古田山国家级自然保护区常绿阔叶林类型及其群落物种多样性研究

在群落调查的基础上，分析了古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林的群落类型和群落物种多样性特征．结果表明：古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林主要有6种类型(群系)，即甜槠林、栲树林、野含笑-钩栗林、青冈林、虎皮楠-甜槠林、乌冈栎-青冈林，并对各群落类型的结构和物种组成进行了描述．从各群落的外貌、结构和种类组成上看，均具有我国典型常绿阔叶林的基本特征．不同群落类型其物种多样性大小不同，栲树林和野含笑-钩栗林物种多样性较高，虎皮楠-甜槠林和乌冈栎-青冈林物种多样性较低．在群落垂直结构中，灌木层→乔木层→草本层物种多样性依次降低，乔木层与灌木层之间物种多样性差异不显著，草本层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均明显小于乔木层和灌木层．与邻近4个山地常绿阔叶林物种多样性相比较，古田山常绿阔叶林物种多样性比纬度位置高的黄山和大别山要大，但比纬度位置低的乌岩岭和缙云山小．     

川中半自然型防护林演替过程中的物种多样性

四川中部绵阳官司河流域的半自然型林是长江中上游地区防护林的一个较典型类型。本文以它为研究对象，对群落的物种多样性及其在次生演替过程中的动态变化趋势进行了初步研究，并结合影响多样性的几个主要环境因子进行了相关性分析。结果表明：（1）现阶段该防护林的植物种类组成和群落结构均较简单，松、柏、栎混交的针阔叶林占绝对优势，其物种多样性较小，但随着群落次生演替的进展，各层次的多样性趋于增加；（2）用灰色系统理论的关联度分析方法研究群落的物种多样性与主要环境因子的相关性是可行的。经测定，研究区的土壤pH值，外界干扰度和土壤含水量等指标对防护林的物种多样性有显著的影响。图2表3参16     

元宝山两类森林群落的乔木物种多样性

对元宝山保存的广西最古老、最原始、最完整的常绿落叶阔叶混交林和针阔混交林进行了乔木层物种多样性研究．结果表明：1)两类群落的物种多样性特征和群落各物种的重要值变化以及群落优势度反映出来的特征相一致；2)物种重要值和个体数作为测度指标所得结果相近；3)随着面积由500～3000m^2的变化，物种多样性指数差异不大，标准差和变异系数均较小，在不受面积大小影响，正确反映群落多样性方面，Shannon—Wiener指数优于Simpson指数；4)常绿落叶阔叶混交林和针阔混交林的多样性指数均较高，Shannon—Wiener指数分别为5．3507和4．5395，与北热带季节性热带雨林、南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林和中亚热带典型常绿阔叶林物种多样性比较，未表现出明显的纬度梯度特征．图4表4参20     

清江隔河岩坝区杉木-南酸枣林的群落学特征

杉木—南酸枣林是清江隔河岩坝区的一种典型次生林。野外调查结果表明 ,该群落的组成与结构比较复杂 ,群落的区系组成以落叶阔叶树种为主 ,显示出由中亚热带向北亚热带过渡性植被地段次生群落的特征。该群落的物种多样性在同地区的次生林类型中处于较高水平 ,表明群落以前受到过中度干扰 ,目前的恢复状况较好 ,群落的演替趋势是常绿阔叶落叶阔叶混交林     

清江隔河岩坝区杉木—南酸枣林的群落学特征

杉木－南酸枣林是清江隔河岩坝区的一种典型次生林。野外调查结果表明，该群落的组成与结构比较复杂，群落的区系组成凤落叶阔叶树种主主，显示出由中亚热带向北亚热带过渡性植被地段次生群落的特征。该群落的物种多样性在同地区的次生林类型中处于较高水平，表明群落以前受到过中度干扰。目前的恢复状况较好，群落的演替趋势是常绿阔叶落叶阔叶混交林。     

