污水中不同形态氮稳定同位素预处理方法探究

本文提出了有机物中胺基氮消解转化为铵盐后的富集与分离方法,探讨了凯氏氮(KTN)、有机氮(DON)消解转化为铵盐的实验条件,完善了污水中铵盐稳定氮同位素预处理的最佳实验条件.经实验分析,KTN、DON在3 mL5%(W/V)的Cu SO_4、10 mL浓H_2SO_4、6 g K2SO_4条件下消解30 min,可稳定高效地转化为(NH4)HSO_4.研究结果表明,铵盐最佳蒸馏时间为50 min,最适碱投加量为5 mL 40%(W/V)的Na OH溶液,当铵盐浓度在0—80 mg·L~(-1)时,蒸馏过程氮回收率均高于95%;通过对比沸石吸附和酸吸收两种方式,发现酸吸收高效稳定,并优选稀硫酸(0.04 mol·L~(-1))作为吸收液,在pH=3.0±0.3、50℃干燥引起的氮同位素分馏效应最小(0.04‰).将该方法应用于实际生活污水管网中的氮迁移转化分析,验证了方法的可行性和应用价值.     

湿法快速消解测定煤中痕量汞

本文比较了煤样消解的七种湿消解体系,从中选用Mo催化H_2SO_4-HClO_4消解法,该法对0.2g煤样只需20—60min就能完全消解,有机汞和无机汞的加标回收率分别为96.4％和97.8％。该法适于大批量快速准确测定煤中痕量汞。     

三酸消解法测定粮食中总汞的研究

粮食样品中总汞测定的消解,一般都采用HNO_3-H_2SO_4-V_2O_5电热板(或沙浴)加热法,但此法因样品受热不均匀,易发生炭化现象,且消解条件难以掌握,导致分析重复性较差,效果不佳,王明和金钦汉等人都得出了同样的结论.文献[5]曾用HNO_3—H_2SO_4-HC1作消解液,用于鱼体样品中总汞测定的消解.本人用此三酸的混合液,进行稻谷、麦类(元麦、大麦、小麦)豆类(黄豆、蚕豆)等粮食样品的消解,并研究了消解条件,作了不同种类粮食中总汞的精密度和准确度测定试验,还用美国国家标准局的标准大米粉中汞量进行了核对.     

环形扩散管和滤膜联用采集和测定大气中气固相物质

建立了环形扩散管(annular diffusion denuder)和滤膜连用的采样装器。采用涂渍1％碳酸钠甲醇水溶液和5％亚磷酸甲醇溶液的两段环形扩散管串联分别收集气态HNO_3,HCl,SO_2和NH_3、空气经扩散管后,继而抽入滤膜采样头,用Teflon滤膜采集颗粒物,Nylon滤膜收集由Teflon滤膜上颗粒物挥发产生的气态HNO_3和HCl。样品提取后,用离子色谱法测定SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-和Cl~-;采用流动注射荧光法测定NH_4~+。当采样流速为10L/min,采样24h,环形扩散管对气态硝酸、氯化氢和二氧化硫的检出限(3σ)为0.04—0.09μg/m~3,对氨的检出限为0.12μg/m~3。实验结果表明本法适用于大气和室内空气的采样和测定。     

溶胶制备工艺对TiO2光催化剂活性的影响

考察了不同酸、溶剂以及不同比例水制备的溶胶对TiO2光催化剂活性的影响进行了分析.结果表明,在盐酸、醋酸、草酸和甲基丙烯酸中,采用醋酸所得催化剂活性最好;在乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇4种溶剂中,采用正丁醇作溶剂所得催化剂活性最好;最佳溶胶制备条件为钛酸丁酯∶水∶冰醋酸:正丁醇=1∶3∶8∶10(摩尔比);最优条件下制备的TiO2催化剂平均粒径为15·19nm,晶型为锐钛矿,对小于320nm的紫外光有良好的吸收;利用研制的TiO2光催化剂降解多菌灵废水,反应1h,COD去除率在35%左右;对9·606mg·l-1的苯酚溶液光降解半衰期为4·6min.     

