乙烯参与钾对拟南芥缺铁响应的调控

为了解乙烯是否作为信号分子参与钾对植物耐缺铁响应的调控,以拟南芥为研究材料,分析钾在调控植物缺铁响应过程中根中乙烯含量与缺铁响应的变化及其相互关系.结果表明:(1)与缺铁正常供钾(-Fe+K)相比,缺铁同时缺钾(-Fe-K)显著增加根中和根系质外体铁含量,降低植株地上部铁含量,加剧植株地上部缺铁,从而进一步增强根中铁还原酶活性,促进铁吸收相关基因表达.(2)在缺铁同时缺钾(-Fe-K)下添加不同浓度的钾则显著促进根系质外体铁的再利用,降低根中铁和根系质外体铁的含量,增加地上部铁含量,改善植株地上部铁营养状况,从而抑制根系铁还原酶活性.(3)与缺铁正常供钾(-Fe+K)相比,缺铁和缺钾共同胁迫(-Fe-K)显著增加根中乙烯含量,在-Fe+K和-Fe-K条件下外源添加乙烯合成前体均能进一步增加根中乙烯含量并增强铁还原酶活性,而外源添加乙烯合成抑制剂则进一步降低根中乙烯含量并抑制铁还原酶活性.(4)与对照相比,缺铁和缺钾共同胁迫(-Fe-K)下乙烯合成基因ACS4、ACS6和ACS7显著上调.本研究表明钾对拟南芥缺铁响应具有重要调控作用,ACS6、ACS4和ACS7基因介导合成的乙烯作为信号分子参与钾对拟南芥耐缺铁响应的调控.(图5表1参43)     

铝胁迫下马尾松幼苗有机酸分泌和根际pH值的变化

以马尾松幼苗为试验材料,选用砂培法研究铝胁迫对马尾松根际pH值、有机酸分泌以及植株中铝累积变化的影响。结果表明,高浓度铝导致根际pH值增加,当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,根际pH值则趋于平稳。在测试的5种有机酸(草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、乙酸)中,当铝浓度由0升至300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸根系分泌量随之升高,与根际pH值呈正相关关系;而当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸分泌量则趋于平稳,草酸和苹果酸的分泌影响根际pH值的变化。其次,活性铝通过根系进入植株后,由于营养作用和运输机制,出现分布差异,根部铝积累量明显高于茎和叶。当根系接触的铝浓度低于300μmol.L-1时,植株铝积累量与根际pH值,以及草酸、苹果酸分泌量呈显著正相关。     

低氧胁迫下钙调素拮抗剂对黄瓜幼苗根系多胺含量和呼吸代谢的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了根际低氧胁迫下三氟拉嗪(TFP)对两个耐低氧能力不同的黄瓜品种幼苗根系中多胺含量和呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明,单纯低氧下,黄瓜幼苗根系中腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)含量显著增加,琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性显著降低,乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性显著提高,乙醇和乳酸含量相应增加;与耐低氧能力较弱的"中农8号"相比,耐低氧能力较强的"绿霸春4号"幼苗根系ADH活性增加幅度和乙醇含量较高,LDH活性增加幅度、SDH活性降低幅度和乳酸含量较低;与单纯低氧胁迫相比,添加TFP处理能显著降低黄瓜幼苗根系中Spd和Spm含量,增加Put含量,同时,根系中SDH和ADH活性降低,LDH活性增加,乳酸含量升高,植株根系生长受到严重抑制,并且对耐低氧性较强的"绿霸春4号"幼苗伤害程度更加明显.表明在低氧胁迫下,Ca2 、CaM参与了黄瓜幼苗根系多胺及呼吸代谢过程,TFP处理抑制了Ca2 .CaM信使功能,从而降低了黄瓜植株耐低氧的能力.表5参25     

