多效唑对蔓性千斤拔种子产量和农艺性状影响

为明确多效唑对蔓性千斤拔种子产量和农艺性状的调节效应,对4种不同浓度多效唑处理(CK:喷清水、T_1:50 mg/L、T_2:100 mg/L、T_3:150 mg/L)的蔓性千斤拔种子产量构成因子、主要农艺性状及相关性进行了比较研究.结果表明,低浓度的多效唑对种子产量有显著的正效应,总体表现为T_1T_2CKT_3;不同浓度多效唑对主茎节数无显著影响,但对分枝数有明显促进作用;相关分析显示,株高、分枝数和结荚高度与单株种子产量均表现为显著或极显著正相关,其相关系数分别为0.619 3、0.613 0和0.804 1;通径分析表明,各农艺性状对单株种子产量直接作用大小表现为:分枝数结荚高度株高第一结荚节位主茎节数,其中分枝数和结荚高度均表现为正效应,对种子产量的贡献率分别为0.369 1和0.272 2.     

刈割时间对典型草原建群植物大针茅种群特征的影响

通过测定不同刈割时间处理(不刈割、8月1日刈割、8月16日刈割、8月31日刈割)下锡林郭勒盟典型草原大针茅(Stipa grandis)种群地上生物量和高度、密度、盖度、分枝数、每枝叶片数等5种个体性状以及大针茅种群粗蛋白含量、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维等营养物质含量之间的差异性及各项指标之间的相关性,为探究不同的刈割时间对锡林郭勒盟典型草原建群植物大针茅种群特征的影响提供理论依据,也为草地生态系统的合理利用提供技术支持。结果表明:不同时间刈割对典型草原大针茅种群特征有显著的影响。与不刈割对照相比,8月16日刈割处理大针茅种群的密度和盖度均达到最大值,分别为45.28%和16.64%;8月1日刈割处理大针茅种群的株高、分枝数、每枝叶片数等个体性状,生物量及营养物质含量均达到最大值;大针茅种群的生物量与植株高度、分枝数之间存在极显著的正相关关系(r~2=0.5130、P0.0001;r~2=0.9075、P0.0001),与盖度之间存在显著的正相关关系(r~2=0.3498、P0.05);大针茅的高度、分枝数、密度、盖度之间具有相互影响的内在关联性(P0.05)。     

云南粳稻核心种质杂种后代孕穗期耐冷性研究

以236份云南地方粳稻核心种质和云南主栽梗稻Oryza satica品种合系35配制的杂种F5、BC1F4、BC2F3和BC3F2为材料,在昆明自然低温平均17.8℃(冷害)条件下,对亲本及其后代进行孕穗期耐冷性研究.结果表明:①亲本耐冷性状间的相关性明显高于其杂种后代,不同世代间总体趋势为随着回交世代增加其性状间相关性减弱.在亲本及其杂种后代间耐冷指标性状穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、每穗秕粒数与结实率均呈较高的(≥0.370)极显著(n=236,R0.01=0.181)相关.②株高、穗颈长、穗下节长等耐冷性状在亲本强弱耐冷系统群间的差异明显,表现为亲本耐冷性强的材料秆和穗较长、穗粒数较多,同一性状变异程度减小.但随着回交代数的增加,这些性状的平均值逐渐趋同于轮回亲本,差异减小.③穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、每穗秕粒数与结实率在5个稻作区间的变化规律呈现一致性,亲本和F5的差异较大,而BC2F4、BC2F3和BC3F2的差异较小,且趋同于轮回亲本.通过连续回交,在BC3F1即可获得耐冷性状表现良好的材料.     

