地景观类型中,芦苇沼泽、滩涂和潮沟面积萎缩幅度较大,2005年其自然度分别为69.94%、71.49%和78.42%;各湿地类型的斑块密度都出现了不同程度的增大,其中芦苇沼泽和滩涂增大最明显,2005年斑块相对密度分别达18.507和6.879;滩涂斑块形状趋于复杂,2005年斑块相对形状指数为1.085,其他湿地类型斑块形状则持续简化;各时期不同自然湿地类型斑块聚集度指数均较高,反映出鸭绿江口各湿地类型多呈聚集分布的空间格局.     

河南省黄泛区农业景观格局动态及驱动因素

以1987年和2002年TM影像及1997年河南省土地利用现状图为主要数据源,采用斑块密度、景观多样性指数、破碎化指数、优势度和分布质心5个景观格局指数定量分析近20 a来河南省黄泛区农业景观格局动态变化及其驱动因子.结果表明,1987-2002年河南省黄泛区农业景观动态变化显著,各景观类型面积、斑块数量和斑块密度都发生了较大变化.水浇地、旱地和建设用地景观类型面积增加,是该地区占优势的景观类型,2002年占全区总面积比例为83.51%.该区人类活动强度较大,景观多样性和破碎化指数增大,优势度减小,说明各景观类型所占面积比例差异正在缩小,区域整体景观破碎化程度仍在增加.农业发展、人口增长、经济发展、人民生活水平提高和城镇化进程加速等是该区农业景观格局变化的主要驱动因素.     

近17年鄱阳湖区景观格局动态变化研究

通过对1989、1999和2006年3期遥感影像进行解译,借助ARCGIS、FRAGSTATS等软件对鄱阳湖区近17年景观格局动态变化进行分析。结果表明：近17年湖区景观空间结构在自然因素和人类活动的影响下发生显著变化。从景观水平上看,湖区整体景观的破碎化程度不断增大,各斑块类型在空间上的分布趋于均匀和分散,景观中斑块的形状渐趋不规则,复杂程度加大。在斑块类型水平上,研究区水体的破碎化程度增加,斑块向着小型化方向发展,斑块之间的结合度降低,形状逐渐变得复杂,水体斑块之间的水力联系减弱;草地和林地的空间结构相对稳定,变化并不显著;耕地虽然是研究区的优势景观类型,但在近17年间,其优势地位被逐渐削弱,破碎化程度也在逐渐加大,斑块形状的规则性降低,各斑块之间的分离性加大;滩地的变化主要受水文情势和泥沙淤积的影响,破碎化程度经历了先加大、后降低的过程,最大斑块面积有所增大;建设用地的变化最为明显,其破碎化程度也有所加大,但斑块间的连接程度相对研究初期有所增加;未利用地是研究区面积最小的景观类型,其景观破碎化程度则有所降低,斑块形状也渐趋简单。     

黑龙江省森林景观的格局变化

运用地理信息系统分析软件ARC／INFO 8．01、ARCVIEW 3．2和基于ARC／INFO的FRAGSTATS 3．0软件，处理了1896年、1949年和1981年黑龙江省森林资源分布图，并用所得到的斑块总面积、平均斑块大小、斑块密度、斑块大小变异系数、平均斑块分数维和平均形状指数对黑龙江省森林景观格局变化和各个斑块类型的变化进行了研究．结果表明，从1896年到1981年黑龙江省森林景观的总面积急剧减少，斑块数量增多，斑块密度加大，平均斑块大小减少，斑块间的毗连程度减弱，但是斑块的形状逐渐趋于相对规则，斑块的边界趋于简单化，所有这些表明，森林景观逐渐趋于破碎化，其中以红松的破碎化最为严重．整个森林的景观多样性和景观类型分布的均匀性逐渐降低．造成这一变化的主要原因是人类的经济活动，另一原因是近一个世纪的气候变化及森林群落的自身演替，但是同人类的干扰作用相比，作用很微弱．图5表2参19     

1995至2004年广州土地利用格局变化与驱动分析

综合应用景观生态学、统计学基本原理,以及3S技术、手段,以广州市为研究对象,基于TM和SPOT影像数据,运用ERDAS、ARC/INFO、FRAGSTATS和SAS等GIS和统计学工具平台,分析了广州市1995到2004景观格局状况及其动态变化.研究结果表明:近10年间,广州市的耕地、林地和水域等自然、半自然景观面积减少,其中耕地面积减少的最多,而居民工矿用地和交通路网用地等人文景观面积都在增加,园地和湿地等半自然景观面积也在增加;斑块数量和边缘密度呈增加之势,景观破碎化程度升高;景观多样性指数的升高和景观聚集度的下降,景观异质性增加;景观形状指数增加,景观形状复杂化;影响景观格局变化的驱动因子主要是建筑密度、道路密度、人口密度和第三产业结构比例.根据因子分析的结果,从保护农地、降低景观破碎化程度等方面提出了城市景观的优化建议.     