四川瓦屋山原生和次生常绿阔叶林的群落学特征

利用野外调查资料，比较分析了瓦屋山中山段（halt 1500-1900m)自然恢复的次生和原生常绿阔叶林的群落外貌，群落主要乔木物种组成，高度和径阶结构等特征。结果表明：（1）恢复42a的次生常绿阔叶林已基本形成中亚热带湿性绿阔叶的生活型外貌和以中小型单叶为主，草质叶明显的特征，但与原生的中亚热带湿性常绿阔叶林相比，落叶的中小矮高位芽植物明显较多，地面芽和地下芽植物偏少；（2）次生常绿阔叶林乔木层树种有67种，而原生林仅57种，次生和原生常绿阔叶林乔木层主要优势物种组成相似，但次生林优势种更明显，并存在较多的处于伴生状态（局部地段还居于优势地位）的落叶乔木种类；（3）次生林较相同面积上的原生林乔木层的平均胸径DBH＜2.9cm。次生林具有小径阶个体多，大径阶个体少的明显特点，但两类森林乔木大小结构分布与其它地区的异龄林基本一致，均遵从指数分布关系；（4）次生林6400m^2内h≥3m的乔木有1199株。垂直高度h分化不明显，hmax=22.8m,hav仅9.7m，而原生林6400m^2内h≥3m的乔木有1045株，平均高度12.8m。次生林缺失Ⅶ高度级（＞25m)，而Ⅵ高度级仅8株（原生林有55株），低高度级（Ⅱ-Ⅳ级）株数的比例大，占总株数的87．12％。说明次生林乔木拥挤度大，乔木层个体正竞争强烈，群落处于不稳定的发展阶段，其进一步发展必将发生乔木自疏和它疏过程；（5）次生与原生林群落学特征比较表明，严重破坏后42a来通过封山育林自然恢复的次生林已经恢复常绿阔叶林的群落外貌，已经具有了原生常绿阔叶林群落结构特征，到达了常绿阔叶林阶段，自然恢复是迅速而成功的。研究发现，自然恢复是生态恢复重建的可行性途径之一，而群落外貌（生活型、叶型谱）、主要树种组成，群落结构很好地说明了常绿阔叶林破坏后的恢复状况是良好的，因些这些指标可以作为森林恢复评价的可选指标。图2表4参35     

广州市典型森林植被的结构及多样性研究

分别遴选广州城市尺度上帽峰山、白云山、天河公园样点的常绿阔叶林各0.48、0.48、0.24 hm~2,采用群落生态学的方法对比研究了3种植被类型的群落结构、物种多样性和主要种群间的关联性。结果表明3种植被类型的物种数、林分密度、郁闭度均表现为常绿阔叶天然次生林(EBSF):常绿阔叶人工-天然混交林(EBANF):常绿阔叶人工林(EBP);乔木层、灌木层及所有木本植物的Shannon-Wiener指数、Gleason丰富度指数也表现出相同的趋势,且EBSF表现为:灌木层乔木层,EBANF和EBP表现为:乔木层灌木层,而Pielou均匀度指数则表现出多变的特征;EBSF、EBANF、EBP的径级结构分别表现为标准、微双峰、多峰的倒"J"型;EBSF与EBANF的20个优势木本植物间整体呈现不显著的正关联,20个优势种构成的190个种对的关联性在χ~2检验、PC值及AC值上均表现出与总体一致的不显著正关联,且EBSF物种间的正关联性更强。结果反映了广州市局部地区常绿阔叶天然次生林、人工-天然混交林、人工林在群落结构、物种多样性以及主要种群间的关联性上的差异,以典型代表整体,旨在为广州近自然林及美丽城镇森林景观的建设及评价提供理论依据。     

张广才岭森林时空变化对步甲群落多样性的影响

研究中国北方地区成熟林、次生林和人工林生物多样性及群落结构,了解不同森林类型对物种的保育作用,可为生物避难所的选取和保护工作提供科学依据。为研究中国温带地区不同森林类型生物多样性,采用陷阱法对张广才岭森林中人工落叶松林、次生白杨林、次生混交林、成熟混交林和成熟针叶林5种典型森林生境中的地表步甲群落进行调查,在每种森林中设置4个重复样方,共20个样方,在每个样方中设置4个陷阱,在步甲的主要活动期(6—8月)内每隔2周收集1次陷阱内的昆虫样本,共捕获9 073头步甲。采用生态学多样性指数对群落组成进行分析,基于和弦标准化的预期物种共享(CNESS)相异指数的非度量多维标度法(NMDS)分析步甲物种周转率,并统计不同时间动态下步甲群落多度、丰富度和多样性变化,旨在分析并比较成熟林、次生林和人工林对生物多样性保护的作用。结果表明:次生白杨林步甲群落物种多样性最高,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H'为2.37,人工林步甲最低,仅为1.99;人工林步甲群落结构与天然林差异较大,天然林中多样化的生态环境维持较高的步甲群落β多样性;在天然林中,步甲多度、丰富度和Simpson多样性指数随时间变化具有相似的变化趋势,而与人工落叶松林差异明显。由此认为,天然林对物种的保育作用是无可替代的,目前大规模种植单一种类的树木对维持森林生物多样性是不利的,改善中国森林生物多样性最有效的方法是任林地自然发展。     

