土壤酶和微生物量碳对土壤低浓度重金属污染的响应及其影响因子研究

土壤酶和微生物量碳是反映土壤健康的重要微生物性质指标。土壤重金属污染能够对土壤微生物性质产生影响,然而土壤酶和微生物量碳对土壤重金属污染的响应受到土壤本身理化性质的影响。通过北京市建成区233个样点的数据监测和实验室模拟,研究了土壤脲酶活性和微生物量碳对土壤低浓度重金属污染的响应以及受土壤理化性质的影响。研究结果表明:在野外主要重金属污染的浓度范围内(Cd 0.003~0.98μg·g-1,Cu 13.4~207.9μg·g-1,Zn 29.4~322μg·g-1,Pb 4.02~174μg·g-1),土壤脲酶活性、微生物量碳(MBC)和有机碳(SOC)的含量与土壤中Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的浓度正相关,而微生物量碳占有机碳的比率(MBC/SOC)与重金属浓度负相关;脲酶活性、MBC/SOC与重金属浓度建立的相关关系只能解释总变异的5%~10%。实验室模拟试验表明,土壤酶活性受土壤重金属含量和土壤性质联合效应的影响;土壤有机质含量和pH是影响酶活性的主要土壤理化性质。引入土壤有机碳含量和pH两个参数,重新建立脲酶活性、MBC/SOC与土壤中重金属浓度的关系,建立的相关关系的决定系数变大,能够解释总变异的14%~17%。     

贵州主要耕作土壤的脲酶活性研究

首次较系统、全面地测定了贵州省主要耕作土壤的脲酶活性，分别探讨了水稻土和旱作土脲酶活性与土壤主要理化性状之间的关系。结果表明：耕作土壤脲酶活性因土壤利用状况、土壤类型和土壤肥力水平不同而有明显的差异，供试水稻土、旱作土和菜园土的平均脲酶活性分别为１５５、２７７和７０３ｍｇＮＨ４－Ｎ／１００ｇ土·２４ｈ；不同类型水稻土和旱作土具有不同的脲酶活性水平，这主要受成土条件、成土过程和土壤属性的影响；水稻土和旱作土的脲酶活性均随土壤肥力水平的提高而增强，说明脲酶活性强弱是表征土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一。回归分析表明，土壤脲酶活性主要受土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等因素的影响，其中土壤基础铵量对耕作土壤脲酶活性的影响最大。水稻土脲酶活性还受土壤通透性的制约．而旱作土的则主要受土壤养分状况的影响。     

杀虫双对土壤磷酸酶的毒性效应

采用模拟方法，对碱性、中性和酸性3类磷酸酶的杀虫双毒性效应进行了研究。结果显示：杀虫双强烈抑制碱性和酸性酶活性，达到了极显著负相关，表明酸性磷酸酶活可表征土壤杀虫双污染的程度；而中性磷酸酶对杀虫双的反应较为迟钝，生态毒性也较弱；不同生态区土壤的酶特征截然不，土和红壤中的主导酶类分别是碱性和酸性磷酸酶，揭示出生态环境对土壤酶特征具有决定性的影响。图2表4参6     

不同培养介质中纳米氧化铜对小麦毒性的影响（Influence of Culture Media on the Phytotoxicity of CuO Nanoparticles to Wheat（Triticum aestivum L.））