澜沧江下游景观破碎化时空动态及成因分析

景观破碎化深刻影响着景观格局和过程。以澜沧江下游城市——景洪市为研究区域,选取2000、2005和2010年的景观类型数据与对应的SPOT-NDVI遥感数据,对比了移动窗口法和空间自相关法在指示景观破碎化时的精确性和可应用性。采用300 m的移动窗口边长,选取蔓延度指数(CONTAG)、景观形状指数(LSI)、斑块密度(PD)、边缘密度(ED)、最大斑块指数(LPI)和香农多样性指数(SHDI),利用移动窗口法将景观指数空间可视化以指示景观破碎化特征。研究表明,不同景观类型的NDVI值均在0.6以上;2000年、2005年和2010年,Moran’s I值均在0.78以上;进一步分析了NDVI的局部空间自相关指数Moran’s I,结果表明NDVI呈"高—高"自相关的地区大多为常绿阔叶林地带,而NDVI呈"低—低"自相关的地区大多为建筑用地和耕地分布广泛的区域。统计各景观类型的景观指数和空间自相关指数后发现,对于常绿阔叶林和未利用地等景观类型,局部自相关指数高的区域,CONTAG值也高,而LSI值较低,这表明该类景观类型斑块较少且完整,破碎化不明显。通过比较不同景观类型的景观指数和空间自相关系数,发现两种方法在指示景观破碎化上具有良好的可比性。同时,提取了海拔、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度和地面粗糙度等地形因子,分析了NDVI和地形因子之间的局部空间自相关指数Moran’s I,结果表明研究区植被分布在一定的程度上由海拔、坡度、地形起伏度和地面粗糙度所决定。本研究为综合景观指数与空间统计分析揭示景观格局变化和空间异质性提供了参考,并通过景观格局与地形因子的相关性分析进一步解释了景观格局变化与环境变化的生态意义。     

江苏省原生滨海湿地景观多样性及其粒度效应研究

土地覆盖是生态系统的重要组成部分,其具有明显的空间尺度(包括空间粒度和幅度)属性,而尺度问题是景观空间研究的关键环节之一。为了探究江苏省原生滨海湿地景观多样性及其粒度效应,在GIS和RS技术支持下,以江苏省原生滨海湿地2017年高精度遥感影像为基础,编制了景观类型图,选取一系列经典景观指数,在类型和整体景观的水平上,探讨江苏省原生滨海湿地景观多样性及其粒度效应,为选择适宜粒度进行土地覆盖的景观指数计算和尺度转换提供理论依据。结果表明,不同土地利用景观斑块密度、蔓延度指数、凝聚度指数、平均形状指数、面积加权分维数指数、丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数、均匀度指数基本表现为林地最大,灌木地其次,未利用地、建设用地和水域最小;分离度指数耕地和未利用地最大,草地和水域其次,建设用地最小。在1—60 m粒度范围内,粒度增加对优势景观有加强作用,随着粒度逐渐增大,景观中的优势覆盖类型面积比率增大,其他景观覆盖类型面积逐渐减少。随粒度不断增加,在类型水平上,不同土地类型的景观特征指数变化曲线主要呈现3种类型:(1)随着粒度的不断变大,面积加权分维数、如斑块密度、平均形状指数、凝聚度指数呈现单调递减的趋势,各指数均表现为林地最大;(2)随粒度变化,面积百分比呈现稳定状态;(3)在粒度变化过程中,分离度指数及有效网格大小变化曲线差异性较大。平均形状指数、聚集度指数、分离度指数和凝聚度指数变化幅度并不大,受空间格局特征的影响不大。各类景观指数的分维数在1—60 m粒度内,具有明显的随粒度增加而减小的趋势,说明这些景观的形态结构在这一粒度范围内具有自相似性。相关性分析定量反映了所选景观指数受粒度变化影响的相关性程度,不同景观特征与粒度的相关性存在较大差异。     

