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1.
土壤-植物系统中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的迁移与转化研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
王森  黄红林  张淑贞 《环境化学》2014,(10):1645-1654
多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类重要的新型持久性有机污染物,因其具有亲脂和难降解特性,易在土壤和沉积物等环境介质以及生物体内累积,同时会发生脱溴还原代谢和氧化代谢,生成毒性更大的低溴代PBDEs、羟基PBDEs(OH-PBDEs)和甲氧基PBDEs(MeO-PBDEs).研究PBDEs在土壤-植物系统的迁移转化对于认识PBDEs的陆生生态环境行为,评价其生态风险以及对食物链的潜在暴露风险都具有重要的意义.本文从土壤中PBDEs的代谢与转化行为,PBDEs的植物吸收与传输特征及其关键影响因素,以及植物体内PBDEs的脱溴、羟基化和甲氧基化代谢行为几个方面总结了PBDEs在土壤-植物系统迁移转化的最新研究进展,并就将来的研究方向提出一些思考和展望,有助于深入认识PBDEs及其代谢产物的环境归趋.  相似文献   

2.
多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是目前电子等多种行业中最常用的溴代阻燃剂,在多介质环境中广泛分布.由于其具有致癌、致畸、致突变和难以被生物降解的特性,在环境中危害大,许多国家已经开始陆续禁止一些PBDEs的生产和使用.本研究以BDE-209为PBDEs代表物,以采集的珠江河口沉积物为处理体系,考察了BDE-209在沉积物上的吸附行  相似文献   

3.
多溴联苯醚的环境毒理学研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
万斌  郭良宏 《环境化学》2011,30(1):143-152
多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类广泛使用的溴代阻燃剂,其大量生产和使用导致了越来越严重的环境污染.由于PBDEs具有较高的亲脂性,化学性质比较稳定,它们可远距离传输到地球各种环境介质中,并通过食物链累积放大,在生物体内蓄积产生毒性效应.本文针对近年来PBDEs毒性效应和致毒机制的研究进展,从PBDEs的内分泌干扰毒性、发...  相似文献   

4.
由多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)所引起的环境问题越来越受到社会各界的关注,了解环境介质中PBDEs的分布特征是对其污染进行有效控制的前提.本文从非生物介质(大气、水体、沉积物、污泥及土壤)和生物体内(植物、动物、人体及食物链)两方面入手,对PBDEs在世界各地不同环境介质的分布特征进行综述.高溴代PBDEs因其较低的挥发性和水溶性,极易吸附于土壤、底泥和空气悬浮颗粒等固体介质,而低溴代PBDEs在各环境介质中都有检出;生物体中PBDEs的分布特征与生物种类、污染源、营养级以及个体组织的特异性有一定关系,人体血液、母乳、头发等也检出了PBDEs.随着北美、欧盟等地区从2004年开始逐渐对五溴、八溴和十溴PBDEs实施禁用,其含量在北美和欧盟部分地区有所下降,但是由于十溴PBDEs仍在全球很多地区使用,又因其具有持久性和长距离迁移性,要实现环境介质中PBDEs含量的控制仍需要一定时间,因此未来研究仍需对PBDEs生产和使用区域开展污染水平及趋势相关研究,并对PBDEs的环境行为深入探讨.  相似文献   

5.
多溴联苯醚的生物富集效应研究进展   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
研究污染物的生物富集效应对于预测污染物在生物体内的含量、建立环境标准以及评估污染物的生态风险具有重要的意义.论文结合近年来国内外有关多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的生物富集及其沿食物链(网)生物放大效应的研究文献,对PBDEs的生物富集效应进行了综述.文献计算的生物富集因子(BAFs)、生物-沉积物/土壤生物富集因子(BSAFs)和生物放大因子(BMFs)表明,生物对大多数PBDEs具有生物富集作用,且生物对PBDEs的富集能力与其生物进化等级及其营养级有关.文献计算的营养级放大因子(TMFs)表明,大多数PBDE单体可以在食物网上产生生物放大效应,但只有较少单体具有统计上的显著性.生物的生理生化参数、化合物本身的特性以及环境条件等因素影响了PBDEs在生物体内及食物链(网)上的富集与放大.  相似文献   