同源四倍体水稻亲本材料的结实研究

研究了2份二倍体水稻和29份同源四倍体水稻(2n=4x=48)亲本(其中4份低代材料、25份高代材料)在2004年和2005年的结实情况.与二倍体对照相比,同源四倍体材料的花粉育性、结实率均不同程度下降,尤其低代材料的花粉育性(59.6%～65.3%)和结实率(26.8%～33.5%)大幅度降低;但经过选择改良,大多数材料的花粉育性和结实率均不同程度提高.F检验表明,同源四倍体不同品种间各性状均差异显著,说明同源四倍体材料具有很大的改良潜力.从1996年到2005年对部分同源四倍体水稻进行了连续选择改良,并对其结实率进行T检验,结果表明经过9a的选择改良,同源四倍体水稻结实率显著提高.本文还对同源四倍体水稻各性状间的相关性进行了分析,结果表明,结实率与花粉育性、穗着粒数、穗实粒数极显著相关,理论产量与花粉育性、有效穗数、穗着粒数、穗实粒数、结实率及千粒重极显著相关.表3图1参18     

湿害处理对不同生育时期芝麻叶片保护酶活性和种子产量的影响

对蕾期、盛花期和终花期的芝麻品种进行了24～60 h的湿害处理.测定了叶片保护酶(POD、SOD、CAT)、植株萎蔫率、死株率等14个性状.结果表明,蕾期和盛花期芝麻叶片中保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性随着湿害处理时间的延长均呈先升后降的趋势,品种间存在差异.蕾期和盛仡期湿害处理对芝麻生长速率、植株萎蔫率和死株牢影响较大,尤以盛花期最为严重.3个生育时期的芝麻品种受湿害处理后均蒴果数减少、种子产量降低、根系早衰甚至烂根.芝麻叶片保护酶活性与植株萎蔫率、死株率旱显著或极显著负相关,与生长速率、有效蒴果数等9个考察性状呈正相关,且大部分相关系数达到显著或极显著水平.综合各项考察指标,湿害处理对芝麻盛花期影响最为严重,K36 h是多项指标发生急剧变化或转折的敏感时间,湿害后的表现型性状变化趋势与叶片保护酶活性变化趋势在品种间基本一致.图4表1参23     

水稻磷高效重组自交系群体的筛选鉴定

水稻耐低磷RILs群体培育可为磷高效育种和基因定位提供材料.该试验利用强耐低磷杂交组合合系41×大白稻产生的永久性重组自交系(RILs)群体,设低磷(有效磷6.26 mg·kg-1)胁迫和非低磷(有效磷40 mg·kg-1)胁迫两种处理,全生育期测定了相关的耐低磷形态性状,利用相关分析和多元逐步回归分析等方法探索RILs群体耐低磷筛选指标以筛选优良株系.结果表明:(1)12个主要农艺性状均呈连续性变异, 耐低磷性状发生了明显的重组和分离,说明利用重组近交系可以筛选并培育出强耐低磷的水稻品系.重组近交系是水稻耐低磷特性进行遗传研究的良好材料;(2)6个相对性状:株穗产量、地上干物质量、实粒数、有效穗、剑叶长、穗长,综合评价RIL 群体各株系的耐低磷强弱;(3)在RILs群体选出综合性状表现优良的5个大穗、大粒的耐低磷株系,具有良好的推广前景.     

气候变暖对半干旱区马铃薯产量的影响

基于西北典型半干旱区马铃薯定位观测试验,结合气候要素平行观测资料,研究了半干旱区马铃薯产量对气候变化的响应。结果表明,1957—2015年间(59 a),西北半干旱区在气温显著上升,气温和降水量气候倾向率分别为0.238℃/10 a、-10.517 mm/10 a。马铃薯产量与苗期(6月)呈显著负相关(P0.01),与块茎膨大期(8月)气温也呈负相关(P0.10),6—8月气温每升高1℃,马铃薯产量下降4 391.39~6 798.46 kg·hm~(-2)。产量与生育期≥0℃积温呈显著负相关(P0.05),适宜≥0℃积温阈值为2 307.4℃。产量与苗期降水量呈正相关(P0.10),适宜降水量阈值为47.8 mm。产量与9月中旬日照时数呈显著正相关(P0.01)。马铃薯生育期干燥指数与产量呈显著负相关(P0.05),适宜阈值为1.88。研究还发现气温变化对马铃薯产量影响的敏感期在出苗至分枝期,而水分影响马铃薯产量敏感期分别在分枝到开花期和块茎膨大期,同时,块茎膨大期也是日照变化影响产量的敏感期。因此,气候变暖对西北半干旱地区马铃薯的生产形成了负面影响。     

