Cu Ni As Cr对萝卜出苗的影响

利用盆栽试验研究Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｃｒ４个元素不同浓度对萝卜出苗的影响．结果表明，土壤含Ｃｕ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上时，随着含Ｃｕ量的增加，出苗数随之减少．在酸性土壤上发生Ｃｕ和Ｎｉ危害时，可用提高土壤ｐＨ至中性的办法来消除．在中性土壤上，含Ｎｉ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上对萝卜出苗有害．Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ复合污染比单一元素污染的危害大，且毒性Ｎｉ＞Ｃｕ．土壤Ｃｒ、Ａｓ含量越大，对萝卜出苗的危害也越大，并且毒性Ｃｒ（６＋）＞Ｃｒ（３＋）．     

含铬污液在土壤中迁移规律的研究

通过静态吸附和动态土柱淋溶实验，研究了含铬污液中Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）、Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）在土壤中的迁移规律。结果表明，土壤对Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）、Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的等温吸附过程均符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程，土壤对Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）、Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的饱和吸附量分别为２．１７＊１０＾４ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１７５ｍｇ／ｋｇ；动态截留量分别为７．００＊１０＾３ｍｇ／ｋｇ、５６．７ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

重金属Cd污染土壤毒性的发光菌法评价

应用明亮发光杆菌 Ｔ３ 对重金属污染土壤的毒性评价方法进行探索;进行了土壤平衡、土壤浸提实验及土壤中人为添加 Ｃｄ 对明亮发光杆菌 Ｔ３ 的效应实验;确定了土壤最佳平衡时间、土壤浸提剂、土壤最佳浸提时间及草甸棕壤中 Ｃｄ 对明亮发光杆菌 Ｔ３ 的毒性响应水平．实验结果表明：在土壤浸出液的提取过程中,土壤最佳平衡时间为１ ｄ ,最佳浸提液为０ ．１ ｍｏｌ／ Ｌ 盐酸,最佳浸提时间为２ ｈ ;草甸棕壤中 Ｔ３ 菌的发光强度与投加的 Ｃｄ浓度呈显著负相关（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,ρ（ Ｃｄ） 对 Ｔ３ 菌的 Ｅ Ｃ５０ 值为２６ ．２ ｍｇ／ｋｇ ．     

重金属和油处理剂对水稻根系的影响

试验了Ｎｉ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｓｎ、Ｃｒ和Ｃｕ等６种重金属及油处理剂对水稻根系的影响，结果表明．水中含Ｎｉ０．００７ｍｇ／１、Ｃｕ０．００５ｍｇ／１时，能阻碍根系的伸长；含Ｚｎ０．５ｍｇ／１以上时。不利于根系的伸长；水中含Ｍｎ２０ｍｇ／１，Ｓｎ、Ｃｒ￣（６－）各５ｍｇ／１时，对根系有明显危害；水中含Ｃｒ￣（２＋）＋Ｃｒ￣（６＋）时，当１种离子浓度保持不变，根系的抑制程度随着另１种离子浓度的增加而增大。水中含油处理剂１０００ｍｇ／１时，能抑制水稻发根。     

公路重金属污染的形态特征及其解吸吸持能力探讨

以宁－杭公路南京段为例,对公路环境土壤介质中重金属污染叠加的研究表明,研究区已形成污染的元素为Ｐｂ,Ｃｏ和Ｃｒ,污染晕带沿公路延伸方向展布,自公路起向其两侧强度逐渐减弱,扩散范围为１４０－１５０ｍ。污染重金属效占其总含量的３．４－６０．６％,主要以交换态和Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ氧化物存在。土壤对研究区重金属 吸持能力：Ｐｂ〉Ｃｏ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｍｎ〉Ｖ〉Ｎｉ〉,Ｃｒ;重金属在土肿的解吸能;和：Ｖ〉Ｃｏ〉Ｐｂ。污染叠加     

珠江广州河段底泥中汞铜铅的污染及其与有机质硫化物积累的关系

珠江广州河段底泥中有机质、硫化物和重金属汞、铜、铅的污染监测结果表明：各种污染物的含量范围分别为有机质２０．８—７４．４ｇ／ｋｇ，硫化物２８．７—５３８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，汞０．０７－０．７４ｍｇ／ｋｇ，铜２０．９—１０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，铅１４．２—９１７ｍｇ／ｋｇ；它们在沿程各断面的分布表现为上游往中游递增，而中游向下游递减，基本上以猎德、广纸和黄沙三个断面的污染最严重；各种污染物的污染程度顺序是硫化物＞汞＞铜＞铅。相关分析表明：汞、铜与有机质和硫化物的相关关系均达到极显著水平。说明随着底泥中有机质和硫化物积累的增加，汞、铜的富集量相应增加，污染加重。     

