互花米草对中国海滨湿地土壤有机碳库的影响

1979年互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)被引入中国用于促淤造陆,经过30余年的引种扩张,已经在中国海滨湿地潮间带形成了优势植被,并对中国海滨湿地土壤有机碳库产生影响,相关研究包括对土壤有机碳库规模、土壤有机碳库的输入过程、输出过程、土壤有机碳组分以及土壤碳库动态的影响等方面。文章从以上几方面概述了互花米草对中国海滨湿地土壤有机碳库的影响,并对以后的研究方向提出了建议,主要结论包括:不同区域互花米草对土壤有机碳库的影响有差异。互花米草在江苏沿海的光滩及碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)生态系统的扩张增加了土壤有机碳库存量,但是远低于其原产地美国的互花米草盐沼土壤有机碳含量;在福建红树林(mangrove)生态系统、芦苇(Phragmites australias)生态系统的入侵则减少了土壤有机碳库存量。互花米草定居扩张总体上促进了盐沼CO_2、CH_4、DMS和CS_2气体排放和卤代烷烃吸收。互花米草入侵对土壤有机碳库的效应受到生物与非生物因素的影响,包括入侵生态系统结构、环境物理因子变化、竞争物种的生物学特性、互花米草入侵年限等。未来需要在以下几个方面加强研究:扩大研究尺度进行跨区域定位比较研究;土壤有机碳库积累动态积累机制研究;土壤有机碳库与植物碳库输入输出耦合关系研究;对土壤碳库能力的变化进行定量综合评估;对全球变化的响应研究。     

中国滨海互花米草湿地土壤有机碳时空变化及其影响因素

滨海湿地是缓解全球变暖的有效蓝色碳汇,互花米草Spartina alterniflora作为一种外来物种在中国沿海地区广泛分布,国内学者对其入侵下的滨海湿地土壤有机碳变化进行了众多研究。研究区主要集中在盐城自然保护区、长江口、杭州湾、闽江口湿地和漳江口红树林自然保护区等互花米草大面积分布区域,研究内容主要是比较其入侵前后地下一定深度土壤有机碳含量分布以及它们随入侵年限延长和不同季节的变化规律。文章通过相关数据与资料集成分析,阐述了互花米草入侵对湿地土壤有机碳的影响机制,比较中国互花米草湿地土壤有机碳时空变化特征,并分析其主要影响因素,如纬度、入侵前本底植物类型、入侵年限、水文状况、采样时间、采样深度以及土壤理化性质等。在此基础上,指出现有研究中存在的主要问题,并提出今后研究展望,如更加广泛地开展中国滨海地区互花米草湿地土壤碳汇效应的长期观测、使用高分辨遥感影像辨识植物类型和互花米草时空分布、综合考虑众多影响因素进行野外样点布设、统一湿地土壤采样方法和有机碳室内实验分析方法、重视与加强互花米草湿地碳封存和碳释放的比较研究等,以期对滨海湿地碳的增汇减排评估和合理调控提供重要依据,加深理解全球碳循环及全球变化。     

高程对盐沼湿地互花米草生长与扩散的影响

外来物种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵中国后,对潮间带滨海湿地的生态环境危害巨大,对河口湿地生态、景观、经济等方面均有不同程度影响,研究其入侵机制对有效防治互花米草是不可或缺的。黄河三角洲是中国北方受互花米草侵害最严重的地区之一。该研究在黄河三角洲潮间带开展互花米草移栽试验,2019年6月,在由海向陆方向上,把互花米草实生苗(种子萌发苗)与克隆苗(根茎萌发苗)移栽至高程范围为65.5—114.7 cm的不同地点,定期调查移栽点互花米草生长状况,同时进行潮汐与土壤性质监测,揭示潮间带不同高程对互花米草幼苗生长与扩散的影响,确定互花米草存活的高程阈值。结果表明:(1)随着高程升高,黄河三角洲潮间带的潮汐淹水时长和淹水深度有显著差异;(2)在黄河三角洲,影响互花米草生长与繁殖的主要环境因素为高程和潮汐共同作用的平均淹水时间、平均淹水深度和土壤盐度;(3)总体而言,互花米草实生苗与克隆苗的生长状况随高程升高而变差,实生苗可在盐地碱蓬分布区存活,克隆苗可在高程更高的芦苇和柽柳分布区存活;(4)在由海向陆方向上,短期内互花米草可快速扩散至盐地碱蓬分布区,经过长期适应后,互花米草可能扩散至芦苇分布区甚至柽柳分布区。因此,中国北方互花米草防控刻不容缓,首先应有效控制互花米草种子的有性繁殖,限制或阻止其通过种子进行远距离扩散,其次,应加快互花米草控制步伐,否则,经过长期适应之后,互花米草很可能继续向陆地方向扩张,与本土植被芦苇和柽柳产生直接竞争,扩大其对潮间带生态系统的威胁。     