催化湿式过氧化氢氧化农药废水Cu-Ni-Ce/SiO2催化剂的研究

研究了Cu-Ni-Ce/SiO2催化剂的载体粒度、负载量、焙烧温度和Ce添加量等因素对催化剂活性及稳定性的影响,其最佳制备条件为:80-100目SiO2载体、4%负载量,700℃焙烧温度,0.16?添加量.利用BET比表面积、XRD和金属溶出量对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明:Cu-Ni-Ce/SiO2催化剂催化湿式过氧化氢氧化降解处理吡虫啉农药废水,在催化剂用量10g·l-1,反应温度110℃,双氧水用量为理论需用量,进水pH值为9.0,反应60min的条件下,COD去除率为88.7%,活性组分溶出量较小.     

电热蒸馏炉炼汞尾气中汞的净化回收

我们用硫酸汞-硫酸-锰矿粉-水的混合液处理炼汞尾气。利用净化液中的二价汞把气相中的汞蒸气氧化成一价汞而保留于净化液中,净化液中的一价汞又被二氧化锰氧化成二价汞。二价汞再与气相中的汞蒸气作用,周而复始,不断循环。反应式: Hg(气) HgSO_4(液)=Hg_2SO_4(液、固) Hg_2SO_4(液、固) 2H_2SO_4 MnO_2(固)=2HgSO_4(液) MnSO_4(液) 2H_2O 平均除汞效率达93.83％,可使尾气中平均含汞浓度达到1.90毫克/标准米~3。     

消解方法对煤矸石中砷含量测定的影响

选择山西不同地区不同硅铝含量的4种煤矸石,通过实验得到湿法消解和微波消解的优化条件,采用配置氢化物发生器的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(HG-ICP-AES)对消解液中的砷含量进行测试,对比了微波消解(酸解液:4 mL HNO3、2 mL HF、1 mL H3PO4)和湿法消解(酸解液:5 mL HNO3、1 mL HF、1 mL HClO4、1 mL H3PO4)对煤矸石中砷含量测定的影响,以确定适合测定煤矸石中砷含量的前处理方法.结果表明,微波消解耗时短、体系密闭,可有效防止砷的挥发与样品间的交叉污染,结合HG-ICP-AES测试,测试结果精密度高、回收率良好,可以满足煤矸石中砷含量准确测定的要求.     

原子吸收光谱法测定水中痕量钌

本文试验了多种氧化荆对用原子吸收光谱法测定钌的影响。结果表明,在三氯化钌溶液中分别加入NaBiO_3,(NH_4)~2S_2O_8,KIO_4,KBrO_3,Ce(SO_4)_2,Ce(SO_4)2+KBrO_3等试剂,能使测定钌的灵敏度分别提高10,17,19,19,23,37倍,方法的灵敏度(特征浓度)为0.051μg/ml,检出限为0.02μg/ml,测量1.0和0.5μg/ml钌溶液10次,变异系数分别为1.2％和2.1％.水中含有50mg/ml K~+,SO_4~(2-),10mg/ml Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),1mg/mlCl~-不影响钌的测定.探讨了氧化剂的作用机理.本法适于水中痕量钌的测定.     

COD试验废液中硫酸银回用的研究

在COD试验废液中,加入适量的普通食盐,使废液中的银离子以氯化银形式沉淀,AgCl的回收率可达95％以上。用锌(以硫酸为介质)和铁(以盐酸为介质)均能使AgCl定量地还原成金属银,回收率亦可达95％以上,用锌或铁做还原剂,还原所得的金属银纯度可达99％以上,所得银粉可配制成供COD试验用的(Ag,SO_4 浓H_2SO_4)液,从而可降低COD试验的成本。     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Estimation of the surface stress from the streamwise pressure gradient: The Kármán Integral Momentum Equation revisited

A method is developed to estimate the stress at the surface in a portable wind tunnel for wind erosion studies. The boundary layer height and the pressure gradient are used in a simple expression from the Kármán Integral Momentum Equation. Values of friction velocity u _* are within 10% of experimental values obtained through correlation techniques, including measurements of differential pressures with the Murdoch Turbulence Probe MTP and the X-wire, hot-wire anemometer XWA. Wind velocity and stress profiles reveal logarithmic trends and a constant stress layer near the surface in the DAWA portable wind tunnel. Realignment of the statistics with the mean wind is essential.     