高产小麦品种川麦42产量性状QTL分析

解析骨干亲本产量性状分子模块对小麦品种分子设计与分子育种具有重要作用.以突破性高产小麦品种川麦42和川农16及其构建的127个重组自交系(RIL)群体(F10)为实验材料,分别于2014年和2015年在四川双流、什邡3个环境下种植,并测量千粒重、穗粒数等产量性状.利用Illumina公司的小麦90K SNP芯片对亲本和群体进行全基因组81 587个单核苷酸多态性分型.使用QTL Ici Mapping软件绘制遗传连锁图,并定位到一些控制产量性状的数量性状位点(QTL).结果显示:遗传图谱含8 580个SNP标记,全长3 147.1 c M,平均密度0.37 c M/标记.共定位到21个效应来自川麦42的产量性状QTL(解释表型变异10%),分别位于1B、1D、2B、2D、3B、3D、4A、5A、5B、6B和7B,控制着株高、穗长、穗重、千粒重等性状,解释表型变异10.01%-23.07%.其中,1D、2B、5A、5B存在控制株高、籽粒面积、千粒重、穗长、穗重,并且在多个环境下均出现的QTL.此外,2B、5A、5B、7B上存在同时控制多个性状的QTL.这些研究结果可为深入了解骨干亲本川麦42产量性状遗传特性提供重要信息.     

云南稻核心种质F2主要形态性状变异及地理生态研究

种质资源是水稻育种的重要基因来源.掌握育种材料遗传背景信息,可为发掘优异种质,选育优良性状新品种提供依据.以548份云南稻核心种和云南主栽籼稻品利慎屯502(Oryza satica)、粳稻品种合系35(Oryzasatica)配制的杂种F2(498份)为材料,采用群体遗传学的方法,研究云南稻核心种质杂种F2代的11个形态性状的综合变异系数、遗传多样性指数(Shannon指数)及其地理分布.结果表明:(1)F2存在明显的性状分化和遗传变异,以有效穗、穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、秕粒数、总粒数和结实率的综合变异系数高,遗传多样性丰富;(2)滇西南(临沧、思茅、德宏、西双版纳)和滇东南(文山、红河)的材料在表型性状上存在更大的分化,综合变异系数高,遗传多样性丰富;保山、昭通、曲靖次之;怒江、丽江、迪庆、大理最低.     

基于BSA分析定位控制西藏大麦侧小穗发育的基因

大麦侧小穗结实与否导致了二棱/六棱性状的分化,从而显著影响其籽粒产量,因此大麦二棱到六棱的变化具有显著驯化特征.青藏高原野生和栽培大麦资源丰富,被认为是栽培大麦的驯化和遗传多样性中心之一.为进一步了解大麦棱数调控的遗传基础以及西藏栽培大麦驯化的过程,以西藏野生二棱大麦和六棱大麦地方品种为亲本构建遗传分离群体,遗传分析发现二棱性状受单个显性基因位点控制.通过集群分离法(Bulked segregant analysis,BSA)分别建立含有22个F2单株的二棱混池和六棱混池,基于SLAF-seq(Specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing)技术共获得456 691个SLAF标签,通过SNP-index和ED两种关联算法交集得到3个与棱数性状相关的侯选区域,总长度为53.84M b,包含536个基因,其中能分别被3个数据库GO、K EGG和COG注释的基因有413、189和160个基因.上述研究实现了对控制西藏大麦侧小穗发育性状相关基因的初步定位,结果可为后续目标基因的精细定位和克隆提供理论参考.     