通过比较纳米氧化铜(CuONPs)和微米氧化铜(CuOMPs)在两种土壤中Cu2+的溶出及其对脲酶活性影响,结合产生脲酶活性抑制效应的Cu2+浓度阈值,研究了CuONPs和CuOMPs对土壤脲酶活性的毒性效应机制.结果表明:CuONPs和CuOMPs的Cu2+溶出量随其浓度增加而增加,溶出比率随浓度增加而减少,两者在红壤中Cu2+的溶出均比在乌栅土中高;在1～1000mg·kg-1范围内,CuONPs对土壤脲酶活性产生了显著(p≤0.05)或极显著(p≤0.01)的抑制效应;同浓度下,CuONPs在土壤中的Cu2+溶出及其对脲酶活性的抑制效应均大于CuOMPs;在相对低浓度(1～10mg·kg-1,红壤;1～100mg·kg-1,乌栅土)下,CuO的纳米态对土壤脲酶活性具有抑制毒性,在相对高浓度(≥50mg·kg-1,红壤;≥500mg·kg-1,乌栅土)下,CuO的纳米态和溶出Cu2+共同作用引起了脲酶活性抑制;与CuONPs不同,CuOMPs只有通过溶出Cu2+抑制土壤脲酶活性,其颗粒态对脲酶活性无显著影响;值得注意的是,在低浓度(1mg·kg-1)下CuONPs对土壤脲酶活性具有微米态和离子态所没有的抑制毒性,说明其对土壤酶影响应存在特殊机理,值得进一步深入研究.     

重金属和多环芳烃复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响及定量表征

以土壤脲酶和脱氢酶为探针物质，室内培养条件下较为系统地研究了重金属（Cd、Zn、Pb）和多环芳烃（菲、荧蒽、苯并a芘）复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响及其定量表征、结果表明，复合投加上述污染物能使土壤酶活性受到不同程度的抑制，其中，脱氢酶最为敏感，其活性是表征重金属和多环芳烃复合污染的一项重要的参考指标．对复合污染模型的建立与分析表明，土壤环境中，重金属和多环芳烃复合污染的类型和强度与污染物的浓度和复合污染时间密切相关．影响土壤脲酶活性的主要因子依次为：Cd〉Zn与苯并a芘的交互作用〉Zn〉Pb〉Zn和菲的交互作用，影响土壤脱氢酶活性的主要因子依次为：Cd和Zn的交互作用〉Cd〉Zn〉苯并a芘〉Cd和菲的交互作用，其中，Zn和苯并a芘相互作用对脲酶活性以及Cd和Zn交互作用对脱氢酶活性的影响均表现为拮抗作用，Zn和菲，Cd和菲之间的交互作用，无论是对脲酶还是脱氢酶均表现为协同作用，图1表3参18     

氯氰菊酯与Cd2+对土壤微生物量及酶活性的联合效应

为了揭示氯氰菊酯与Cd2+复合污染对土壤环境质量的影响变化规律,采用室内模拟试验方法,研究氯氰菊酯(5、20和50 mg·kg-1)单一污染、Cd2+(5和20 mg·kg-1)单一污染及氯氰菊酯与Cd2+[(5+5)mg·kg-1和(20+20)mg·kg-1]复合污染对土壤微生物量碳(MC),微生物量氮(MN)及蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性的影响.结果表明,复合污染、Cd2+单一污染均可降低MC和MN值,表现为抑制效应;而氯氰菊酯单一污染则表现为激活效应,且该效应与氯氰菊酯浓度呈正相关.氯氰菊酯单一污染对土壤蛋白酶活性影响较小,对蔗糖酶活性影响呈现先抑制后激活再恢复的效应,对脲酶活性影响呈现先激活再恢复的效应.(5+5)mg·kg-1复合污染处理土壤酶活性与对照相比差异较小,而(20+20)mg·kg-1复合污染可有效激活蔗糖酶活性,抑制脲酶活性.以复合污染指标Pd判定氯氰菊酯与Cd2+的交互效应,结果表明,氯氰菊酯与Cd2+复合污染对土壤质量的影响表现为加和效应.     

