冬季河南省若干城市室内灰尘中重金属的健康风险

大气沉降是室内灰尘的重要来源.本研究于2017年1—2月采集了河南省12个城市的室内灰尘样品共48个,并按照取样城市的空间分布探讨了重金属(Ni、Cu、Zn、Mn、Co、Cr、As、Ag、Cd、Pb)污染的南北差异(以黄河为界).运用地积累指数法对其进行污染评价.应用美国EPA人体暴露风险模型进行健康风险评价.结果表明,豫南城市室内灰尘中重金属除Pb以外平均浓度均显著高于豫北城市.豫南城市重金属平均浓度表现为Zn Mn Cr Ni Pb As Cu Co Cd Ag,浓度大小依次是306.7、249.2、223.3、116.9、55.7、41.6、30.3、7.0、1.8、1.3 mg·kg-1,而豫北城市重金属浓度表现为Zn Mn Pb Cr As Ni Cu Co Cd Ag,浓度大小依次是200.7、179.4、85.4、48.7、22.9、22.1、21.4、4.4、2.6、0.7 mg·kg-1.地累积指数结果显示Cd在豫南和豫北城市均是重污染和极重污染,而Ag在豫南城市是重污染和极重污染.豫南城市室内灰尘中4种致癌重金属的致癌风险大小依次为Cr As Ni Cd,6种非致癌重金属的非致癌风险大小依次为Zn Mn Cu Pb Co Ag;豫北城市室内灰尘中致癌重金属的致癌风险依次为Cr As Ni Cd,非致癌重金属的非致癌风险依次为ZnMn Pb Cu Co Ag.     

乌鲁木齐市地表灰尘微量元素分布特征及潜在健康风险

从乌鲁木齐市交通区、公园、文教区和居民区采集83个地表灰尘样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等9种微量元素的含量.利用地质累积指数和US EPA健康风险评价模型,对比分析了城市不同功能区地表灰尘中微量元素污染及其潜在健康风险.结果表明,研究区地表灰尘中Hg、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr和Ni等元素平均含量分别为新疆土壤背景值的8.24、3.26、2.09、2.0、1.38、1.35、1.28倍,As和Mn含量平均值未超出新疆土壤背景值;各功能区地表灰尘中微量元素的I_(geo)均值从高到低排序为:HgZnPbCdCrCuAsNiMn,其中Hg达到中度,Zn、Pb和Cd轻度污染水平.交通区地表灰尘中As、Mn和Ni,公园地表灰尘中Cd,以及文教区地表灰尘中Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的污染水平略高于其它功能区;各功能区地表灰尘中微量元素通过3种暴露途径的非致癌风险指数(HI)和致癌风险指数(TCR)从大到小依次为:文教区、居民区、交通区、公园,HI和TCR均小于安全阈值范围,均属于可接受风险水平.研究区地表灰尘中As和Cr是主要的非致癌因子,Cr是主要的致癌因子,因此应加强地表灰尘中Cr元素的防范.     

淮北煤矿周边土壤重金属生物可给性及人体健康风险

为了探究煤矿周边农田土壤重金属污染状况以及评估可能对人体带来的健康危害,本研究以安徽省淮北地区3座主要煤矿为研究区,对土壤重金属含量进行分析,并采用体外胃肠模拟方法(PBET),计算土壤中重金属的生物可给性,并以此修正健康风险评价计算方法.结果表明,土壤中重金属含量平均值(mg·kg~(-1))分别为Cd (0.16)、Cr (11.82)、Cu (12.03)、Ni (21.86)、Pb (55.09)、Zn (41.46),与国内不同类型矿区相比,淮北煤矿区周边土壤重金属含量较低;重金属的生物可给性平均值大小顺序是:胃阶段:Pb (61.69%)Cu (51.88%)Cd (43.88%)Cr (26.48%)Zn (17.45%)Ni (14.57%),小肠阶段为:Cr (58.80%)Cu (55.71%)Zn (51.40%)Ni (39.44%)Pb (7.59%)Cd (7.32%);由生物可给性校正后,成人和儿童不同重金属非致癌风险暴露量均小于1,说明成人和儿童均不存在非致癌风险,不同种类重金属的致癌风险为:CrCdNi,其中,Cr的致癌风险介于10~(-6)—10~(-4)之间,表明Cr对人群有一定的致癌风险,但在可接受的范围内,且儿童的致癌风险高于成人,经手-口无意摄入是土壤重金属最主要的暴露途径.     