沅江源自然保护区生境质量变化遥感监测

使用遥感技术监测自然保护区生境质量变化情况,对制定差别化的区域生态保护政策具有重要意义。以贵州省沅江源自然保护区为例,基于Landsat影像数据,在Fragstats和InVEST软件支持下分析1990—2018年土地利用变化与景观格局特征,探讨保护区生境质量变化规律,评估自然保护区功能区划合理性并模拟生态保护情景对生境质量的改善效果。结果表明:(1)1990—2018年保护区土地转移主要发生在草地转为林地、耕地转为林地和草地间。土地利用程度综合指数增加,人类活动影响增强,保护区土地利用程度综合指数表现为核心区缓冲区实验区。(2)保护区耕地斑块聚集度提高,人工表面斑块密度增加,景观整体优势斑块连通性增加,破碎化程度降低,林地斑块对景观控制作用增强。(3)29 a间保护区平均生境质量呈现波动增加趋势,生境质量提高8. 64%,保护区平均生境质量表现为核心区缓冲区实验区。(4)保护区生境质量改善趋势大于退化趋势。定量评估生态保护情景,沅江源自然保护区平均生境质量指数从当前情景的0. 88提高到0. 90。退耕还林还草工程的实施以及保护区内人类活动增加是保护区生境质量改变的主要原因。     

基于MODIS遥感的江苏省景观格局

景观格局是由自然或人为因素形成的一系列大小、形状各异、排列不同的景观要素共同作用的结果。本文利用2005年3月份MODIS卫星数据,经过一系列处理后得到江苏省景观图,利用决策数分类法将研究区分为5种景观类型:耕地、城镇用地、水体、自然植被、其它用地;选取斑块数、斑块密度、破碎度、斑块分维数、多样性指数、优势度、均匀度、聚集度、分离度等景观指数,从斑块、斑块类型和景观3个层次上对研究区景观格局进行定量分析。结果表明:江苏省景观斑块共57030块,总面积为1018,4275万km2;在5种景观类型中,耕地和城镇用地是主要景观类型,占全省总面积的68.6451%;江苏省景观多样性程度不高,且斑块空间形状较简单。     

基于Landsat时间序列数据的重庆市热力景观格局演变分析

城市热岛效应是伴随城市化而产生的生态环境问题,研究城市热力景观格局的演变有助于掌握城市热岛效应变化的机制与规律,为城市产业合理布局、城市生态环境改善提供科学的决策支持。以重庆市主城九区为研究对象,基于2001年Landsat7 ETM+、2007年Landsat5 TM以及2014年Landsat8 OLI_TIRS三期遥感影像数据,利用辐射传输方程法和Jiménez-Mu?oz et al.(2014)的分裂窗算法反演地表温度,并在此基础上,计算热力景观格局指数,研究重庆市热力景观格局的演变过程。结果表明,(1)2001—2014年,重庆市主城九区热岛和强热岛景观类型范围不断扩大,热岛效应明显增强,渝中区热岛和强热岛所占百分比最高,江北区、南岸区、九龙坡区和大渡口区的增长速度较快。(2)热力景观类型中热岛面积的增加主要由正常区斑块转化而来,而强热岛面积的增加主要由正常区和热岛斑块转化而来,跨越正常区的斑块转化较难。(3)在斑块类型水平上,热岛与强热岛斑块优势度增大。2001—2014年热岛斑块密度减小3.33,平均斑块面积增大6倍;强热岛斑块密度减少0.65,平均斑块面积增大5倍。热岛和强热岛斑块变得大而集中,破碎度减小。热岛间的连通性与强热岛斑块间的连通性越来越高,连通性指数分别增大了3.51和8.41,强热岛斑块形状的复杂程度逐期变大。在景观水平上,2001—2014年重庆市的斑块数量和斑块密度减小,平均斑块面积增大,热力景观破碎化程度逐渐降低,斑块连通性指数高,均大于99.5。聚合度和均匀度指数分别增大14.85和0.09,像素间聚合成斑块的程度变大且斑块类型面积越来越均匀。由此可见,随着城市的发展,重庆市的热环境问题越来越严重,利用热力景观格局指数分析城市热环境,可了解城市热力景观格局的演变趋势,为热岛的缓解提供理论依据。     

辽河三角洲湿地景观空间格局变化分析

以1988年和2001年2个时相的Landsat-TM/ETM影像为信息源,选取斑块数量、斑块平均面积、边界密度、斑块密度、形态指数和斑块分维数等6个代表性格局指数,对辽河三角洲湿地景观格局变化进行了定量分析。结果表明,1988~2001年,水田、内陆水体和养殖用地呈现明显的增加趋势,苇田、光滩、河口潮间带水域和碱蓬面积呈减少趋势。受人类的区域综合开发活动的影响,研究区斑块数量和边界密度分别增加了32.76%和21.4%,而斑块平均面积减小了30.2%,平均斑块密度由17.43个/km2增加至24.21个/km2,斑块形态指数由84.03增至103.20,斑块分维数由1.057增至1.059。     