重金属积累对土壤酶活性的影响

研究了华北平原某铅冶炼厂附近农田33个土壤样品中重金属积累对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,样品中Pb和Cd全量的平均值分别为144和5.59mg·kg-1,DTPA态Pb和Cd含量平均值分别为54.1和0.964mg·kg-1,均超过了未污染农田潮土的正常范围,而Cu、Ni和Zn的有效性和全量与未污染土壤接近;土壤过氧化氢酶活性与DTPA态Pb和Cd含量、全Pb含量均呈显著的负线性关系(P<0.01);与磷酸酶和脲酶相比,土壤脱氢酶活性更易受到土壤中Pb和Cd积累的影响;随DTPA-Ni含量增加,土壤蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增加(P<0.1);土壤脲酶活性与重金属全量或有效态重金属含量无显著相关性(P>0.1)。以上结果说明,利用土壤过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性能够表征基本性质较为一致的土壤中重金属污染程度;与重金属全量相比,有效态重金属对土壤酶活性影响更大。     

废塑料资源化产品对土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的影响(Effect of Waste Plastics Recycling Products on Activities of Soil Catalase and Urease)

为探讨废塑料资源化产品对土壤酶活性的影响,通过室内培养试验研究了废塑料资源化产品暴露后土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的变化.结果表明:废塑料资源化产品对土壤酶活性具有显著影响.250mg·kg-1、1250mg·kg-1、7250mg·kg-1废塑料资源化产品浓度处理对土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶影响明显不同.在土壤培养l～5d内,添加废塑料资源化产品的3个浓度处理土壤中过氧化氢酶活性显著低于对照(p<0.05),表现出明显的抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越强.而后(5～35d),低浓度(250mg·kg-1)废塑料资源化产品对土壤过氧化氢酶一直表现为激活作用,但是,高浓度(1250mg·kg-1和7250mg·kg-1)处理对土壤过氧化氢酶活性则表现为激活-抑制-激活作用,且抑制、激活程度与处理浓度成呈相关.3个废塑料资源化产品浓度处理对脲酶活性影响在培养1～28d内主要是激活作用,且激活作用随着处理浓度的增大而增强,而后(28～35d)对脲酶活性表现为抑制作用.     

基于土壤酶活性变化的铅污染土壤修复基准

近年来,污染土壤修复技术发展很快,而污染土壤修复标准的建立则相对迟缓。为了推进我国该领域的工作,对铅胁迫下土壤酶活性（如过氧化氢酶,磷酸酶,脲酶）随时间的变化进行了研究,以确定棕壤土中铅的土壤修复基准。结果表明：土壤中的铅能够刺激土壤中过氧化氢酶活性的增加,但随着土壤铅浓度的增加,这种刺激作用逐渐减小。土壤过氧化氢酶活性不宜作为铅污染土壤的生物标记物。土壤磷酸酶活性没有一致的变化规律,土壤磷酸酶活性不能作为铅污染土壤的生物标记物。在整个实验时间范围内,土壤脲酶活性与土壤中铅的浓度具有明显的剂量-效应关系（P〈0.01）,土壤脲酶活性可以作为铅污染土壤生物标记物。以土壤脲酶抑制率降低25%为依据,确定棕壤中铅的土壤修复基准为94mg·kg-1,以土壤脲酶抑制率降低45%为依据,确定棕壤中铅的土壤修复基准为178mg·kg-1。     

珙桐林土壤有机质与酶活性的通径分析

为正确评价珙桐林土壤酶活性对土壤有机质的影响程度,运用通径分析的方法研究了绵竹白云山原始珙桐林土壤有机质与酶活性的关系.结果表明,脲酶活性对土壤有机质的直接通径系数和决定系数值均较大,成为5种土壤酶中影响土壤有机质的最主要因素,过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和蛋白酶对土壤有机质的显著相关性主要是通过脲酶活性的间接影响.因此,珙桐林土壤脲酶活性可以表征土壤有机质的含量状况,可作为评价土壤肥力的一个重要指标.图1表4参21     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Estimation of the surface stress from the streamwise pressure gradient: The Kármán Integral Momentum Equation revisited

A method is developed to estimate the stress at the surface in a portable wind tunnel for wind erosion studies. The boundary layer height and the pressure gradient are used in a simple expression from the Kármán Integral Momentum Equation. Values of friction velocity u _* are within 10% of experimental values obtained through correlation techniques, including measurements of differential pressures with the Murdoch Turbulence Probe MTP and the X-wire, hot-wire anemometer XWA. Wind velocity and stress profiles reveal logarithmic trends and a constant stress layer near the surface in the DAWA portable wind tunnel. Realignment of the statistics with the mean wind is essential.     