不同钾效率基因型香蕉根际钾营养与根系特性研究

为探讨不同钾效率基因型香蕉根际钾营养与根系特性,在水培和低钾土培条件下,分析了不同钾效率(高效基因型包括广粉、牛角蕉2个品种,低效基因型包括天宝蕉和黎母山野生蕉2个品种)基因型香蕉(Musa spp.)根际与非根际土壤的速效钾、缓效钾与全钾质量分数的变化,以及根系主要分泌物、根际微生物数量、根系CEC和根系H~+分泌量的变化。结果显示,香蕉根际土壤的缓效钾和速效钾质量分数明显高于非根际土,并且于根际形成了钾的相对富集区域,4个品种香蕉的根际土的速效钾和缓效钾质量分数是非根际土壤的1.9~3.9倍。在根际钾的富集能力方面,钾高效基因型显著高于低效基因型,钾高效基因型根际土壤的速效钾和缓效钾质量分数均比低效基因型高出27.35%以上。但是,香蕉非根际土壤的全钾质量分数却高于根际土壤。钾高效型香蕉的根系分泌能力和根际微生物数量都显著高于低效基因型,钾高效基因型根系游离氨基酸与可溶性糖的分泌量与低效基因型相差0.62~2.09倍;真菌、细菌和放线菌的数量方面,高效基因型均与低效基因型相差1倍以上,但基因型内各品种间差异却不显著。钾高效基因型根系H~+分泌量与根系CEC显著高于低效基因型,H~+分泌量前者是后者的1.57~1.82倍,根系CEC前者是后者的1.69~2.57倍。根系H~+分泌量、根系CEC与植株含钾量之间呈显著正相关;根际土速效钾和缓效钾分别与根际微生物数量、根系CEC、根系氢质子分泌量、各根系分泌物指标呈显著正相关关系,相关系数达0.95以上。     

酸胁迫对马尾松幼苗生长及根际铝形态的影响

在不同p H值(2.5、3.5、4.5和5.6)模拟酸雨处理下,研究根箱栽培马尾松(Pinus massoniana L.)幼苗生物量(根茎长、根与茎叶干重、一级侧根数)、叶绿素含量以及根系质膜相对透性的变化,在酸雨pH 3.5-5.6范围内对松树幼苗根际与非根际土壤的pH值和铝形态以及植株铝积累量进行测定,以探明酸胁迫对马尾松幼苗生长及根际铝形态的影响.结果显示:当酸雨p H从5.6降至2.5,马尾松幼苗生物量和叶绿素含量均降低,而根系质膜透性从13.2%升至36.4%,膜伤害度由轻度的4.1%提高到重度的23.2%,且重度酸胁迫下两者变化均极显著(P 0.01);此外随酸胁迫强度的增强,马尾松根际与非根际土壤pH值分别由5.95和5.91降至4.02和3.87,而根际土壤中交换态、有机结合态铝含量则分别上升至7.27和18.1 mg/kg,且马尾松植株铝积累量增加至49.46μg/株,其在植株根系中的积累量明显高于地上部分.上述结果表明,酸胁迫使得马尾松根系质膜受损程度增加,叶绿素含量减少,引起光合作用减弱,幼苗生长受到抑制;另外,酸雨能改变土壤中铝化合物的形态,增加活性铝离子溶出量,其中一部分转化成有机结合态铝,另一部分则通过根系吸收累积在幼苗植株内,阻碍马尾松生长发育.(图5表3参45)     

根系分泌物及其在植物营养中的作用

论述了根系分泌物的种类和影响因素，根系分泌物在植物营养中的调节作用、异种克生作用，根系分泌物与根际微生物的相互作用。在铁胁迫条件下，许多高等植物都能产生一系列生理和形态方面的适应性反应，禾本科植物通过根际特定分泌物——麦根酸类物质来自动调节其体内的铁营养状况；在磷胁迫条件下，根系分泌的低分子有机酸种类主要有柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸和苹果酸，它们在植物根际的富集能明显促进土壤中磷的释放，提高作物对磷的吸收，缓解植物的磷胁迫；在锌胁迫条件下，双子叶植物的根系分泌物对锌的活化作用不明显，而禾本科植物的根系分泌物可以活化石灰性土壤中难溶性锌。     