Using decision science to evaluate global biodiversity indices

Global biodiversity indices are used to measure environmental change and progress toward conservation goals, yet few indices have been evaluated comprehensively for their capacity to detect trends of interest, such as declines in threatened species or ecosystem function. Using a structured approach based on decision science, we qualitatively evaluated 9 indices commonly used to track biodiversity at global and regional scales against 5 criteria relating to objectives, design, behavior, incorporation of uncertainty, and constraints (e.g., costs and data availability). Evaluation was based on reference literature for indices available at the time of assessment. We identified 4 key gaps in indices assessed: pathways to achieving goals (means objectives) were not always clear or relevant to desired outcomes (fundamental objectives); index testing and understanding of expected behavior was often lacking; uncertainty was seldom acknowledged or accounted for; and costs of implementation were seldom considered. These gaps may render indices inadequate in certain decision-making contexts and are problematic for indices linked with biodiversity targets and sustainability goals. Ensuring that index objectives are clear and their design is underpinned by a model of relevant processes are crucial in addressing the gaps identified by our assessment. Uptake and productive use of indices will be improved if index performance is tested rigorously and assumptions and uncertainties are clearly communicated to end users. This will increase index accuracy and value in tracking biodiversity change and supporting national and global policy decisions, such as the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.     

Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.     

Estimating freshwater turtle mortality rates and population declines following hook ingestion

Freshwater turtle populations are susceptible to declines following small increases in the mortality of adults, making it essential to identify and understand potential threats. Freshwater turtles ingest fish hooks associated with recreational angling, and this is likely a problem because hook ingestion is a source of additive mortality for sea turtles. We used a Bayesian‐modeling framework, observed rates of hook ingestion by freshwater turtles, and mortality of sea turtles from hook ingestion to examine the probability that a freshwater turtle in a given population ingests a hook and subsequently dies from it. We used the results of these analyses and previously published life‐history data to simulate the effects of hook ingestion on population growth for 3 species of freshwater turtle. In our simulation, the probability that an individual turtle ingests a hook and dies as a result was 1.2–11%. Our simulation results suggest that this rate of mortality from hook ingestion is sufficient to cause population declines. We believe we have identified fish‐hook ingestion as a serious yet generally overlooked threat to the viability of freshwater turtle populations.     

Content analysis of newspaper coverage of the Florida panther

Populations of large carnivores are declining globally, and analysis of public discourse about carnivores is useful for understanding public opinion and influences on management and policy. Portrayal of carnivores in the media affects public perceptions and support for their conservation. We conducted a content analysis of 513 articles about Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) published from 2003 to 2006 in newspapers with local circulation in core panther habitat in southwest Florida and papers with statewide circulation to compare the differences in the amount of coverage and portrayals of panther risks to people and property on the basis of proximity of human communities to panthers. Local papers published significantly more news articles and significantly longer news articles primarily about panthers. Articles in local and statewide papers used both episodic frames, which focus on specific occurrences (e.g., a panther sighting or predation) and thematic frames, which focus on general trends (e.g., abundance of panthers over time). Local articles more often emphasized risks that panthers might harm people, pets, or livestock than statewide papers. Our results are consistent with theory that proximity to human-carnivore conflict influences perceptions and salience of risks posed by large carnivores. Most articles mentioned panthers as a secondary topic, which we believe was a result of the relevance an endangered carnivore has in discussions of public land management, development, and regulations in Florida. Claims made by sources quoted in each article had a neutral to positive depiction of panthers, and most quotations were from federal and state agency scientists. We suggest continued use by the media of agency sources provides the opportunity for clear, concordant messages about panther management. Content analysis provides a way to monitor media portrayal of carnivores for consistency with agency outreach goals.