漓江流域红壤区生态恢复过程中植被结构动态和生物量变化

利用时空替代原理，选取漓江流域红壤区退化生态系统恢复过程中具有代表性的草丛、灌丛、针叶林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林5个阶段作为演替序列，研究自然恢复过程中各演替阶段的植被结构动态和生物量变化。结果表明：随着草丛→灌丛→针叶林→针阔混交林→次生常绿阔叶林正向演替的进行，在未形成成熟而稳定的顶极群落之前，物种丰富度、物种多样性指数、植被生物量及生产力都呈增大趋势。退化群落通过自然恢复总是向着结构更复杂、更完善的方向发展。根据恢复过程中植被的动态变化规律，提出了一些人工促进植被恢复的建议．     

人为干扰对江油地区马尾松人工林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

物种多样性是群落功能复杂性和稳定性的重要量度指标,人为干扰对森林群落的影响可以通过群落结构和物种多样性的变化而直接显现,不同干扰强度下的森林群落结构和物种多样性特征不同。采用典型样地法,对比研究两种人为干扰强度（干扰强和弱）对江油地区的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林群落的物种组成、群落结构和物种多样性的影响,采用物种丰富度指数D值、Shannon-wienner指数H值、Simpson优势度指数H′值和均匀度指数Jsw值来综合衡量群落的物种多样性水平。结果表明,（1）在总面积3200 m2的8个样地中记录到124个物种,隶属于105属56科,干扰强的群落各层次物种数均低于干扰弱的群落。（2）不同强度人为干扰下马尾松人工林的群落结构不同,干扰弱的群落径级结构呈近正态分布,在径级Ⅵ（7 cm≤d〈9 cm）处出现数量的峰值26株,群落结构较稳定;干扰强的群落径级结构不呈正态分布,在径级Ⅶ（13 cm≤d〈15 cm）处出现峰值43株。干扰弱和干扰强的群落高度级结构与其径级结构具有相似性,干扰弱的群落的个体主要集中在低中高度级（3≤H〈17）;干扰强的群落的个体数在各高度级分布不均匀,主要分布在中高高度级（H≥13）;干扰强的群落的个体数在各径级和高度级分布相对不均匀,群落结构趋于不稳定。（3）人为干扰对马尾松人工林群落造成负面影响,随着人为干扰强度的增加,物种丰富度指数D值、Shannon-wiener多样性指数H值、均匀度多样性指数Jsw值降低,Simpson优势度指数H′值增大,物种多样性呈下降趋势。     

杉木人工林林下植物物种多样性的动态特征

研究不同生长发育阶段杉木林林下植物演替过程的动态特征，结果表明：偶然种伴生阶段（幼龄林阶段），林下植物种类组成和数量第一次繁荣，结构比较简单；林下植物贫乏阶段（郁闭阶段），种类和数量较少，结构简单；林下植物相对稳定阶段（近成熟林和成熟林阶段），种类组成和数量不断增加，群落呈现稳定的杉木层、灌木层和草本层的三层结构；入侵性演替阶段（老龄林阶段），种类组成和数量再度繁盛，一些阔叶树种生长进和乔木层，形成具有多物种和多层次的群落结构。不同生长发育阶段的杉木林林下植物α多样性存在明显差异和波动性。幼林阶段林下植物总体和灌木层的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均较高；林分郁闭阶段各指数有明显下降；随后又有所增加，至老龄杉木林阶段达到量大值；在3a、9a和31a杉木林中，物种多样性垂直结构表现出灌木层＞草本层＞藤本植物的格局；在20a杉木林中，物种多样性垂直结构则表现出草本层＞灌木层＞藤本植物的格局；在56a老龄林中，物种多样性垂直结构表现出灌木层＞乔木层＞藤本植物＞草本层的格局。表3参6     

广东南部电白小良试验站4种森林群落结构的对比研究

通过对小良试验站不同类型、不同林龄的３种人工林群落（群落Ｂ：桉林;群落Ｃ：松桉混交林;群落Ｄ：阔叶混交林）与当地自然次生热带季雨林（乡土林）相比较,从群落结构的角度探讨人工恢复热带森林的可行性．结果表明：从桉林到松桉混交林到阔叶混交林,３种人工林群落的组成结构和空间结构向着复杂性和稳定性方向发展,并逐渐向地带性自然次生林方向演替;群落的相似性研究也表明,阔叶混交林是３种人工林中与乡土林最为相似．因此,对于极度退化的热带丘陵台地区,在一定工程和生物措施基础上,用先锋绿化树种造林成功后,及时用多层多种的阔叶混交林改造原有先锋林,可以加速人工林向地带性植被类型演替．     