Urban forest landscape patterns in Ma'anshan City,China

The landscape pattern of Ma'anshan City was analyzed based on theories and methodologies of landscape ecology, remote sensing, global positioning, and a geographic information system (GIS). The study area encompassed the entire built-up area of 63.88 km²; a north–south transect 3-km wide and 13-km long was established along the long axis of the city. Five major landscape elements were assessed: urban land, urban forest, agriculture, water, and grass. Urban land was the dominant land cover type, and occupied 67% of total land area; while patches of urban forest occupied 16%, with a landscape element dominance of 0.42. Urban forest was classified according to land-use category and location into six types: scenic forest, yard forest, recreational forest, roadside forest, shelter forest, and nurseries. There were 2464 urban forest patches, the largest being 185.1 ha, with an average of 0.43 ha. The low nearest neighbor index and high patch density indicated that urban forest patches tend to be aggregated and have a high degree of fragmentation. This study also demonstrated that the spatial pattern of urbanization could be quantified using a combination of landscape metrics and gradient analysis. Urban forest has distinct spatial characters that are dependent on specific landscape metrics along the urbanization gradient.     

厦门环同安湾海岸带景观空间格局动态变化分析

利用遥感和地理信息技术,运用平均斑块面积与分离度指数、多样性指数、破碎度指数、优势度指数和分维数等景观格局指数,以厦门环同安湾区1989年、1997年和2007年3个时期遥感影像解译数据作为基本信息源,对过去18年间环同安湾海岸带的景观格局的时空变化过程和演变趋势进行了研究。结果表明：1989—2007年,农田面积大量...     

Assessing landscape structure and pattern fragmentation in semiarid ecosystems using patch-size distributions

Spatial vegetation patterns are recognized as sources of valuable information that can be used to infer the state and functionality of semiarid ecosystems, particularly in the context of both climate and land use change. Recent studies have suggested that the patch-size distribution of vegetation in drylands can be described using power-law metrics, and that these scale-free distributions deviate from power-law linearity with characteristic scale lengths under the effects of increasing aridity or human disturbance, providing an early sign of desertification. These findings have been questioned by several modeling approaches, which have identified the presence of characteristic scale lengths on the patch-size distribution of semiarid periodic landscapes. We analyze the relationship between fragmentation of vegetation patterns and their patch-size distributions in semiarid landscapes showing different degree of periodicity (i.e., banding). Our assessment is based on the study of vegetation patterns derived from remote sensing in a series of semiarid Australian Mulga shrublands subjected to different disturbance levels. We use the patch-size probability density and cumulative probability distribution functions from both nondirectional and downslope analyses of the vegetation patterns. Our results indicate that the shape of the patch-size distribution of vegetation changes with the methodology of analysis applied and specific landscape traits, breaking the universal applicability of the power-law metrics. Characteristic scale lengths are detected in (quasi) periodic banded ecosystems when the methodology of analysis accounts for critical landscape anisotropies, using downslope transects in the direction of flow paths. In addition, a common signal of fragmentation is observed: the largest vegetation patches become increasingly less abundant under the effects of disturbance. This effect also explains deviations from power-law behavior in disturbed vegetation which originally showed scale-free patterns. Overall, our results emphasize the complexity of structure assessment in dryland ecosystems, while recognizing the usefulness of the patch-size distribution of vegetation for monitoring semiarid ecosystems, especially through the cumulative probability distributions, which showed high sensitivity to fragmentation of the vegetation patterns. We suggest that preserving large vegetation patches is a critical task for the maintenance of the ecosystem structure and functionality.     

Contribution of Roads to Forest Fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains

The contribution of roads to forest fragmentation has not been adequately analyzed. We quantified fragmentation due to roads in a 30,213-ha section of the Medicine Bow-Routt National Forest in sout heastern Wyoming with several indices of landscape structure using a geographic information system. The number of patches, mean patch area, mean interior area, mean area of edge influence, mean patch perimeter, total perimeter, and mean patch shape identified patch- and edge-related landscape changes. Shannon-Wiener diversity, dominance, contagion, contrast, and angular second moment indicated effects on landscape diversity and texture. Roads added to forest fragmentation more than clearcuts by dissecting large patches into smaller pieces and by converting forest interior habitat into edge habitat. Edge habitat created by roads was 1.54–1.98 times the edge habitat created by clearcuts. The total landscape area affected by clearcuts and roads was 2.5–3.5 times the actual area occupied by these disturbances. Fragmentation due to roads could be minimized if road construction is minimized or rerouted so that its fragmentation effects are reduced. Geographic information system technology can be used to quantify the potential fragmentation effects of individual roads and the cumulative effects of a road network on landscape structure.     