上海崇明东滩互花米草种子产量与活性对刈割的响应

有性繁殖与种子扩散是互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）侵入新生境的重要途径,抑制有性繁殖是有效控制互花米草进一步扩散与二次入侵的关键。文章研究了刈割对互花米草种子产量及其活性的影响,结果表明：四月（生长初期）1次刈割在一定程度上促进了互花米草的有性繁殖,其每穗种子数（481.3粒）、种子平均生活力（36.7%）与对照每穗种子数（425.5粒）和种子平均生活力（41.3%）间不存在显著差异,表现出超量补偿现象。四月和七月（扬花期）2次刈割与扬花期1次刈割能有效抑制互花米草的有性繁殖,其种子的生产量（每穗种子数分别为186.3和173.6粒）与活性（分别为18.0%和17.3%）较对照显著降低,表现出不足补偿现象。四月和七月2次刈割与七月扬花期1次刈割对互花米草有性繁殖的控制效果较好。在互花米草管理与控制实践中,扬花期刈割是有效控制互花米草有性繁殖与扩散的重要途径。     

苏北潮滩群落交错带互花米草斑块与土著种竞争关系研究

选取盐城滨海湿地典型滩地（互花米草与碱蓬交错区、碱蓬滩）互花米草斑块,研究互花米草和本地种的生长特征、斑块微生境变化和互花米草与本地种的相对竞争力。结果表明：①和本地土著种碱蓬Suaeda salsa、芦苇Phragmites australis相比,入侵种互花米草Spartina alterniflora能更有效地改善微生境,其发达根系能够提高土壤含水量,互花米草的耐盐特性和泌盐作用能够使得互花米草在高盐度环境中生存,并有效的降低土壤盐度;②在互花米草与碱蓬交错区,从互花米草斑块边缘到中心,碱蓬的长势显著变弱,互花米草的长势显著增强,互花米草与碱蓬的相对竞争力为1.94±0.94,互花米草的竞争能力明显强于碱蓬;③在碱蓬滩,从互花米草斑块边缘到中心,碱蓬、芦苇的长势显著变弱,互花米草的长势显著增强,互花米草与碱蓬的相对竞争力为0.87±0.30,互花米草与碱蓬之间的竞争相对平衡;④因此,互花米草可能通过种间竞争不断侵蚀碱蓬生境,从而取代当地土著植被碱蓬和芦苇。     

基于Markov-CA模型互花米草扩张影响因素与强度辨识

外来物种扩散过程是生态入侵调控研究的重要内容之一。利用江苏盐城海岸带3期遥感数据,借助GIS技术和Markov-CA模型,在不同影响因素条件下,对互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)扩张进行模拟,辨识互花米草扩张影响因素及其强度。结果显示:(1)1991—1997和1997—2007年2个时段互花米草实际年均扩张率分别为24.39%和7.76%,表明1991—1997年互花米草迅速扩张,2007年之后扩张有减缓趋势。(2)在海岸带互花米草若任其自由生长,扩张率则最大,1997—2007和2007—2017年其年均扩张率(强度)分别为9.40%和6.78%;受植物种群竞争影响,互花米草沼泽年均扩张率分别减小为7.10%和5.49%;受植物种群竞争和人为干扰的影响,互花米草沼泽年均扩张率则分别为7.10%和5.24%。(3)植物种群竞争因素影响使2个时段互花米草年均扩张率分别减少2.30和1.29百分点,人为干扰使2个时段互花米草年均扩张率变化量分别为0和0.25百分点。(4)Markov-CA模型可用以揭示盐城海岸带外来入侵种群扩张过程与影响因素的关系,为湿地资源合理开发和生物多样性保护提供科学依据。     