氯丹和灭蚁灵污染场地土壤对陆生生物的毒性效应

为向污染土壤的监测、生态毒理诊断及修复提供方法和数据,以氯丹、灭蚁灵污染场地土壤为供试土壤,测定了氯丹、灭蚁灵复合污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应以及对小麦、小白菜、玉米和水稻4种植物种子发芽率和根伸长抑制率的影响.结果表明,蚯蚓对本场地污染响应十分敏感,处理d 3高浓度组开始出现死亡,此后死亡率随污染物浓度增大而上升,d 14部分高浓度组死亡率达到100%;同一浓度下,氯丹和灭蚁灵对4种植物种子根伸长抑制率均显著大于对种子发芽的抑制率,植物的根生长比种子发芽对有机污染物的毒性更为敏感.4种植物种子对污染场地土壤的敏感性为小麦>小白菜>水稻>玉米.氯丹和灭蚁灵对蚯蚓的毒性要大于对这几种植物的毒性,蚯蚓对氯丹和灭蚁灵的响应更加敏感.因此,蚯蚓作为指示生物,其急性毒性试验可作为氯丹和灭蚁灵污染场地的诊断指标,诊断周期以14 d为宜.     

贵州省典型矿区土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应评估

选取我国贵州省某矿区典型的重金属复合污染土壤开展28 d慢性毒性暴露试验,以蚯蚓体内2种抗氧化酶活性——过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-ODHG)和金属硫蛋白(MT)含量为生物指标,评估了以上生物指标与土壤重金属含量的相关性,探讨该研究方法用于矿区土壤重金属生态风险评估的可行性。结果表明,CAT和SOD在暴露周期内均出现先诱导后抑制的动态响应过程,表明蚯蚓通过提高CAT和SOD的活性来清除机体因污染胁迫而产生的自由基,以适应环境变化,在毒性缓解后,蚯蚓体内代谢产物的积累抑制了抗氧化氢酶活性,CAT和SOD活性下降并趋于稳定。暴露于重金属污染亚致死浓度时,蚯蚓体内的8-OHDG含量随着暴露时间的延长显著降低,随着暴露浓度的增加,损伤存在由低到高的转变。在28 d暴露周期内,蚯蚓体内MT在重金属胁迫下发挥了解毒作用,MT含量在蚯蚓暴露后第7天增加,随后逐渐降低。本文基于生物毒性试验综合评估了矿区典型重金属污染土壤的生态风险,研究结果对指导重金属复合污染土壤的修复与再利用具有重要意义。     

烷基苯磺酸钠对水生动物的生物效应研究

本文通过洗涤剂的主要成分—烷基苯磺酸钠对大型蚤和鲤鱼的毒性试验,说明烷基苯磺酸钠的毒性属中等。对大型蚤２４ｈＥＣ５０为７．２３ｍｇ／Ｌ,４８ｈＥＣ５０为３．８３ｍｇ／Ｌ;对鲤鱼４８ｈＬＣ５０为３．７４ｍｇ／Ｌ,９６ｈＬＣ５０为２．２３ｍｇ／Ｌ。鲤鱼生活在０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的烷基苯磺酸钠溶液中,１５ｄ就能引起鳃的损伤。     

单甲脒农药对土壤微生物种群和土壤酶活性的影响

研究了单甲脒（Ｎ＇－２，４－二甲苯基－Ｎ－甲基甲脒，简称ＤＭＡ）对土壤微生物种群和土壤酶活性的影响．田间试验表明，喷洒单甲脒盐酸盐（ＤＭＡＨ）于棉花植株对土壤微生物种群和土壤酶活性无明显影响．实验室试验表明，投加ＤＭＡＨ于土壤对土壤微生物种群有不同的抑制作用；当ＤＭＡＨ在土壤中的浓度为２０ｍｇ／ｇ时，好氧异养菌总量开始降低，硝化细菌和放线菌、真菌的土壤ＤＭＡＨ抑制浓度分别为０．５ｍｇ／ｇ和０．１ｍｇ／ｇ．ＤＭＡＨ对土壤酶活性的影响亦不相同，脱氢酶对土壤中ＤＭＡＨ含量为１０ｍｇ／ｇ时其活性即有明显的减弱，而过氧化氨酶对ＤＭＡ的耐受性相当高，其活性的抑制浓度达５００ｍｇ／ｇ．试验还证明了土壤中ＤＭＡ的微生物降解作用．当ＤＭＡ在土壤中的浓度为５０～５００ｇ／ｇ时，其消解速率可从８．７５ｍｍ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１提高到４８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１．     

Assessing geochemical influence of traffic and other vehicle-related activities on heavy metal contamination in urban soils of Kerman city,using a GIS-based approach