包头市南海湿地土壤重金属污染评价及来源解析

包头市南海湿地位于中国西北地区的高纬度寒旱区,具有独特的河流湿地生态系统。以南海湿地土壤为研究对象,对湿地28个点位表层土壤(0~20 cm)中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Mn、Pb、Zn 8种重金属进行检测分析,采用环境质量指数与Hakanson环境生态潜在风险指数相结合的方法,探讨土壤中8种重金属的累积污染现状及潜在生态风险,利用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析区分了南海湿地重金属的来源,以期为南海湿地土壤环境保护提供理论依据。结果表明,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Mn、Pb和Zn重金属平均值分别为75.18、1.27、56.98、111.18、87.67、622.71、54.10和209.33 mg·kg~(-1)。以包头市南海公园树木林土壤重金属含量为评价基准,南海湿地土壤重金属普遍超标,研究区域所有样方中As、Cd、Cu、Mn和Pb均超标,Cr有64.29%的样点超标,Ni有96.43%的样点超标,Zn有89.29%的样点超标。单因子污染指数表明,Cd处于中度污染;As、Cu、Pb和Zn处于轻度污染;Cr、Ni和Mn处于轻微污染。农田区和景观大道两侧处于重污染水平,鱼塘区和湿地植物区处于中污染水平。潜在生态风险指数表明,Cd处于强风险等级;As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Mn、Pb、Zn处于低风险等级。;研究区整体上都属于中等风险等级。来源解析表明:As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Mn的来源受到周边工业活动和农业活动的影响;Pb和Zn的来源与道路交通有关,Pb还受到工业活动的影响;Cr来源与土壤母质和农业活动有关。     

深圳市典型工业区土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解深圳市工业土壤重金属污染水平,对深圳市典型工业区——宝安区土壤进行调查采样,以当地森林土壤作为背景点,对照分析工业土壤Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As等8种重金属污染特征,采用单因子指数法并结合内罗梅综合指数法进行重金属综合污染评价,采用商值法进行生态风险评估,采用美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险初步评价,最后采用主成分分析并结合实地调查进行源解析,以期为当地的土壤环境管理提供参考依据。结果表明,同一种重金属元素在不同采样点土壤中的含量差异较大,其中,Cu和Pb的变异系数均大于1。8种重金属元素的测定值均高于当地森林土壤,污染累积指数均大于1,表明8种重金属均存在不同程度的累积现象。工业土壤样品各重金属元素的污染指数大小为:NiCuAsPbCdZnHgCr,综合污染指数为1.33,表明研究区工业土壤样品重金属综合污染处于轻度污染水平。除Ni存在低生态风险外,其他7种重金属生态风险均很低。Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd、As的总非致癌危害指数为0.6481,致癌总风险为4.79×10~(-15)10~(-6),可认为研究区工业土壤重金属不存在健康风险。主成分分析结果表明,Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb主要来源于金属表面处理、电镀等工业生产过程,其中,Pb还来源于交通源污染;Hg、As主要来源于燃煤、生活垃圾燃烧、印染废水排放等过程;Cu、Cd主要来源于电器生产、金属加工等过程。     