武夷山风景名胜区景观要素斑块特征分析

针对近年来开展生态旅游等人类活动的强烈干扰给风景区带来巨大生态影响的问题，在武夷山风景名胜区景观类型划分的基础上，从景观要素斑块特征的角度对武夷山风景名胜区的景观格局及破碎化进行初步的研究，以期为今后武夷山风景名胜区的景观生态保护提供科学的依据．研究结果表明，在武夷山风景名胜区中，马尾松林、茶园与农田是风景区中3个主要景观类型，三者面积与周长之和分别占全区的84．581％和81．669％；景观要素的面积、周长、斑块数的分布极不平衡，尤其在3类主要景观类型中，在斑块面积、周长方面差异显著；各景观要素面积与周长的分布极为相似，而斑块数的分布却没有明显的规律性；景观要素面积、周长、斑块数等斑块特征分析表明，茶园、居住地、经济林等人工或半人工经营景观的破碎化程度高，而马尾松各天然林景观的破碎化程度低，从而证明了人类经营活动的干扰是导致自然风景区景观破碎的主要因素之一．表3参18     

Forest fragmentation in the Himalaya: A Central Himalayan case study

Administrative divisions in the Great Southern Watershed of the Himalaya are diverse in terms of population density and forest cover. This study analyzed the spatial patterns of different attributes in the different Indian states and Himalayan kingdoms, and explored the extent and patterns of forest fragmentation in a Himalayan landscape as a case study. Of the total landscape in the case study area (3167 km²), 41% was fragmented. Homogenous landscape (59%) includes either continuous natural vegetation or a village landscape. Presence of two forest patches (38% of the total fragmented area) at a unit scale of about 0.5 km² (525 × 525 m) was the most commonly occurring pattern but, in some parts, up to 13 patches were observed. Fragmentation of vegetation was visible even at smaller scales of landscape analysis. At a scale of 75 × 75 m, land division into three patches was observed. With an increase in the unit area of landscape analysis the number of patches per unit land area and the total fragmented area also increased. The forests that escaped fragmentation were either inaccessible to humans or had rigorous legal protection. Anthropogenic activities appeared to be one of the factors responsible for fragmentation but, natural factors also contributed.     

Spatiotemporal changes and fragmentation of mangroves and its effects on fish diversity in Ca Mau Province (Vietnam)

Mangroves are important economically and ecologically, however mangrove cover has declined dramatically leading to habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss. Information on mangrove cover change, fragmentation and impacts on fish diversity is poorly understood. The aims of this study are to detect spatiotemporal changes and mangrove status, examine fragmentation changes and associated effects on fish diversity. Landsat images in1989, 2000, and 2013 were used to classify mangrove cover in Ca Mau Province (Vietnam) and validated against high resolution Pleiades imagery. Fragmentation changes in mangrove cover were examined using series of landscape metrics evaluated against fish diversity indices (Simpson’s index, Jaccard’s coefficient and relative abundance). Results show that mangrove cover has declined 24.6% in the province. Currently, high and moderately dense mangroves distribute in southern half of the region while the low density mangroves occurs in the northern half. Over the 24 year study periods, the number of patches and edge density has increased 58% and 53.9%, respectively, while the mean patch size and mean patch edge has decreased 52.3% and 26.6%. Fish diversity in the more highly fragmented mangrove area was 1.78 times lower than the less fragmented mangrove. The study illustrates the applicability of using Landsat satellite imagery for use in mangrove fragmentation studies as well as the impact of fragmentation.     

Mediation of area and edge effects in forest fragments by adjacent land use

Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation have pervasive detrimental effects on tropical forest biodiversity, but the role of the surrounding land use (i.e., matrix) in determining the severity of these impacts remains poorly understood. We surveyed bird species across an interior-edge-matrix gradient to assess the effects of matrix type on biodiversity at 49 different sites with varying levels of landscape fragmentation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest—a highly threatened biodiversity hotspot. Both area and edge effects were more pronounced in forest patches bordering pasture matrix, whereas patches bordering Eucalyptus plantation maintained compositionally similar bird communities between the edge and the interior and exhibited reduced effects of patch size. These results suggest the type of matrix in which forest fragments are situated can explain a substantial amount of the widely reported variability in biodiversity responses to forest loss and fragmentation.