外来红树植物无瓣海桑的入侵生态特征

无瓣海桑因其具有速生性的特点而被广泛的用于滩涂海岸造林和控制外来杂草互花米草。但是同样作为外来种,无瓣海桑其自身的入侵性及生态风险已经成为近年来研究的一大热点。依据外来种风险评估的侧重点,分别从定居特性、传播特性及其影响等方面总结了国内外无瓣海桑的入侵生态特征的相关研究,表明无瓣海桑具有速生、高生产力、对低温和土壤具有一定的适应性、已在澳门等地出现扩散入侵现象等利于入侵的特点;但是同时它生态位宽度中等,繁殖率较低,并且它的种植会改善红树林生态系统土壤养分,有利于乡土红树植物的生长。现有对无瓣海桑入侵生态特征的定性研究并不能完全确定其入侵性和生态风险。因此今后需采用风险评估模型等手段对无瓣海桑入侵性进行更为深入地评估。     

用~(13)C脉冲标记法研究互花米草光合碳的分配

土壤有机碳库作为陆地生态系统最大的碳库,其微小的变动就能影响着全球碳的平衡、生物多样性、土壤养分状况以及整个生态系统的可持续发展。其中,植物光合作用是陆地和大气间碳循环的驱动力,是土壤有机碳的重要来源。自1979年中国引入互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)后,大面积的互花米草入侵必然对盐沼土壤有机碳的输入和输出、碳循环产生影响。研究互花米草生长期内光合碳的分配问题对湿地碳平衡具有重要意义。在互花米草生育期内通过盆栽实验对互花米草进行4次~(13)C脉冲标记,研究互花米草光合碳在互花米草-土壤系统中各组分的分配及固定。结果表明:(1)标记互花米草~(13)C丰度值明显增加,随标记次数增加呈上升趋势,各组分~(13)C丰度值表现为茎叶根根际土壤土体;(2)互花米草各组分固定的~(13)C量随标记次数增加而增加,4次标记固定的~(13)C量在52.80-276.81mg·plant~(-1)(以C计)之间。互花米草各组分固定~(13)C量呈现茎叶根根际土壤土体的趋势;(3)4次标记后互花米草-土壤系统各组分固定~(13)C量占净光合~(13)C总量分配比例呈现茎叶根根际土壤土体的趋势,叶分配比例为32.48%-39.20%,茎分配比例为39.83%-47.65%,根分配比例为18.01%-20.34%,根际土壤分配比例为0.30%-0.42%,土体分配比例为0.08%-0.20%。光合碳在互花米草各部分以及土体中都有所增加,主要集中在地上部分。     

外源氮输入对互花米草生长及叶特征的影响

入侵种互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）是滨海盐沼湿地的多年生草本植物,研究人类活动引起的外源氮输入对其生长的影响有助于了解滨海湿地生态系统结构和功能的未来变化趋势。运用随机区组试验设计方法,模拟海滩水分条件（间歇淹水和持续淹水）,研究了互花米草的地上部生物量、叶片光合特征以及形态特征对外源氮输入的响应。结果表明：互花米草地上部生物量在施氮条件下显著增加,且在土壤处于间歇淹水状态时表现更为明显;施氮条件下植株分蘖数比对照处理分别增加了60.0%和60.2%,是引起地上部生物量增加的主要原因。施加氮素促进了互花米草叶片的生长,叶面积、叶数、叶长和叶宽均显著增加,而叶数的变化是导致植物叶面积增加的主要因素。外源氮输入促进了互花米草叶绿素含量的增加,而对净光合速率的季节变化特征无明显影响。持续淹水处理的植物地上部生物量、生长速率、分蘖数、净光合速率和叶面积均低于间歇淹水处理,说明持续淹水状态对互花米草生长造成了一定的抑制作用。     