镉胁迫对龙葵幼苗氮代谢及其相关酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究了系列镉浓度处理对龙葵（Solanum nigrumL）幼苗氮代谢的影响。结果表明：龙葵根系可溶性蛋白质较叶片受Cd影响更大。龙葵植株叶片和根系NO3--N含量、硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性均随镉浓度提高而先增后降,且随处理时间的延长而逐渐下降。叶片NO3--N含量和NR活性均在25μm镉处理8d后达到峰值,而根系NO3--N则在50μm镉处理8d后最高。叶片NO3--N含量受镉处理影响较根系稍大。然而,龙葵叶片中NH4＋-N含量随镉浓度升高和时间延长逐渐升高,100μm镉处理16d后最高,表明镉胁迫下龙葵叶片铵态氮富集效应明显。龙葵叶片和根系中谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性随镉处理浓度提高和处理时间延长而逐渐升高,100μm镉处理16d后达到峰值。     

10年模拟氮沉降对苦竹林根际与非根际土壤铝组分的影响

长期高速率的氮(N)沉降将大量的活性N输入到陆地生态系统,使得部分森林生态系统的土壤酸化问题日益严重。酸化导致的土壤中交换性铝(Al)的增加直接威胁着植物生长和生态系统安全。为探索长期不同N沉降情形下竹林土壤Al组分的响应,于2007年10月在苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)林中建立模拟N沉降样地,分别设置对照(CK,N0 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))、低N(LN,N 5 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))、中N(MN,N 15 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))和高N(HN,N 30 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))4个处理,每个处理设置3个重复。在连续10 a的N添加处理后,于2017年7月采集0—10 cm根际与非根际土壤样品并测定土壤pH和土壤Al组分。结果表明,模拟N沉降显著降低了根际土壤pH,HN处理显著降低了非根际土壤pH。在对照处理下,根际土壤pH比非根际大0.56个单位。模拟N沉降对根际交换态Al组分含量有显著的影响,对碳酸态Al、有机络合态Al、铁锰氧化态Al和残留态Al组分含量无显著影响;模拟N沉降对非根际土壤的各个Al组分含量无显著影响。相关性分析结果表明根际土壤与非根际土壤的pH均与交换态Al组分含量呈极显著的负相关关系,根际土壤pH与有机络合态Al组分含量呈显著的负相关关系,与其余Al组分含量无显著相关性。研究结果表明长期N沉降导致的土壤酸化使得土壤交换态Al显著增加,苦竹根系或将遭受到Al毒害,对竹林生态系统健康存在潜在危害。     

低含量Pb对Cd处理下冬小麦根际土壤氧化还原酶活性、BIF及C/N的影响

为正确评价重金属污染下冬小麦根际土壤微生态系统的安全性和稳定性,采用盆栽试验法研究了铅(Pb)含量低于国家"土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618-1995)"规定的Ⅱ类土壤环境基准值(350.00 mg/kg,干土)时,与镉(Cd)复合处理对冬小麦幼苗根际土壤氧化还原酶活性、肥力指数(Biological index of fertility,BIF)及碳/氮(C/N)的影响.结果表明:(1)幼苗生长3周时,Cd处理下过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著(P<0.05)增加,脱氢酶活性显著(P<0.05)降低;7周时多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著(P<0.05)降低;12周时,多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性显著(P<0.05)降低.此外,根际土壤生物学肥力指标BIF值主要表现为降低,而根际土壤C/N值在幼苗生长3周和12周时显著(P<0.05)降低,7周时却极显著(P<0.01)升高.(2)低含量Pb与Cd对脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性、BIF值主要起协同抑制效应,对多酚氧化酶活性表现出拮抗效应.幼苗生长3周和12周时,低含量Pb可减轻Cd对C/N值的降低效应,7周时,低含量Pb和Cd协同促进C/N值升高.土壤Pb含量低于国家"土壤环境质量标准"规定的Ⅱ类土壤环境基准值时,仍会明显影响Cd污染下冬小麦幼苗根际土壤的生化功能特征.     