Heavy metal pollution caused by traffic activities is increasingly becoming a great threat to urban environmental quality and human health. In this paper, soils of Kerman urban and suburban areas were collected to assess the potential effects of traffic and other vehicle-related pollution by heavy metal accumulation in soils. Eighty-six samples were collected along streets and from residential and rural sectors, as well as vehicle-related workshops from depth of 0–5 and 15–20 cm and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn), as well as major elements (Al, Ca, Fe and Mn). Several hot-spot areas were identified in the composite geochemical maps produced based on Geographical Information System (GIS) technology. The majority of the hot-spot areas were identified to be vehicle-related workshops, fuel stations and road junctions. The most polluted hot-spot in the study area was located in soils close to a car battery processing workshop in the southwestern part of Kerman city, with concentrations of Cd (0.32 mg/kg), Cr (169 mg/kg), Cu (250 mg/kg), Pb (5,780 mg/kg), Sn (27.2 mg/kg) and Zn (178 mg/kg) of 1, 8.5, 8.3, 230, 13.5 and 3 times more than the relevant mean concentrations in natural soils, respectively. Traffic pollution has resulted in significant accumulation of heavy metals in soils and sediments, and that level of accumulation varied remarkably among elements. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, most parts of soils and sediments of the Kerman basement consist of calcite and clay minerals. Abundance of clay minerals and medium to alkaline pH causes low mobility of heavy metals in soils of Kerman.     

上海城市公园灰尘重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

通过对上海城市公园灰尘重金属含量的调查,发现上海城市公园灰尘重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd和Ni含量的平均值分别为416.63 mg/kg、906.29 mg/kg2、35.89 mg/kg1、62.59 mg/kg1、.58 mg/kg和92.19 mg/kg,同上海市土壤环境背景值相比,均处于较高的积累水平。公园灰尘重金属空间上的分布特征表现为:内外环线之间公园灰尘各重金属元素含量平均值均高于内环线内公园;通过分析判定公园灰尘中较高的重金属含量可能主要源于交通和工业造成的污染。运用潜在生态危害指数法来评价上海城市公园灰尘重金属污染状况,发现单种重金属造成的潜在生态危害表现为:Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Zn>Cr;公园灰尘6种重金属潜在生态危害达到一个相当高的水平,在所调查的公园中,63.6%的公园灰尘重金属生态危害达到极高水平,29.5%的公园达到高水平,6.8%的公园处于较高水平。     

Determining distribution of heavy metal pollution in terms of ecological risk levels in soil of industrially intensive areas around Istanbul

The aims of the present study were to measure the concentrations of As, Cr, Co, Fe, and Zn in soils from two heavily industrialized areas and to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution by using the indices enrichment factor and the geo-accumulation index, as well as assessing the potential ecological risk. The concentrations of the selected elements in the environmental samples were determined by the neutron activation analysis. The pollutant concentrations in the studied areas showed that the soils were characterized by a high pollution from As and Cr due to the industrial facilities in the area. The concentrations in the Tuzla industrial area were 79–1215 mg/kg of Cr, 17–84 mg/kg of As, 22,000–54,000 mg/kg of Fe, 101–258 mg/kg of Zn, and 8–23 mg/kg of Co. The results for the Cerkezkoy industrial area were found to be 46–196 mg/kg of Cr, 6–24 mg/kg of As, 17,000–25,000 mg/kg of Fe, 67–136 mg/kg of Zn, and 7–10 mg/kg of Co. The contamination in the soils from heavy metals was assessed based on enrichment factor, geo-accumulation factors, and ecological risk indices. The results were compared with the data from other industrial areas in Turkey. It was found that the metals As and Cr showed higher concentrations in Tuzla than in other examined industrial areas. The results for Cerkezkoy industrial area indicate that the area is not as contaminated as the other industrial areas in Turkey.     

铅锌冶炼厂土壤污染及重金属富集植物的研究

对株洲市铅锌冶炼厂生产区进行了植被和土壤调查。结果表明，该厂土壤污染以镉铅锌(Cd、Pb、Zn)最为严重，尤其是重金属镉在土壤中含量超过背景值高达208倍，分析原因主要是由于大气尘降和雨水淋洗等使得污染加重。实验采集并分析测定了9种植物中重金属富集量，首次报道了土荆芥是一种铅超富集植物，其体内Pb质量分数高达3888mg／kg。另一种植物商陆能大量富集镉，具有地下部向地上部转运能力强、生物量大、富集总量高的特点，有很大研究价值和应用潜力。另外，荨麻对Zn有较强富集能力，这3种植物可分别用于铅、镉和锌等3种重金属污染土壤的植物修复。     