6.
电子废弃物拆解地水体多溴联苯醚分布特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为了解和比较广东贵屿电子废弃物拆解地和珠三角城市地区水体中多溴联苯醚的种类、含量及分布特征,于2011年9月在广东贵屿周边地区和广州采集了20个地下水、7个地表水和4个珠江水,用反相C18萃取小柱提取净化后,利用气相色谱-质谱法测定了样品中的8种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)。研究结果表明:贵屿地区地下水中PBDEs浓度总体上较高,总质量浓度范围为2.54~71.74 ng·L-1,平均为22.97 ng·L-1,各类PBDEs的检出率为25%~95%。三溴联苯醚(BDE28)、四溴联苯醚(BDE47)、五溴联苯醚(BDE99和BDE100之和)、六溴联苯醚(BDE153和BDE154之和)、七溴联苯醚(BDE183)和十溴联苯醚(BDE209)的质量浓度分布分别为nd~0.64、nd~18.43、nd~25.26、nd~13.92、nd~9.06和nd~15.60 ng·L-1。从物种上来看,分别源于四溴、五溴和十溴联苯醚产品的BDE47、BDE99和BDE209是贵屿地区地下水样中的优势同系物。通过比率P=(BDE47+BDE99)/BDE209研究发现:低溴代联苯醚比高溴代联苯醚更易被地表径流迁移转换进入到地下水中。贵屿地区地表水中PBDEs的质量浓度范围为3.41~63.83 ng·L-1,平均总质量浓度为19.38 ng·L-1,稍低于当地地下水中PBDEs的平均总质量浓度,PBDEs的组成以高溴代的BDE209为特征,与世界其他水体研究结果相比,可以发现贵屿地区的地表水中PBDEs的平均总质量浓度明显偏高,说明该地区的地表水受到较严重的PBDEs污染,必须引起足够的重视。珠江水中PBDEs的总质量浓度范围为3.48~20.84 ng·L-1,平均为10.39 ng·L-1,表明近年来珠江水体中PBDEs污染有逐渐恶化的趋势。  相似文献   

7.
多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)光降解研究现状   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)为一类新型的持久性有机污染物,因其在环境中的广泛分布和生物累积性而备受关注,环境中PBDEs的降解也成为研究热点.光降解是自然环境中PBDEs降解的主要途径之一,而光降解过程中会形成毒性更高的溴代二英.本文在总结国内外PBDEs光降解研究的基础上,对影响PBDEs光降解的因素(诸如:分子结构、光源、介质等)、途径和产物,特别是溴代二英的形成进行了综述,对目前存在问题及进一步的研究方向进行了讨论和展望.  相似文献   

8.
于2015年4月和11月,在莱州湾东部海域设置6个采样站点,采集海水和表层沉积物样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用联用测定海水溶解相、颗粒相和沉积物中14种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量,分析了PBDEs的组成特征,采用主成分分析了其来源,并对其生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,4月份溶解相、颗粒相和表层沉积物中14种PBDEs同系物总含量(∑14PBDEs)的范围分别为0. 29—0. 76 ng·L~(-1)、1.79—3.60 ng·L~(-1)和31.37—44. 39 ng·g-1,其中BDE209的含量范围分别为0. 21—0. 65 ng·L~(-1)、0.84—2.34 ng·L~(-1)和24. 27—36.79 ng·g-1.11月份海水溶解相和沉积相中∑14PBDEs与4月份无显著差异(P 0. 05),但颗粒相中的∑14PBDEs显著低于4月份(P0.05).4、11月颗粒相中∑14PBDEs占海水中总含量(溶解相+颗粒相)的平均比例分别为83.9%和71.2%,表明PBDEs主要分配在颗粒相上.沉积物PBDEs含量与总有机碳呈极显著正相关关系(r0.9,P0.01).14种PBDEs中,BDE209是最主要的同系物,其次是BDE47.主成分分析表明,莱州湾PBDEs主要来源于商业十溴联苯醚的地表径流输入.莱州湾东部海水中五溴联苯醚和八溴联苯醚存在低生态风险,沉积物中五溴联苯醚具有中等生态风险.  相似文献   

9.
环境中多溴联苯醚分析方法的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类性能优异的阻燃剂,被广泛添加到工业产品和日常生活用品中.研究表明很多PBDEs单体具有持久性有机污染物(POPs)的特性,其中五溴和八溴联苯醚已被列入POPs清单.它们在环境中广泛存在,对环境和生态系统带来健康风险.本文概述了环境中PBDEs的前处理方法和仪器分析的研究进展,对不同的方法进行了综述和比较,并提出了PBDEs分析方法研究的发展趋势.  相似文献   

10.
北江沉积物中多溴联苯醚的含量水平和分布特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)具有与多氯联苯(PCBs)相似的化学结构和环境行为,是一种典型的持久性有机污染物(POPs).本文研究了珠江第二大水系北江流域沉积物中PBDEs的含量水平、空间分布特征和可能来源.  相似文献   

11.
中国水稻土碳循环研究进展   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9  
许信旺  潘根兴 《生态环境》2005,14(6):961-966
文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性,进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述,对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象,说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程,水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域,即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡,从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。  相似文献   

12.
Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.  相似文献   

13.
森林土壤固碳机理研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。  相似文献   

14.
Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.  相似文献   

15.
Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.  相似文献   

16.
The new institution of comprehensive high school, in Greece today, aims to relate the school with the natural, social, economical and cultural environment. In this frame of process, interrelation and dynamic contact of school with the holistic environment, the subject “Ecology and Environment”; of the 2nd class (16–17 years old), informs, sensitizes and activizes the anxious young generation. The textbook of the subject determines and analyzes the human impact and their consequences to the natural ecosystems. In the total content there are also numerous examples from the natural, man‐made and cultural environment of Greece.  相似文献   

17.
硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。  相似文献   

18.
The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.  相似文献   

19.
A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.  相似文献   

20.
生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。  相似文献   

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