多环芳烃(PAHs)污染对滨海湿地入侵植物互花米草的影响北大核心CSCD

滨海湿地生态系统正遭受着人为活动或自然因素的威胁,为探究多环芳烃（PAHs）污染对滨海湿地入侵植物互花米草根际、根内微生物的影响及植物-微生物联合修复PAHs的潜力,设置含有不同浓度菲和芘的沉积物处理,通过盆栽实验对互花米草幼苗进行暴露.结果显示,培养70 d后,菲和芘的去除率分别为13%-36%和11%-30%;菲处理的互花米草根际沉积物中脱氢酶活性显著高于对照（P〈0.05）,非根际沉积物多酚氧化酶活性则降低10%.磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）分析显示,菲处理显著降低了根际沉积物微生物量（P〈0.05）,尤其是革兰氏阴性菌下降了24%;而芘处理对脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶以及总微生物量的影响相对较小.100 mg/kg菲处理使得根际与根内革兰氏阴性菌PAHs-环羟基双加氧酶基因（PAH-RHDα-GN）丰度比对照组分别增加了100倍和3倍;而100 mg/kg芘处理使得根际与非根际沉积物中PAH-RHDα-GP丰度显著升高（P〈0.05）.上述结果表明,入侵植物互花米草对PAHs污染存在明显的响应,其根内细菌在植物-微生物联合修复PAHs污染具有重要的作用.     

大坞河流域重金属污染与五节芒光谱效应关系研究

以大坞河流域五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）可见一近红外光谱以及叶片样本Cu、Zn、Fe元素质量分数监测数据为基础，对研究区内五节芒中重金属质量分数特征、光谱特征及两者的相关性进行了探讨。结果表明：五节芒叶片中3种金属元素的质量分数都较高；从上游到下游，五节芒叶片中Cu质量分数整体呈逐渐降低的趋势，五节芒光谱反射率在可见光区和近红外区均增加，红边“红移”（向长波方向飘移）强度逐渐减小；同时，五节芒叶片中Cu质量分数与五节芒可见光区、近红外区光谱反射率积分值呈负相关性，与红边“红移”强度、土壤中Cu质量分数呈正相关。并由此得出五节芒光谱特征中A1、A2、S等3项指标能够较好反映土壤的Cu污染程度，经进一步深入研究，可以将五节芒作为监测矿区土壤Cu污染的指示植物。     

Phytotoxicity of thiourea application on soybean seedlings北大核心CSCD

For a precise evaluation of environmental and eco-toxicology effect of nitrification inhibitor on agroecosystem, the phytotoxicity of nitrification inhibitor should be fully understand. This paper aimed to study the phytotoxicity of thiourea and urea application on soybean seedlings. Effects of thiourea on the biomass, content of metal ions and chlorophyll level were studied in the leaves of soybean, and the effects of thiourea on anti-oxidative system (SOD, POD, and CAT) and content of MDA in the leaves of soybean were also investigated. The results showed that thiourea had great impact on the growth of soybean. Low concentration (1.0 mmol kg-1) of thiourea could slightly inhibit the growth of seedlings, and increase the activities of SOD, POD, CAT. Thiourea treatment of different concentrations had no effect on the content of Cu and Zn ion in soybean seedlings, but could obviously change the content of Mn and Fe ions in soybean seedlings. The content of Mn ion increased with the concentration of thiourea, from 18.58 mg kg-1 in the control to 45.45 mg kg-1 with 5 mmol kg-1 thiourea treatment. On the other hand, the content of Fe ion decreased with the concentration of thiourea, from 20.77 mg kg-1 in the control to 17.63 with 5 mmol kg-1 thiourea treatment. Heave inhibition effects and phytotoxic symptom were found in thriourea treatment of 5.0 mmol kg-1. The growth of seedlings was obviously inhibited; the content of chlorophyll in leaves of soybean decreased to 2.11 mg kg-1 compared to 3.56 mg kg-1 in that of the control. Simultaneously, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT and the content of MDA increased dramatically when thiourea reached 5.0 mmol kg-1. The heave inhibition effects and phytotoxic symptom in the soybean seedling indicated that thiourea could induce environmental stress in the seedlings.     

