我国36个重点城市饮用水中多环芳烃健康风险评价

分别用2种基于不确定性的风险评价方法(蒙特卡洛法和三角模糊数法)和1种基于确定性的风险评价方法(美国EPA终身致癌风险)对我国36个重点城市饮用水中多环芳烃的终生致癌风险进行评价。所研究的98个水厂出水中多环芳烃浓度范围为17.5~408.3 ng·L-1,致癌性多环芳烃(苯并[a]蒽,屈,苯并[b]荧蒽,苯并[k]荧蒽,苯并[a]芘,茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘)的总量浓度为nd~94.7 ng·L-1。所有水厂出水中苯并[a]芘浓度均小于10 ng·L-1。假设出厂水即为最终饮用水,对16种PAHs浓度用毒性当量因子法转化为相对于苯并[a]芘等效浓度(TEQ BaP)。使用概率风险评价方法计算,结果显示在95%的概率区间我国居民通过饮水途径暴露多环芳烃的终生致癌风险小于5.45×10-6(蒙特卡洛法)和7.56×10-6(三角模糊数法)。而采用确定性风险评价方法,计算得到的最大风险为7.12×10-6。两种计算方法得到的我国饮用水中多环芳烃的终生致癌风险都处于可接受水平。比较不同的评价方法后发现,不同方法获得的信息并不完全重合,相对于通常的基于确定性的非概率健康风险评价方法,基于不确定性的概率风险评价方法获得的结果更为保守。     

某癌症高发区水中多环芳烃测定及其风险评价

在某癌症高发区选取5个镇中的10个村进行布点,分别在2010年6月和12月采集丰水期和枯水期水样,采用固相萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用方法对深层地下水、浅层地下水以及地表水中的多环芳烃（PAHs）进行测定.检测结果表明,深层地下水在丰、枯水期时PAHs总量分别为4058.29—9613.53 ng.L-1和72.78—809.00 ng.L-1.浅层地下水丰、枯水期PAHs总量分别为2205.84—24621.20 ng.L-1和82.88—601.95 ng.L-1.地表水丰、枯水期PAHs的总量分别为2747.44—33532.90 ng.L-1和127.78—321.04 ng.L-1.丰水期萘含量较高是造成PAHs总量在丰水期远高于枯水期的主要原因.10个水样中苯并（a）芘超标（GB5749—2006）,最大超标8.42倍.采用优化的USEPA风险评价模型,对PAHs进行人体健康风险评价,其致癌风险水平在2×10-8—1.28×10-5之间,部分水样致癌风险超过10-6的水质监控值.     

徐州市售蔬菜中多环芳烃污染与健康危害

为了分析徐州市蔬菜中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染及其对人群的健康危害,本研究于2016年5月在徐州大型农贸市场和超市采集了当地居民经常食用的7种蔬菜样品,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了蔬菜样品中的8种中低环PAHs。结果表明PAHs总含量为27.7~53.8 ng·g-1,其中2、3环分别占总PAHs的45.53%、45.65%。不同类型蔬菜中PAHs含量为:叶菜类>根菜类>果菜类。运用毒性当量法计算得到徐州市不同人群对PAHs的摄食暴露量为7.88~14.65 ng·d-1,引起的致癌风险在1.79×10-7~1.08×10-6范围内,处于低致癌风险水平,但是其健康影响仍不容忽视。     

临汾市售蔬菜中多环芳烃污染特征及致癌风险分析

为了研究临汾市食物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及对人群的健康影响,本研究于2015年1月采集当地居民普遍食用的9种蔬菜,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)检测蔬菜中8种多环芳烃(Nap、Ace、Acy、Fle、Phe、Ant、Flu、Pyr)。研究表明,PAHs在9种蔬菜中均有检出,PAHs的总浓度范围是24.86~82.85 ng·g~(-1),平均为44.13 ng·g~(-1)。其中PAHs含量最高的是圆白菜(82.85 ng·g-1),最低的是山药(24.86 ng·g~(-1))。通过来源分析发现来源地蔬菜中PAHs主要来源于液体化石燃料燃烧。临汾市不同人群食用蔬菜引起的终身增量致癌风险(ILCR)在1.27×10~(-6)~7.07×10~(-6)范围内,在目前蔬菜消费量下存在潜在致癌风险。     