Compositional stability and diversity of vascular plant communities following logging disturbance in Appalachian forests

Human-caused changes in disturbance regimes and introductions of nonnative species have the potential to result in widespread, directional changes in forest community structure. The degree that plant community composition persists or changes following disturbances depends on the balance between local extirpation and colonization by new species, including nonnatives. In this study, we examined species losses and gains, and entry of native vs. exotic species to determine how oak forests in the Appalachian Mountains might shift in species composition following a gradient of pulse disturbances (timber harvesting). We asked (1) how compositional stability of the plant community (resistance and resilience) was influenced by disturbance intensity, (2) whether community responses were driven by extirpation or colonization of species, and (3) how disturbance intensity influenced total and functional group diversity, including the nonnative proportion of the flora through time. We collected data at three spatial scales and three times, including just before, one year post-disturbance, and 10 years post-disturbance. Resistance was estimated using community distance measures between pre- and one year post-disturbance, and resilience using community distance between pre- and 10-year post-disturbance conditions. The number of colonizing and extirpated species between sampling times was analyzed for all species combined and for six functional groups. Resistance and resilience decreased with increasing timber-harvesting disturbance; compositional stability was lower in the most disturbed plots, which was driven by colonization, but not extirpation, of species. Colonization of species also led to increases in diversity after disturbance that was typically maintained after 10 years following disturbance. Most of the community-level responses were driven by post-disturbance colonization of native forbs and graminoids. The nonnative proportion of plant species tended to increase following disturbance, especially at large spatial scales in the most disturbed treatments, but tended to decrease through time following disturbance due to canopy development. The results of this study are consistent with the theory that resources released by disturbance have strong influences on species colonization and community composition. The effects of management activities tested in this study, which span a gradient of timber-harvesting disturbance, shift species composition largely via an increase in species colonization and diversity.     

Evolutionary cause of the vulnerability of insular communities

Communities on oceanic islands are considered to be vulnerable to biological invasion. However, because the detailed structures of such communities have not yet been revealed, the relationship between their vulnerability and structure is not clear. Because such communities evolved without biological invasion, they are expected to have structures different from those of mainland communities, and this difference is expected to affect their vulnerability to invasion. I conducted computer simulations based on a food web model and investigated the difference in structure between mainland and insular model communities, the former of which evolved with frequent invasion and the latter without invasion. In addition, by conducting computer simulations of invasion of these model communities, I investigated the relationship between community structure and vulnerability to biological invasion. The insular model community evolved to have an unstable structure, in that a small number of plant species supported a large number of animal species, and each species in the community had a small biomass. When a plant species invaded and disturbed the base of the insular model community, many animal species relying on the plants easily became extinct. In addition, when a carnivorous species invaded, animal species with small biomass tended to become extinct. Community collapses caused by biological invasion occurred more frequently in the insular model community than in the mainland model community. These results indicated that those communities that evolved without invasion were vulnerable to invasion. The available data on real insular communities suggest that some have reached the endangered state predicted by this model.     

不同林龄木麻黄人工林生物多样性与土壤养分状况研究

木麻黄（Casuarina equisetifolia）是我国东南沿海海岸防护林骨干树种。本文对广东省茂名市木麻黄防护林开展了不同林龄的种群结构、植物多样性、以及土壤养分特征的研究。结果表明,滨海沙地木麻黄群落在生长过程中有明显的自疏现象,18年林个体数（975株·hm-2）不足3年林个体数一半（2350株·hm-2）,3年至6年龄木麻黄生长最快。调查林地内共有植物27种,其中灌木8种,草本植物18种。随林龄的增长,林下植物种数显著增加,多样性指数、均匀度指数逐步增加,优势度指数下降。林地土壤有机碳、全氮与速效氮供应水平极低;土壤磷供应相对较好,表层有效磷一般高于3.5mg·kg-1。土壤有效养分与植物多样性显著相关,显示养分是植物定居的主要限制因素。结果表明,木麻黄林结构简单,生物多样性低,土壤养分贫乏。     