柠檬酸对土壤养分的活化及对作物吸收Fe、P的影响

土壤pH值是影响石灰性土壤Fe、Zn、Mn等微量元素有效性的重要因素，利用土壤培养法，研究了不同浓度柠檬酸溶液对石灰性土壤的pH值以及对P、Fe、Mn、Zn等元素的活化效应。结果表明，浓度高于0．001mol／L的柠檬酸溶液培养土壤，可降低土壤pH值，增加土壤有效P、Fe、Mn、Zn等元素的质量分数。培养24h后，P、Fe、Mn、Zn等有效养分质量分数最高，随着培养时间的延长，有效养分的质量分数下降，活化效果减弱，土壤表现出一定的钝化效应。利用盆栽模拟滴灌施肥条件，柠檬酸溶液处理可显著促进花生、菜豆植株的生长，叶片SPAD读数增加，并提高植株对P、Fe元素的吸收量，因此滴灌施肥条件下，可考虑使用柠檬酸增加石灰性土壤根区微量元素的有效性。     

玉米铝（Al）胁迫研究初报

通过试验和分析，研究Ａｌ胁迫下的玉米生物性状和主要生理特性，明确活性铝浓度与玉米根系特征及地上部农艺性状之间存在极显著或显著的反比相关；活性铝的存在，降低玉米茎叶Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ等养分含量，提高叶片脯氨酸累积量；脯氨酸含量可作为玉米耐Ａｌ性的生理指标．     

Löwenzahn Taraxacum officinale Web. als (städtischer) Bioindikator

Investigations of the dandelion, Taraxacum officinale Web. in Poland, Romania and Germany showed that the species concentrates various elements dependent on the intensity of the pollutants. In this study, we followed up the question of whether T. officinale enriches pollutants by the atmospheric deposition on the leaves or via the soil. Therefore, samples from at least 10 plants and a soil sample at 57 sample sites were collected from a grid of 500 m × 500 m. In addition to the analysis of the total soil sample, the (mobile) ion pool of the soil (DIN V 19739) was analysed. The elements Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Rb, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, and Zn were determined through the use of spectrometry with inductive coupled plasma (ICP-MS and ICP-OES). The results are compared with the element concentrations of washed and unwashed leaf samples in T. officinale. We could only find two direct correlations (Ti and Zn) between the element content, of the entire soil samples, but 14 correlations (As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Ga, K, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Rb, Ti, Tl und Zn) between the ion pool of the soil and the washed samples. The grid point data interpolation by ArcInfo showed a similar distribution pattern for the unwashed leaf elements Al, Ce, Fe, Ti and V (r≥0.75). The elements Al, Ce, Fe, Ti, and V are washed out at the same ratio. Thus, although the concentration of these elements were significantly reduced by the washing procedure, the correlations were not influenced. The admissibility of the grid point data interpolation for a distribution map of the town area was investigated, as well. It is shown that the element content varies with the land use (meadow, field, rural areas), the sampling point and the local pollutants. However, none of the discussed elements, Al, Ce, Fe, Ti, and V, is significantly influenced by the land use. The data allows one to make the conclusion that the elements of Al, Ce, Fe, Ti and V are dependent on the dry and wet deposition on the leaves of T. officinale. These elements are taken up not only by the roots, but also by the surface of the leaves. This is evident because there is no correlation between one of these elements in the leaves and the ion pool of the soil.     