Effect of sewage water on the growth and yield parameters of wheat and blackgram with different fertilizer levels

Impact of biologically treated domestic sewage water was studied on the growth and yield attributing characters of wheat and blackgram under different fertilizer levels in the field condition. There was no significant difference on the yield and yield attributing characters of wheat. However, yield attributing characters like number of tillers/plant, panicle length (cm), number of grains/panicle and 1,000 grain weight showed increasing trend to the tune of 13.29, 1.59. 5.49 and 3.79 per cent respectively over the tubewell irrigated crop. Yield was also increased to the tune of 3.63 per cent when the crop was irrigated with sewage water. Interactions between irrigation and fertilizer levels were also insignificant. However, sewage water with N60P45K45 responded better on tillering, panicle length, number of grains/panicle and yield of wheat. In case of blackgram, treated sewage water had no significant effect on the grwoth and yield attributing characters, rather sewage water had some negative effect on these parameters. Interactions between irrigation and fertilizer levels were insignificant. But tubewell irrigation with N10P10K10 was more responsive on growth parameters. When the crop was grown with tubewell irrigation and without fertilizer, yield attributing characters were more positively responded.     

冬小麦产量性状的遗传研究

在灌溉和雨养两种生长环境下,对小麦产量性状的配合力和遗传力进行了研究.结果表明,在两种生境下,产量性状的一般配合力均达到显著性差异,特殊配合力只有单株成穗与单株产量在雨养条件下不显著;各性状的遗传均以加性效应为主;其广义遗传力在两种条件下较一致,而狭义遗传力的大小则存在着差异性;不同亲本间及同一亲本不同性状或同一性状的遗传传递力的整齐度在灌溉条件下和雨养条件下相异.说明在不同生境中,产量性状的遗传存在着不同的遗传方式.表4参13     

Recherches sur la situation trophique d'un groupe d'organismes pélagiques (Euphausiacea). III. Potentiel alimentaire du groupe

The position of a group of pelagic organisms among the food webs depends upon (1) its abundance in the biomass; (2) the factors allowing its utilization by predators; among these, the size distribution of animals and their bathymetric repartition appear to prevail. In the equatorial and southtropical Pacific Ocean, euphausiids represent 8% of the total macroplanktonic and micronektonic biomass, i.e., approximately 13 g/1000 m³ wet weight (somewhat less in oligotrophic tropical zones, a little more in the richer equatorial belt); Euphausia diomedae accounts for more than 50% of this biomass. Individuals measuring 9 to 18 mm in total length (4 to 37 mg wet weight) constitute 84% of the whole biomass of the group; the importance of each species in terms of size groups is discussed. Depth distribution is examined at the specific level. By night, 75% of the biomass concentrates in the 0 to 160 m water layer (ca. 10 g/1000 m³ wet weight; main species Euphausia diomedae), 22% between 160 and 300 m (3 g/1000m³ main species Nematoscelis spp.), and 3% (0.3g/1000 m³) in deeper layers. During the day, the only species abundant at depths less than 400 m belong to the genera Stylocheiron and Nematoscelis; specimens smaller than 15 mm and 20 mg remain at depths shallower than 200 m, individuals between 15 and 22 mm (20 to 65 mg) appear around 200 to 400 m, and larger animals are restricted to depths below 400 m.     