互花米草入侵对红树秋茄根际与根内细菌群落结构与多样性的影响

根际/根内微生物在湿地生态系统碳、氮、硫循环中发挥着重要作用,也是外来植物入侵机制研究的重要组成部分.选取福建九龙江口南岸互花米草纯林、秋茄纯林及互花米草和秋茄混交林等生境,采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析植物根内、根表及根际沉积物中细菌群落组成.结果显示:互花米草纯林根际细菌的多样性指数明显高于混交林和秋茄纯林;Uni Frac主成分分析(PCA)结果表明不同生境各细菌群落组成存在显著性差异;两类植物根表细菌以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为主,其中互花米草纯林中各类细菌占比分别为78.0%、5.6%、3.3%和1.6%;根内以蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria)和变形菌门等为主.线性判别分析(LDA)结果表明植物根内和根表存在大量与碳、氮、硫循环相关的功能微生物,如假交替单胞菌科(Pseudoalteromonadaceae)、弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)、嗜甲基菌科(Methylophilaceae)和脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)等.本研究表明与根际微生物相比,根内细菌群落对植物入侵造成的环境变化更加敏感,结果可为深入研究互花米草入侵机制提供重要科学依据.     

Mechanisms generating modification of benthos following tidal flat invasion by a Spartina hybrid.

Many coastal habitats are being substantially altered by introduced plants. In San Francisco Bay, California, USA, a hybrid form of the eastern cordgrass Spartina alterniflora is rapidly invading open mudflats in southern and central sections of the Bay, altering habitat, reducing macrofaunal densities, and shifting species composition. The invasion has resulted in significant losses of surface-feeding amphipods, bivalves, and cirratulid polychaetes, while subsurface feeding groups such as tubificid oligochaetes and capitellid polychaetes have been unaffected. In the present paper, we document the causes and mechanisms underlying the changes observed. Through a series of in situ manipulative experiments we examined the influence of hybrid Spartina canopy on a range of physical, chemical, and biological properties. The hybrid Spartina canopy exerted a strong influence on the hydrodynamic regime, triggering a series of physical, chemical, and biological changes in the benthic system. Relative to tidal flats, water velocity was reduced in hybrid patches, promoting deposition of fine-grained, organic-rich particles. The resulting changes in the sediment environment included increased porewater sulfide concentrations and anoxia, which led to poor survivorship of surface feeders such as bivalves, amphipods, and polychaetes. These are key taxa that support higher trophic levels including migratory shorebirds that feed on tidal flats. Altered flow in the Spartina canopy further contributed to changes in barnacle recruitment and resuspension of adult benthic invertebrates. Increased crab-induced predation pressure associated with Spartina invasion also contributed to changes in benthic invertebrate communities. Our results suggest that multiple physical, chemical, biotic, and trophic impacts of the Spartina invasion have resulted in substantial changes in benthic communities that are likely to have important effects on the entire ecosystem.     

A neighboring plant species creates associational refuge for consumer and host

Examples of plant-animal and plant-plant associational defenses are common across a variety of systems, yet the potential for them to occur in concert has not been explored. In salt marshes in the Gulf of Mexico, the marsh periwinkle (Littoraria irrorata) is an abundant and conspicuous member of the community, climbing up the stems of marsh plants to remain out of the water at high tide. Though Littoraria are thought to primarily utilize stems of marsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora as a source of food and refuge, Littoraria were more abundant in mixed assemblages of Spartina and Juncus roemerianus than in Spartina-only areas at the same tidal height. Mesocosm experiments confirmed that Juncus provided a refuge for Littoraria, with predation by Callinectes sapidus (but not Melongena corona) reduced when Juncus was present. However, Littoraria's utilization of Juncus as well as the effectiveness of Juncus as a refuge depended strongly on plant height: when Juncus was experimentally clipped to a shorter height than Spartina, snail abundance on Spartina and snail predation by crabs increased. Interestingly, this plant animal refuge led to a corresponding refuge for Spartina from Littoraria: Spartina plants lost less biomass to snail grazing when growing with Juncus in mesocosm and field experiments, and Spartina plants in natural assemblages were taller when growing with Juncus than when growing alone, even in the presence of abundant snails. This example highlights the potential importance of plant plant and plant-animal associational refuges in competitive plant assemblages.     