济南冬春季室内空气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价

2010年冬春季,在济南典型室内环境(超市、办公室和餐厅)采集了PM2.5样品,并对其多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,采样期间办公室的PAHs平均浓度最高,为93.11 ng.m-3,超市和餐厅的PAHs平均浓度分别为42.97 ng.m-3和26.65 ng.m-3.超市和办公室的多环芳烃均以室外源(燃煤)为主,吸烟导致办公室轻环多环芳烃浓度升高,高于室外相应物种的浓度,餐厅的轻环多环芳烃和重环多环芳烃分别来源于室内烹饪和室外的机动车尾气.与室外相比,超市和办公室PAHs中的菲(Phe)和苯并[b+k]荧蒽(BbkF)占总PAHs的比例较高,达到10%—15%,这与冬季室内使用中央空调取暖密不可分.超市、办公室和餐厅的毒性当量浓度值(BEQ)分别为7.05 ng.m-3、10.75 ng.m-3和0.75 ng.m-3.其中办公室的毒性当量浓度高于我国规定10 ng.m-3.超市,办公室和餐厅的PAHs暴露致终身肺癌风险度分别为0.6×10-3、0.9×10-3和6.5×10-5,均超过了世界卫生组织的建议值(10-5),超市和办公室的终身致癌健康风险高于美国最高法院规定的10-3的显著水平,说明生活在超市和办公室致癌风险高.     

污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃污染及风险评价

污灌区农田土壤可能受到多环芳烃(PAHs)的严重污染.本文以山西省黎城污灌区为研究对象,对其中农田土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量水平、组成特征以及风险进行分析和评价.结果表明,该污灌区农田土壤中PAHs总含量范围为16.03—1320.95 ng·g~(-1),平均值为226.74 ng·g~(-1).土壤中PAHs以4—6环的PAHs为主,占总量的61%.风险评价结果显示该区域有40%的样品受到污染,其中重度、中度和轻微污染所占比例分别为2.9%、2.9%和34.3%.健康风险评价结果显示,该区域已具有潜在的致癌风险.从污染评价结果以及与山西省内其它区域农田土壤多环芳烃含量比较来看,研究区土壤已经受到PAHs不同程度的污染.在未来环境管理和控制过程中应采取有效措施,以保护人体健康和生态环境安全.     

上海市居民暴露于多环芳烃的健康风险评价

为研究上海市多环芳烃类有机污染物对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,结合上海市人群状况,采用多介质-多途径暴露模型,评价上海市居民暴露于多环芳烃的暴露量及由此导致的健康风险,分析不同环境介质、暴露介质及暴露途径的风险贡献率,并结合蒙特卡罗方法分析研究过程中的不确定性。在实际评价时,根据上海市的实际情况,我们选用了部分美国环保局推荐参数,剩余的评价参数根据国内的相关文献,我们进行了修正,以使暴露模型更较好的接近上海市真实暴露场景,提高模拟的准确度和精密度。结果表明：儿童、青少年和成人对16种PAH化合物（PAH16）的日均暴露量分别为1.27×10-3、8.90×10-4、7.49×10-4 mg·kg-1·d-1,主要暴露途径是膳食暴露,此外呼吸暴露也占有一定的比重,皮肤暴露作用很小。膳食暴露中对总暴露贡献最大的食品是粮食、肉类、鱼类。高环化合物主要来自肉类和鱼类。2环、3环、4环、5环和6环化合物对总暴露谱的贡献依次减少。健康风险评价结果表明,上海市儿童、青少年和成人由于 PAHs 暴露引起的平均致癌风险为7.20×10-6、6.13×10-6、4.44×10-6 a-1,上海市多环芳烃类污染物居民人体健康风险度高于可接受健康风险度标准。上海市女性对多环芳烃的暴露量高于男性,女性健康风险平均值亦高于EPA标准值。上海市多环芳烃人群暴露与天津、北京和兰州相比存在一定的差异。各项参数中,粮食、蔬菜摄食量和相应的多环芳烃（PAHs）残留浓度是影响暴露的重要因素。通过蒙特卡罗模拟得到各年龄段人群对多环芳烃（PAHs）的日均暴露量的分布特征,各输出变量均服从对数正态分布。     