Determination of heavy metal levels in medicinal plant Hemerocallis minor Miller by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Contamination of edible plants by toxic metals is a threat for human health. We applied for the first time applied the non-destructive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) to determine concentrations of heavy metals, i.e., Fe, Ti, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Sr and Ba in plant Hemerocallis minor Miller and soils. Because this plant is used in folk medicine, the metal content assessment is important for specifying relevance of application to produce drugs. This paper considers the distribution of elements between different parts of plant (rhizome, stalk, leaves and flowers). The contents of metals were determined as varying in flowers and leaves depending on the time of sampling. The acquired concentrations of elements have been compared with toxic levels provided in literature.     

Zn2+污染与小麦特征光谱相关关系研究

水培条件下研究了Zn2 胁迫对小麦(Triticum aestivum)体内Zn2 含量、叶绿素含量及可见近红外特征光谱的影响,并对3者相关关系进行了分析。结果表明,随着溶液Zn2 浓度的升高,小麦体内Zn2 含量逐渐增加,叶绿素含量降低,叶片光谱反射率在可见光区增加,红边“蓝移”(向短波方向飘移)强度逐渐增加,且相关性均较显著;同时,Zn2 胁迫使小麦叶片光谱在近红外波段降低,但Zn2 胁迫程度与反射率降低幅度相关性不明显。     

Combined effect of iron and zinc on micronutrient levels in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A nutrient solution experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Fe and Zn supply on Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations in wheat plants. The experiment used a factorial combination of two Fe levels (0 and 5 mg l(-1)) and three Zn levels (0, 0.1 and 10 mg I(-1)). The supply of Fe (5 mg l(-1)) and Zn (0.1 mg l(-1)) increased plant dry weight and leaf chlorophyll content compared to the Fe or Zn deficient (0 mg 11) treatments. However, excess Zn supply (10 mg l(-1)) reduced plant dry weights and leaf chlorophyll content. Iron supply (5 mg l(-1)) reduced wheat Zn concentrations by 49%, Cu concentrations by 34%, and Mn by 56% respectively. Zinc supply (10 mg l(-1)) reduced wheat Fe concentrations by an average of 8%, but had no significant effect on Cu and Mn concentrations. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations were negatively correlated with root- and leaf-Fe concentrations, but positively correlated with stem-Fe concentrations. Leaf-Mn concentrations were negatively correlated with root-, stem- and leaf-Zn concentrations.     

Mitigation of glyphosate-based herbicide toxicity in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings by ascorbic acid

Abstract

The toxicity of glyphosate at 3.6?mg L^?1 to maize seedlings raised from un-treated seeds and the effectiveness of seed pretreatment by soaking in 0.25?mmol L^?1 ascorbic acid (AsA) solution for mitigation of toxicity were evaluated in hydroponic culture. Glyphosate dramatically reduced the growth of roots and photosynthetic pigments in the leaves but increased protein content in the leaves. Superoxide dismutase activity and AsA concentration in the roots were increased, and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity was unaffected. Pretreatment with AsA improved the dry mass of the roots and shoots, increased the protein content in roots and leaves, and significantly decreased the activity of GPOX in roots. The positive effect of AsA treatment was not associated with more efficient functioning of the antioxidative system.     

MnO2/H2SO4溶液同时脱硫脱硝实验

采用MnO2/H2SO4溶液作为吸收液,以Fe3+作为催化剂在自制的鼓泡反应器内,对模拟烟气进行同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究,主要考察MnO2浓度、Fe3+浓度、pH值、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度、氧含量、烟气流量等因素对SO2和NO脱除效率的影响.实验结果表明,MnO2浓度、Fe3+浓度、烟气流量、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度对脱硝率影响显著,pH值、氧含量对脱硝率影响不大.在整个实验范围内脱硫效率总是保持在98%以上,脱硝效率最高达到70.9%.