Population dynamics and control of invasive Spartina alterniflora: inference and forecasting under uncertainty

Managing invaded ecosystems entails making decisions about control strategies in the face of scientific uncertainty and ecological stochasticity. Statistical tools such as model selection and Bayesian decision analysis can guide decision-making by estimating probabilities of outcomes under alternative management scenarios, but these tools have seldom been applied in invasion ecology. We illustrate the use of model selection and Bayesian methods in a case study of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) invading Willapa Bay, Washington. To address uncertainty in model structure, we quantified the weight of evidence for two previously proposed hypotheses, that S. alterniflora recruitment varies with climatic conditions (represented by sea surface temperature) and that recruitment is subject to an Allee effect due to pollen limitation. By fitting models to time series data, we found strong support for climate effects, with higher per capita seedling production in warmer years, but no evidence for an Allee effect based on either the total area invaded or the mean distance between neighboring clones. We used the best-supported model to compare alternative control strategies, incorporating uncertainty in parameter estimates and population dynamics. For a fixed annual removal effort, the probability of eradication in 10 years was highest, and final invaded area lowest, if removals targeted the smallest clones rather than the largest or randomly selected clones. The relationship between removal effort and probability of eradication was highly nonlinear, with a sharp threshold separating -0% and -100% probability of success, and this threshold was 95% lower in simulations beginning early rather than late in the invasion. This advantage of a rapid response strategy is due to density-dependent population growth, which produces alternative stable equilibria depending on the initial invasion size when control begins. Our approach could be applied to a wide range of invasive species management problems where appropriate data are available.     

Effects of Invasive Cordgrass on Presence of Marsh Grassbird in an Area where It Is Not Native

The threatened Marsh Grassbird (Locustella pryeri) first appeared in the salt marsh in east China after the salt marsh was invaded by cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), a non‐native invasive species. To understand the dependence of non‐native Marsh Grassbird on the non‐native cordgrass, we quantified habitat use, food source, and reproductive success of the Marsh Grassbird at the Chongming Dongtan (CMDT) salt marsh. In the breeding season, we used point counts and radio‐tracking to determine habitat use by Marsh Grassbirds. We analyzed basal food sources of the Marsh Grassbirds by comparing the δ¹³C isotope signatures of feather and fecal samples of birds with those of local plants. We monitored the nests through the breeding season and determined the breeding success of the Marsh Grassbirds at CMDT. Density of Marsh Grassbirds was higher where cordgrass occurred than in areas of native reed (Phragmites australis) monoculture. The breeding territory of the Marsh Grassbird was composed mainly of cordgrass stands, and nests were built exclusively against cordgrass stems. Cordgrass was the major primary producer at the base of the Marsh Grassbird food chain. Breeding success of the Marsh Grassbird at CMDT was similar to breeding success within its native range. Our results suggest non‐native cordgrass provides essential habitat and food for breeding Marsh Grassbirds at CMDT and that the increase in Marsh Grassbird abundance may reflect the rapid spread of cordgrass in the coastal regions of east China. Our study provides an example of how a primary invader (i.e., cordgrass) can alter an ecosystem and thus facilitate colonization by a second non‐native species. Efectos de Spartina alterniflora Invasora Sobre Locustella pryeri en un Área Donde No Es Nativa     

Local consumers induce resistance differentially between Spartina populations in the field