Adaptation,compromise, and constraint: the development,morphometrics, and behavioral basis of a fighter-flier polymorphism in male Hoplothrips karnyi (Insecta: Thysanoptera)

Summary Males of the colonial, wing-polymorphic thrips Hoplothrips karnyi (Hood) fight each other with their forelegs in defense of communal female oviposition areas. In this study, males were reared individually under varying conditions of food deprivation to investigate the developmental cues used in morph determination and the relationships between wing morph, developmental time in each instar, propupal weight, and five adult morphological characters associated with fighting ability and dispersal ability. Males deprived of food for five days midway through the second (final) larval instar had smaller propupal weights and were more likely to develop wings than males deprived of food in the first instar or control males. However, the mean propupal weight of all males that developed wings was not significantly less than that of wingless males. Wing morph of female parents had no measurable effect on this character in the offspring. Wingless males possess relatively larger fore-femora and prothoraces than do winged males, but winged males possess relatively larger pterothoraces (Fig. 1). Behavioral observations of wingless and winged males of similar weight as propupae showed that wingless males won fights and became dominant in oviposition areas. Thus, a trade-off exists between characters associated with male fighting and dispersal ability. The cost of wings, in terms of fore-femora size and prothorax size, increased with propupal weight. Wingless males that developed in the experimental treatment that produced a high proportion of winged males were relatively small in size, and were intermediate in body shape with respect to winged males and other wingless males (Fig. 2). This shape intermediacy indicates that there may be developmental constraints on alternative tactics of resource allocation. Total developmental time varied between wing morphs, but was not correlated with propupal weight or adult morphological characters of winged or wingless males. For wingless males that developed in the treatment that produced a high proportion of winged males, adult morphological characters were negatively correlated with the duration of the second instar. This correlation suggests that the development of small wingless males involves a compromise between the benefits of large adult size and the costs of prolonging the second instar to increase the probability of becoming larger.     

Association studies for agro-physiological and quality traits of triticale x bread wheat derivatives in relation to drought and cold stress

Correlation coefficient analysis conducted on 22 triticale x bread wheat derivatives along with six checks to select true- breeding derivative(s) for future hybridization programme with tolerance to drought and cold stress conditions as well as better quality traits revealed significant correlation of grain yield with spikelets per spike, biological yield, harvest index, leaf area index. Interestingly, the grain yield and drought susceptibility index showed no association. However, with cold tolerance it showed significant positive correlation indicating the desirability of certain plant traits under cold stress. The grain yield exhibited no association with quality traits which might assist in the predictability of high yielding varieties with high protein, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield had the highest positive direct effect on grain yield followed by harvest index, specific leaf weight, stomatal number, 1000 grain weight, stomatal size, spikelets per spike and days to heading. Therefore, indirect selection for these plant traits in order should be exercised in selecting drought tolerant genotypes. Two genotypes (RL-124-2P2 and RL 111P2) were found to be drought and cold tolerant with high grain yield, spikes per plant, spikelets per spike and leaf area index.     

Genetic variability in triticale x bread wheat derivatives under normal and phosphorus stress regimes

Twenty six hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) X bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) derivatives, along with 2 bread wheat and 2 triticale checks, were grown in normal and P-stress environments. Spikes/plant and grain yield/plant, followed by peduncle length, Were the most sensitive to phosphorus deficiency, which also caused a delay in heading and maturity. The heritability and genetic advance for grain yield/plant were high in the stress environment, reflecting the effectiveness of direct selection. The 1000-grain weight, grains/spike and plant height were the important traits for phenotypic selections in both the environments.     

油菜根系分泌物对不同作物幼苗生长的化感效应

在实验室采用发芽试验的方法研究了油菜Brassicacampestris根系分泌物对小麦、油菜、蚕豆和玉米种子活力、幼苗生长发育及生理生化特性造成的化感效应。结果表明,油菜根系分泌物的化感累加作用对不同作物种子发芽率、幼苗芽长、芽质量、根长、根质量、根系活力以及幼芽过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均具有显著影响,其化感效应对小麦的影响程度最弱,其中对小麦的种子发芽率、幼苗根长、芽干物质量、POD活性和根系活力以及各作物幼芽细胞膜的毒害程度均表现出促进作用,而对小麦幼苗其它生长特性以及油菜、蚕豆和玉米幼苗的所有生长特性均表现为抑制作用,表明油菜根系分泌物对不同作物及不同生长特性的化感效应具有不同的选择性。因此,合理搭配油菜作物的间、套、轮作是其夺取优质、高产栽培的关键技术。     