杭埠-丰乐河表层沉积物中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源分析及生态风险评价

对杭埠-丰乐河12个采样点的表层沉积物中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量进行了测定.结果表明:16种PAHs均被普遍检出,总含量(∑PAHs)范围为71.3±15—3372±402 ng·g~(-1)干重(dw),平均值为938 ng·g~(-1)(dw),与国内主要河流相比其浓度处于中等水平.底泥中多环芳烃组成以4环和5环为主,共占∑PAHs的81%,其中,二苯并[a.h]蒽(DBA)浓度最高,平均浓度为254 ng·g~(-1).底泥总有机碳(TOC)与∑PAHs之间有良好线性关系.利用特征比值法和主成分分析探讨了PAHs的可能来源,结果显示,杭埠-丰乐河底泥中PAHs主要来自于流域周边居民生物质、煤燃烧及汽车燃油污染.利用沉积物质量基准法和苯并[a]芘毒性当量(TEQBa P)法分别评价了杭埠-丰乐河沉积物PAHs的生态风险和致癌风险,发现部分采样点某些多环芳烃含量超过了效应区间低值(ERL),具有潜在的生态风险;沉积物中TEQBa P均值高达343 ng·g~(-1),具有相当高的致癌风险.     

广东典型湿地环境沉积物及鱼体中多环芳烃的污染特征及风险评估

为了解广东典型湿地环境表层沉积物及鱼体中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征,分别于2014年10月和2015年4月采集沉积物及鱼类样品,分析其中16种US EPA优控多环芳烃的主要来源和风险。结果表明,广东典型湿地环境表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量范围为139.4～1 134.3 ng·g~(-1)干重,鱼类肌肉中多环芳烃含量范围为11.1～33.9 ng·g~(-1)湿重。表层沉积物中有机碳与不同环数的多环芳烃含量均呈现显著的正相关关系。来源分析的结果表明,研究区域表层沉积物中多环芳烃的主要来源为石油排放及燃烧来源的混合。风险评估的结果表明,该区域表层沉积物中多环芳烃存在一定的生态风险,需引起重视;通过食用鱼类造成的致癌风险为2.25×10~(-6)～4.23×10~(-6),略高于美国环保局(US EPA)推荐的可接受风险(10~(-6)),存在一定的潜在致癌风险。对于成年人来说,研究区域鱼类肌肉中多环芳烃产生致癌风险允许的最大日食用量(CR_(lim))范围为124.5～234.6 g·d~(-1),尽管食用这几种鱼的致癌风险不大,居民摄入时仍应加以控制。     

东莞市夏季大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃

以东莞市2011年夏季不同区域的大气颗粒物为研究对象,定性定量分析了其中多环芳烃(PAHs)及硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的浓度、组成.采用特征比值法分析了PAHs及NPAHs的来源,并通过PEFs毒性评价法评价了颗粒物中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的BaP等效毒性,估算出个体致癌指数.结果表明东莞市颗粒物上16种多环芳烃总含量在12.60—193.95 ng·m-3范围内,6种硝基多环芳烃的总含量在5.88—62.79 ng·m-3,隧道环境中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的浓度最高.除隧道环境中颗粒物的等效毒性及个体致癌指数超标外,东莞市颗粒物上PAHs及NPAHs对人体均不构成严重威胁.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multimedia environment of Heshan coal district,Guangxi: distribution,source diagnosis and health risk assessment

Mining activities are among the major culprits of the wide occurrences of soil and water pollution by PAHs in coal district, which have resulted in ecological fragilities and health risk for local residents. Sixteen PAHs in multimedia environment from the Heshan coal district of Guangxi, South China, were measured, aiming to investigate the contamination level, distribution and possible sources and to estimate the potential health risks of PAHs. The average concentrations of 16 PAHs in the coal, coal gangue, soil, surface water and groundwater were 5114.56, 4551.10, 1280.12 ng g^?1, 426.98 and 381.20 ng L^?1, respectively. Additionally, higher soil and water PAH concentrations were detected in the vicinities of coal or coal gangue dump. Composition analysis, isomeric ratio, Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were performed to diagnose the potential sources of PAHs in different environmental matrices, suggesting the dominant inputs of PAHs from coal/coal combustion and coal gangue in the soil and water. Soil and water guidelines and the incremental lifetime risk (ICLR) were used to assess the health risk, showing that soil and water were heavily contaminated by PAHs, and mean ICLR_{coal/coal-gangue} and mean ICLR_soil were both significantly higher than the acceptable levels (1 × 10^?4), posing high potential carcinogenic risk to residents, especially coal workers. This study highlights the environmental pollution problems and public health concerns of coal mining, particularly the potential occupational health hazards of coal miners exposed in Heshan.     