Using decision science to evaluate global biodiversity indices

Global biodiversity indices are used to measure environmental change and progress toward conservation goals, yet few indices have been evaluated comprehensively for their capacity to detect trends of interest, such as declines in threatened species or ecosystem function. Using a structured approach based on decision science, we qualitatively evaluated 9 indices commonly used to track biodiversity at global and regional scales against 5 criteria relating to objectives, design, behavior, incorporation of uncertainty, and constraints (e.g., costs and data availability). Evaluation was based on reference literature for indices available at the time of assessment. We identified 4 key gaps in indices assessed: pathways to achieving goals (means objectives) were not always clear or relevant to desired outcomes (fundamental objectives); index testing and understanding of expected behavior was often lacking; uncertainty was seldom acknowledged or accounted for; and costs of implementation were seldom considered. These gaps may render indices inadequate in certain decision-making contexts and are problematic for indices linked with biodiversity targets and sustainability goals. Ensuring that index objectives are clear and their design is underpinned by a model of relevant processes are crucial in addressing the gaps identified by our assessment. Uptake and productive use of indices will be improved if index performance is tested rigorously and assumptions and uncertainties are clearly communicated to end users. This will increase index accuracy and value in tracking biodiversity change and supporting national and global policy decisions, such as the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.     

Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.     

Estimating freshwater turtle mortality rates and population declines following hook ingestion

Freshwater turtle populations are susceptible to declines following small increases in the mortality of adults, making it essential to identify and understand potential threats. Freshwater turtles ingest fish hooks associated with recreational angling, and this is likely a problem because hook ingestion is a source of additive mortality for sea turtles. We used a Bayesian‐modeling framework, observed rates of hook ingestion by freshwater turtles, and mortality of sea turtles from hook ingestion to examine the probability that a freshwater turtle in a given population ingests a hook and subsequently dies from it. We used the results of these analyses and previously published life‐history data to simulate the effects of hook ingestion on population growth for 3 species of freshwater turtle. In our simulation, the probability that an individual turtle ingests a hook and dies as a result was 1.2–11%. Our simulation results suggest that this rate of mortality from hook ingestion is sufficient to cause population declines. We believe we have identified fish‐hook ingestion as a serious yet generally overlooked threat to the viability of freshwater turtle populations.     

Content analysis of newspaper coverage of the Florida panther

Populations of large carnivores are declining globally, and analysis of public discourse about carnivores is useful for understanding public opinion and influences on management and policy. Portrayal of carnivores in the media affects public perceptions and support for their conservation. We conducted a content analysis of 513 articles about Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) published from 2003 to 2006 in newspapers with local circulation in core panther habitat in southwest Florida and papers with statewide circulation to compare the differences in the amount of coverage and portrayals of panther risks to people and property on the basis of proximity of human communities to panthers. Local papers published significantly more news articles and significantly longer news articles primarily about panthers. Articles in local and statewide papers used both episodic frames, which focus on specific occurrences (e.g., a panther sighting or predation) and thematic frames, which focus on general trends (e.g., abundance of panthers over time). Local articles more often emphasized risks that panthers might harm people, pets, or livestock than statewide papers. Our results are consistent with theory that proximity to human-carnivore conflict influences perceptions and salience of risks posed by large carnivores. Most articles mentioned panthers as a secondary topic, which we believe was a result of the relevance an endangered carnivore has in discussions of public land management, development, and regulations in Florida. Claims made by sources quoted in each article had a neutral to positive depiction of panthers, and most quotations were from federal and state agency scientists. We suggest continued use by the media of agency sources provides the opportunity for clear, concordant messages about panther management. Content analysis provides a way to monitor media portrayal of carnivores for consistency with agency outreach goals.