Morphometric and electrophoretic analysis of 13 populations of Anatolian black pine in Turkey

The genetic variation in populations of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (L.) Holmboe.), one of the species covering large areas in Turkey, was investigated. Open pollinated seeds were collected from 13 populations in a natural distribution range. Six characters of seeds (length, width, ratio of length to width, weight/1000 seeds) and seedling characters (cotyledon number and hypocotyls height) and two enzyme systems viz. leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, (GOT) were investigated. Significant differences were detected among the populations for the morphological characters. In addition, isozyme patterns of two enzyme systems revealed that LAP has two loci (one with 2 alleles and the other with 3), while GOT has three loci (two with 3 alleles and the third one with 2 alleles). Polymorphic loci were 74% on the average. The mean number of alleles per loci was 1.94 and expected heterozygosity was 19%. The mean total genetic diversity was calculated as 0.203; the mean gene diversity within populations was determined as 0.188, and the average between subpopulations diversity was 0.016. The relative magnitude of genetic differentiation among subpopulations was measured as 0.074 indicating that only 7.4% of the total genetic diversity was there between populations. Average genetic distance was 0.093 according to Gregorius. Nei's genetic distance was 0.022.     

隆回县高海拔山区高效生态经济型退耕还林造林模式研究

通过对六种植物配置方式及三种开发模式的对比试验分析，试验出了一种融水土保持效益与经济效益于一体的高效生态经济型造林模式，并探讨了灰毡毛忍冬产量与海拔高度的关系．结果表明：在自然条件恶劣的小沙江高海拔山区，采用金银花(品种为灰毡毛忍冬) 三木药材或其它草本药材，运用景观生态学原理进行设计开发，可获得很好的经济效益与社会效益，并能保持山区的可持续发展．同时还试验出了主栽树种灰毡毛忍冬在海拔1000～1400m之间时经济效益最好．     

Combined effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in rats

The objective of this work was to evaluate potential interactions between 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls congeners (PCBs) in rats. Groups of five adult female rats were given 0, 2.5, 25, 250, or 1000?ng TCDD/kg body weight/day or TCDD in combination with a mixture of PCB congeners at a concentration of 2 or 20?µg?kg^?1 body weight/day by gavage for 28 days. After the 28-day treatment period, the rats were killed for the analysis of biochemical, liver enzyme activities, and hematological and pathological end points. Growth suppression, increased absolute and relative liver weights, and decreased thymic weight were observed in the 1000?ng TCDD group alone, or the groups receiving a mixture of 1000?ng TCDD and 2 and 20?µg PCBs. TCDD-increased liver and thymic weights were not altered by PCBs; however, growth suppression was more pronounced in animals receiving 1000?ng TCDD and 2?µg PCBs. Increased hepatic microsomal methoxy resorufin-O-demethylase and ethoxy resorufin-O-deethylase activities occurred in 250 and 1000?ng?kg^?1 TCDD-treated animals, which were antagonized by PCBs. Effects of 250?ng TCDD on serum cholesterol and liver uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase activity were reduced by 20?µg PCBs. Treatment with 1000?ng TCDD increased serum albumin, decreased liver vitamin A, increased kidney vitamin A, and liver microsomal glutathione-S-transferase activity, which were not affected by PCBs. Decreased hemoglobin, platelet, packet cell volume, and red cell indices were observed in TCDD-treated rats, but no interactive effects were seen. Histopathological evaluation revealed that liver, thyroid, and thymus were the target organs, but the effects of co-exposure to PCBs and TCDD were variable. These results indicate that the mixture effects of PCBs and TCDD may be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic depending on the dose level and end points measured.