The evolution of pollution profile and health risk assessment for three groups SVOCs pollutants along with Beijiang River,China

Three important groups of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic chlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and phthalate esters (PAEs), were produced by various human activities and entered the water body. In this study, the pollution profiles of three species including 16 PAHs, 20 OCPs and 15 PAEs in water along the Beijiang River, China were investigated. The concentrations of Σ₁₆PAHs in the dissolved and particulate phases were obtained as 69–1.5 × 10² ng L^?1 and 2.3 × 10³–8.6 × 10⁴ ng g^?1, respectively. The levels of Σ₂₀OCPs were 23–66 ng L^?1 (dissolved phase) and 19–1.7 × 10³ ng g^?1 (particulate phase). Nevertheless, higher levels of PAEs were found both in the dissolved and particulate phases due to abuse use of plastic products. Furthermore, non-cancer and cancer risks caused by these SVOCs through the ingestion absorption and dermal absorption were also assessed. There was no non-cancer risk existed through two kinds of exposure of them at current levels, whereas certain cancer risk existed through dermal absorption of PAHs in the particulate phase in some sampling sites. The results will show scientific insights into the evaluation of the status of combined pollution in river basins, and the determination of strategies for incident control and pollutant remediation.     

内蒙古呼和浩特市大气TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs的健康风险评价

于2012—2013年6月和12月采集了内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物样品,用GC-MS分析测定其中16种PAHs的浓度,并用苯并(a)芘(Ba P)致癌、致突变等效浓度、终身致癌超额危险度和预期寿命损失3个指标评价了内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs的人群健康风险。结果显示:内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人、儿童的日均暴露剂量范围分别为0.71×10~(-6)~2.01×10~(-6)、0.45×10~(-6)~1.28×10~(-6)和0.31×10~(-6)~2.41×10~(-6)、0.19×10~(-6)~1.15×10~(-6)mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人和儿童的终身致癌超额危险度范围分别为2.21×10~(-6)~6.24×10~(-6)、1.41×10~(-6)~3.97×10~(-6)和0.95×10~(-6)~7.47×10~(-6)、0.60×10~(-6)~4.75×10~(-6),终身致癌超额危险度均处于可接受水平范围内(10-4~10~(-6))。TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人和儿童的预期寿命损失范围分别为13.74~38.78、8.752~24.70和5.88~46.39、3.74~29.54 min。     

中国饮用水中多环芳烃的分布和健康风险评价

饮用水中存在的多环芳烃对人类的身体健康会产生危害。应用固相萃取富集法和气相色谱?质谱联用(GC/MS)分析方法对全国主要城市的80座自来水厂出水中多环芳烃的浓度进行了分析。结果表明:各自来水厂的出水中多环芳烃总量在174.02-658.44ng.L-1之间,其中致癌性多环芳烃的总量为55.08-173.36ng.L-1,致癌性多环芳烃占多环芳烃总量比例最高可达到49.68%。就其组成而言,出水中多环芳烃以3环芳烃(31%-37%)为主,但各环均有检出;通过评价水体健康风险,得到水厂出水中多环芳烃对人体的健康风险值是10-6a-1。     

Concentrations,input prediction and probabilistic biological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) along Gujarat coastline