武汉市郊区设施蔬菜地土壤重金属含量及其生态风险

采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对武汉市郊部分设施蔬菜地土壤5种重金属砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)的累积现状和潜在生态风险进行了分析评价.结果表明,研究区土壤中As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为0.06、0.15、19.85、1.07、5.44 mg/kg,其中Cd和Hg的平均含量分别达到湖北省土壤背景值的9.41和2.36倍;设施蔬菜地土壤中不同重金属的单因子污染状况具有Cd>Hg>Cr>Pb>As的特征,就综合污染指数而言,Cd元素是污染发生的主要贡献因子;从多种重金属潜在综合生态风险指数(RI)来看,研究区仅有18.23%的采样点达到中等生态风险,其余样点的潜在生态风险指数在轻微风险水平范围内.图4表3参15     

重金属污染土壤的微生物响应

土壤微生物在受到重金属污染胁迫后，往往能够在区系组成、生理生化、遗传等方面对重金属作出响应。微生物对土壤重金属污染的上述响应可用来评价土壤的重金属污染状况，并为土壤污染的生物修复提供理论指导。文章对近年来有关重金属胁迫下土壤微生物响应的研究成果作系统综述。     

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）与土壤重金属积累的关系研究进展（Research Review of the Relationship between Land Use/Cover Change and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soil）

土壤重金属污染是世界性环境问题之一.土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)是最主要的环境演变驱动因子之一.为明晰LUCC对土壤重金属积累和污染的影响,根据前人研究,从场地、县域和流域/区域尺度总结了LUCC和土壤重金属污染的关系.研究发现,三个尺度上土地利用方式和覆被类型/格局是控制土壤重金属空间积累和分布的重要因子,土地利用/覆被可以直接吸纳或吸附重金属,亦能通过改变土壤物理、化学和生物性质从而控制重金属在土壤中的移动性和活性,造成土壤中重金属的积累直至污染.此外,论文阐明了LUCC在土壤重金属污染风险预测、规避和污染土壤修复中的重要作用,最后提出了在实践中通过调整土地利用/覆被类型进行污染土壤修复的建议.寓景观生态学思想于土壤重金属污染防治过程是一种新的有效途径.     

广州市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染状况调查及评价

探讨了广州市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染状况,测定了95份土壤样品中铅、镉、铬、砷、汞的含量水平。土壤中铅、镉、铬、砷、汞的含量分别在6.44～153.10mg/kg、0-0.682mg/kg、5.82～101.60mg/kg、0.04～45.36mg/kg、0.01～O.32mg/kg之间。就污染的普遍性而言,铅污染最为普遍,其次是砷污染;就污染的程度而言,镉污染最严重.其次为砷、汞。对比今昔污染变化.广州市土壤污染治理已取得显著成效,但仍需努力。土壤中镉、砷、汞三种元素的变异系数,特别是镉的变异系数较大,这可能预示着点源性污染的存在。     

Heavy metal pollution in Suva harbour sediments,Fiji

In Fiji, contamination of the coastal environment by heavy metals is proving to be a real concern. This work reports for the first time analyses carried out on an extensive basis, to ascertain the extent of anthropogenic contamination by heavy metals in the <0.063 mm surface sediments of Suva harbour. Sediment samples from 40 sites selected within the harbour were collected and analysed for five heavy metals. The levels of the metals range from 21.4 to 143.0 ± 0.1 mg/kg Cu, 1.40 to 4.87 ± 0.07 wt.% Fe, 22.1 to 93.5 ± 0.3 mg/kg Pb, 40.2 to 269.0 ± 0.3 mg/kg Zn and 1.1 to 2.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg Sn. With reference to the pristine area of the Great Astrolabe, in Kadavu, the acquired data from the harbour are indicative of heavy metal pollution. This could be attributed to the numerous industrial and commercial activities at Wailada and Walu Bay industrial areas, the municipal dump located at the Suva foreshore and the Suva wharf. The pollution is further compounded by the high population density in Suva city.     

Assessment of toxicity of heavy metal contaminated soils by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in soils near a lead–zinc mine located in Shangyu, Zhejiang Province, China, were determined and their toxicity was assessed using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The TCLP method is a currently recognized international method for evaluation of heavy metal pollution in soils. The available levels of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were 8.2–36, 23–143, 6.4–1367 and 0.41–2.2 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, while the international standards were 15, 25, 5 and 0.5 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Soils around the mine were more polluted with Zn and Pb, followed by Cd and Cu. Moreover, the levels of heavy metals in the soils extracted by TCLP indicated that extraction fluid 2 was more effective than extraction fluid 1 in extracting the heavy metals from the polluted soils and there was a positive correlation between fluids 1 and 2. Available heavy metal contents determined by TCLP were correlated with soil total heavy metal contents.