不同干扰强度对沙质海岸带植物物种β多样性的影响

选择东山岛沙质海岸带4种不同干扰强度林分作为空间演替系列,采用样方法研究其β多样性的变化,结果表明：（1）不同干扰强度林分的植物组成和重要值差别较大,在天然次生林的乔木层和灌木层中,潺槁木姜子（Litsea glutinosa）均是第一优势种,重要值分别为98和137,群落结构稳定;择伐干扰群落中,潺槁木姜子变为乔木层第三优势种,重要值为33,灌木层中仍为第一优势种,重要值为128;皆伐干扰群落中其优势地位逐渐降低,乔木层已无潺槁木姜子的分布,群落结构简单、稳定性差;（2）β多样性（CJ、CS、βWS、βC、βR、CN、CMH）测度表明,随着干扰强度的增大,群落间物种更替速率由低到高呈现增大趋势,物种变化较大,共有种逐渐减少;研究结果支持了＂初始植物区系＂学说,为选择合适树种构建稳定高效的沿海防护林体系提供了基础资料。     

黑龙江省森林景观的格局变化

运用地理信息系统分析软件ARC／INFO 8．01、ARCVIEW 3．2和基于ARC／INFO的FRAGSTATS 3．0软件，处理了1896年、1949年和1981年黑龙江省森林资源分布图，并用所得到的斑块总面积、平均斑块大小、斑块密度、斑块大小变异系数、平均斑块分数维和平均形状指数对黑龙江省森林景观格局变化和各个斑块类型的变化进行了研究．结果表明，从1896年到1981年黑龙江省森林景观的总面积急剧减少，斑块数量增多，斑块密度加大，平均斑块大小减少，斑块间的毗连程度减弱，但是斑块的形状逐渐趋于相对规则，斑块的边界趋于简单化，所有这些表明，森林景观逐渐趋于破碎化，其中以红松的破碎化最为严重．整个森林的景观多样性和景观类型分布的均匀性逐渐降低．造成这一变化的主要原因是人类的经济活动，另一原因是近一个世纪的气候变化及森林群落的自身演替，但是同人类的干扰作用相比，作用很微弱．图5表2参19     

Forest age influences oak insect herbivore community structure, richness, and density.

Plant succession is one of many factors that may affect the composition and structure of herbivorous insect communities. However, few studies have examined the effect of forest age on the diversity and abundance of insect communities. If forest age influences insect diversity, then the schedule of timber harvest rotation may have consequent effects on biodiversity. The insect herbivore community on Quercus alba (white oak) in the Missouri Ozarks was sampled in a chronoseries, from recently harvested (2 yr) to old-growth (approximately 313 yr) forests. A total of nine sites and 39 stands within those sites were sampled in May and August 2003. Unique communities of plants and insects were found in the oldest forests (122-313 yr). Density and species richness of herbivores were positively correlated with increasing forest age in August but not in May. August insect density was negatively correlated with heat load index; in addition, insect density and richness increased over the chronoseries, but not on the sunniest slopes. Forest structural diversity (number of size classes) was positively correlated with forest age, but woody plant species richness was not. In sum, richness, density, and community structure of white oak insect herbivores are influenced by variation in forest age, forest structure, relative abundance of plant species, and abiotic conditions. These results suggest that time between harvests of large, long-lived, tree species such as white oak should be longer than current practice in order to maintain insect community diversity.     

Biotic Impoverishment and Homogenization in Unfragmented Forest Understory Communities

Abstract:  Ecological change is often hard to document because of a lack of reliable baseline data. Several recent then-versus-now surveys of temperate forest and grassland communities demonstrate losses of local plant species, but most are based on data from a single site. We resurveyed understory communities in 62 upland forest stands in northern Wisconsin (U.S.A.) for which quantitative baseline data exist from 50 years ago. These stands are within a largely unfragmented region but vary in species composition and successional stage. We collected data on changes in (1) total and native species richness, (2) the ratio of exotic to native species, (3) the relative abundance of habitat generalists, and (4) community similarity among sites. We also compared how these rates of change varied over time. Over the past 50 years, native species density declined an average of 18.5% at the 20-m² scale, whereas the ratio of exotic species to native species increased at 80% of all sites. Habitat generalists increased, and habitat specialists declined, accounting in part for an 8.7% rise in average similarity in species composition among sites. Most of these changes cannot be related to succession, habitat loss, or invasion by exotic species. Areas without deer hunting showed the greatest declines in native species density, with parks and research natural areas faring no better than unprotected stands. Animal-pollinated and animal-dispersed species also declined, particularly at unhunted sites. These results demonstrate the power of quantitative multistand data for assessing ecological change and identify overabundant deer as a key driver of community change. Because maintaining forest habitats alone fails to preserve plant diversity at local scales, local biotic simplification seems likely to continue in the region unless active efforts are taken to protect diversity.