A comprehensive investigation was conducted in order to assess the levels of PAHs, their input prediction and potential risks to bacterial abundance and human health along Gujarat coastline. A total of 40 sediment samples were collected at quarterly intervals within a year from two contaminated sites—Alang-Sosiya Shipbreaking Yard (ASSBRY) and Navlakhi Port (NAV), situated at Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of Kutch, respectively. The concentration of ΣPAHs ranged from 408.00 to 54240.45 ng g^?1 dw, indicating heavy pollution of PAHs at both the contaminated sites. Furthermore, isomeric ratios and principal component analysis have revealed that inputs of PAHs at both contaminated sites were mixed-pyrogenic and petrogenic. Pearson co-relation test and regression analysis have disclosed Nap, Acel and Phe as major predictors for bacterial abundance at both contaminated sites. Significantly, cancer risk assessment of the PAHs has been exercised based on incremental lifetime cancer risks. Overall, index of cancer risk of PAHs for ASSBRY and NAV ranged from 4.11 × 10^?6–2.11 × 10^?5 and 9.08 × 10^?6–4.50 × 10^?3 indicating higher cancer risk at NAV compared to ASSBRY. The present findings provide baseline information that may help in developing advanced bioremediation and bioleaching strategies to minimize biological risk.     

Spatial distributions,source apportionment and ecological risk of SVOCs in water and sediment from Xijiang River,Pearl River Delta

Xijiang River is an important drinking water source in Guangxi Province, China. Along the Xijiang River and surrounding tributary, the pollution profile of three important groups of semi-volatile organic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phthalate esters (PAEs), was analyzed. Relatively low levels of PAHs (64–3.7 × 10² ng L^?1) and OCPs (16–70 ng L^?1), but high levels of PAEs (7.9 × 10²–6.8 × 10³ ng L^?1) occurred in the water. Comparatively, low levels of OCPs (39–1.8 × 10² ng g^?1) and PAEs (21–81 ng g^?1), but high levels of PAHs (41–1.1 × 10³ ng g^?1) were found in sediment. Principal component analyses for source identification indicated petroleum-derived residues or coal and biomass combustion, and vehicular emission was the main sources for PAHs. The OCPs sources of each category were almost independent, whereas the new input of HCHs and p,p′-DDTs probably existed in some areas. PAEs were mainly originated from personal care products of urban sewage, plastic and other industrial sources. Ecological risk through the risk quotient analysis indicated a small or significant potential adverse effect on fish, daphnia and green algae. Nevertheless, the integrated risk of all pollutants should be taken into account in future study.     

贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水重金属污染物季节性特征及潜在健康风险评价

以贵阳市西郊水厂2014年3月和7月所供管网末梢水中10种重金属污染物检测数据为基础,进行了季节性特征分析,并采用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型进行了潜在健康风险评价。结果表明,贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水中10种重金属的浓度均符合国家饮用水卫生标准;重金属污染物的浓度随季节呈现出不同的特征,汞、锌、硒、钼和钡5种重金属的平均浓度呈现枯水期高于丰水期的特征,而铅、铜、锰和镍4种重金属正好相反,砷浓度的季节性特征不显著;成年人的年平均致癌风险显著大于儿童,但两者年平均非致癌风险接近;儿童和成年人2类人群经口暴露途径的健康风险值均大于皮肤暴露,其中致癌风险分别在2.49×10-6~9.16×10-6和3.26×10-8~9.59×10-8之间,非致癌风险在2.29×10-8~3.20×10-8和1.85×10-10~4.14×10-10之间,且致癌风险均大于非致癌风险。贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水中10种重金属污染物致癌风险和非致癌风险均未超过最大可接受水平,未对该供水区居民的健康造成威胁。     

Assessment of age-dependent radiation dose and toxicity risk due to intake of uranium through the ingestion of groundwater from Northern Rajasthan,India

Uranium traces were measured by laser fluorimeter in groundwater samples collected from four districts of Rajasthan state in India. The average values of uranium concentration in groundwater in Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Churu, and Sikar districts were determined to be: 57, 50, 40, and 21 µg L^?1, respectively. These recorded values were compared with the maximum contamination levels recommended for drinking water by various health and environmental protection agencies. The associated age-dependent radiation dose is estimated by taking the prescribed water intake values of different age groups. The average cancer mortality and morbidity risks are calculated to be 5.6 × 10^?5 and 8.8 × 10^?5 respectively, indicate that the probability of carcinogenic risks is negligible. About half (49%) of the analyzed samples showed hazard quotient > 1.0, indicating significant risk due to chemical toxicity of uranium.