Intraspecific variation in the strength of inducible plant defenses plays a central role in the interactions between plants and herbivores. Studies of this variation are typically conducted in the greenhouse or laboratory rather than the field. We simultaneously manipulated densities of local consumers in the field within Maine and South Carolina populations of the smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. South Carolina, but not Maine, plants induced resistance when grazed by local consumers. South Carolina populations of Littoraria snails and planthoppers colonized control more than previously grazed South Carolina plants, and Littoraria snails consumed more control than previously grazed plants. The inducible feeding deterrents in South Carolina plants appear to be water soluble, but not phenolic based. In contrast, grazed and control plants from Maine populations did not differ in attractiveness or palatability to Maine consumers. Thus, inducible plant responses by South Carolina plants had a strong effect on the South Carolina consumer community, but no analogous effect occurred in Maine. Field experiments are a powerful approach to detecting the strength of inducible plant resistance and its impacts on local consumers, which in this case were shown to vary with location.     

无瓣海桑和互花米草群落土壤化感作用比较

为揭示不同植物群落土壤在无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)控制互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)中的作用,利用化感生物测定的方法,选用黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为受体,对比分析红树林无瓣海桑群落、互花米草群落以及无瓣海桑+互花米草群落土壤水提液的化感作用大小。结果表明3,种植物群落土壤水提液对黑麦草具有化感作用,无瓣海桑群落土壤和无瓣海桑+互花米草群落土壤水提液对黑麦草根长和苗高的影响表现出低促高抑的现象;ρ为0.25 g·mL-1的土壤水提液对黑麦草种子发芽和幼苗生长影响不大,1.0 g·mL-1土壤水提液对黑麦草根长和苗高产生显著影响,加入活性碳之后能减弱水提液的化感作用。ρ为0.25或0.5 g·mL-1条件下3,种土壤浸提液对黑麦草发芽率的影响无显著差异;ρ为1.0 g·mL-1的3种水提液都显著抑制黑麦草根长,而无瓣海桑群落土壤水提液表现出更强的化感作用,ρ为1.0 g·mL-1的土壤水提液显著抑制黑麦草苗高,无瓣海桑群落土壤对苗高的抑制作用显著强于互花米草群落土壤(P<0.01)。以黑麦草为受体,无瓣海桑群落土壤化感作用强于互花米草群落土壤,通过根系分...     

Interactions between mangroves and exotic Spartina in an anthropogenically disturbed estuary in southern China

Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) was introduced to China in 1979 from the United States for reducing coastal erosion. It grows vigorously in China and has spread over much of the Chinese coast, from Leizhou Peninsula to Liaoning, a range of more than 19 degrees of latitude. On the southern coast of China, S. alterniflora has invaded mangrove-dominated habitats during the last two decades, but little is known about interactions between native mangroves and invasive S. alterniflora. We studied the distribution and competitive interactions between native mangroves and S. alterniflora in the Zhangjiang Estuary at four tidal sites along a salinity gradient: oligohaline upstream, mesohaline, polyhaline, and euhaline downstream. S. alterniflora occurred at all four sites, and several mangrove species occurred at all but the downstream euhaline site. S. alterniflora has invaded the estuary widely and has spread to the lower tidal margins of mangroves. It has not invaded mangrove areas with a closed canopy but has established in the mangrove zone where the canopy was opened by human disturbance. Ramets of S. alterniflora transplanted into the understory of mangrove stands with closed canopies died within 10 weeks, but 37.5% survived and grew well on open mud flats. S. alterniflora had virtually no competitive effect on mangrove seedlings planted at the upstream oligohaline site. However, S. alterniflora competitively reduced biomass of mangrove seedlings to 33% over a period of 14 weeks at the mesohaline and polyhaline sites where human disturbance has opened the mangrove canopy. In contrast, S. alterniflora marginally facilitated growth and survival of experimental seedlings at the downstream euhaline site. In China, mangroves occur along the coastline south of Whenzhou, but they have been severely disturbed and removed widely, mainly by mariculture activities. Natural vegetation patterns and our experimental results suggest that, without intervention, S. alterniflora could gradually replace these mangroves in mid-salinity regions of Chinese estuaries.