燃煤电厂贮灰场土壤重金属污染及健康风险评价

燃煤电厂贮灰场堆积了大量的粉煤灰,而粉煤灰中蕴含的重金属可能会威胁到人类健康。为查明燃煤电厂贮灰场土壤重金属污染状况及对人体健康风险问题,以吉林省某燃煤电厂贮灰场及其周边地区为研究区,采集20个土壤样品进行主要重金属含量的分析。应用污染负荷指数法(PLI)评价研究区重金属污染水平,采用USEPA模型进行贮灰场重金属健康风险评价。研究区土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd、Pb平均含量高于土壤环境背景值,其中Cd的平均含量是背景值的11倍,并且其含量均高于《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—2018)的风险筛选值,Cd在研究区土壤中有明显的富集。土壤重金属含量分析结果显示,灰水渗漏和粉煤灰飞灰飘散是贮灰场粉煤灰重金属迁移的主要方式。土壤重金属变异系数排序为:NiCuAsZnPb36%CdCr15%,Cd、Cr属于中度变异,贮灰场粉煤灰是其主要污染来源,Ni、Cu、As、Zn、Pb属于高度变异,除了贮灰场影响因素外,人类活动也是其重要来源。污染负荷指数法的评价结果显示,贮灰场及其西北侧灰坝下落差最大处部分土壤处于中度污染,其他采样点土壤处于轻度污染。土壤污染主要源于灰坝处灰水渗漏,受盛行风影响较小,研究区总体处于轻度污染。人体健康风险评价结果显示,经口摄入是重金属暴露风险的主要途径,研究区土壤重金属存在的非致癌和致癌风险,儿童均高于成人,7种重金属元素对成人与儿童不存在非致癌风险;Cr、Cd、As对成人和儿童均存在可接受的致癌风险,其中Cr是主要的致癌因子,应针对Cr开展必要的治理措施。     

浙江省典型农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

浙江是中国经济社会发展最快的省份之一,人类活动对土壤环境扰动强烈。为系统了解浙江省典型农田土壤重金属的污染水平、空间分布特征及生态风险,采集并分析了67个代表性农田土壤表层样品中的8种重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn),采用主成分分析法进行来源解析,采用污染负荷指数(PLI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER)对农田土壤重金属污染与环境风险进行评价。结果表明,浙江省典型农田土壤环境重金属为轻度污染状态,研究区域农田土壤中的Cr、Ni和As处于轻微污染水平;Pb、Hg、Cu和Zn处于轻度污染水平;Cd处于重度污染水平,应作为优先控制元素。研究区域农田土壤Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的来源主要受自然因素控制,Cd和Hg主要来源于工农业生产等人为活动,Pb主要来源于交通源。浙江省的金华市义乌、绍兴市诸暨、绍兴市嵊州、丽水市缙云县岩沿村应作为浙江省典型农田土壤的优先控制区域。浙江省典型农田土壤重金属环境存在轻微生态风险。     

徐州农田土壤重金属空间分布及来源分析

采集徐州89个农田表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品并测试土壤中Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、Zn和Ni 8种重金属含量,运用多元统计分析和地统计分析方法研究土壤重金属主要来源,并探讨土壤重金属空间分布规律。结果表明,研究区农田土壤重金属含量均未超过GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》中水旱轮作农田土壤风险筛选值,满足耕作要求。Hg、Pb、Cu和Cr平均含量高于徐州/江苏土壤背景值,存在一定富集趋势。从土壤种植类型角度分析,发现水稻种植土壤中Cd、As、Cr、Zn和Ni含量相对较高。不同类型土壤中暗棕壤Hg含量相对较低,黄壤Pb含量较高。土壤中Cd、As、Cu、Zn和Ni含量受母质影响较大,Pb和Hg含量主要受人为活动影响较大。As、Zn、Cr和Ni含量峰值在铜山区和沛县北部及贾汪区西部地区分布较多,Pb、Cd和Cu含量峰值出现在邳州地区,Hg含量峰值分布与城区人类活动有关。     

涡北煤矿外围农田玉米重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为全面了解涡北煤矿外围农田玉米重金属污染现状,本文测定了玉米籽粒及对应土壤样品的重金属含量,运用单因子及综合污染指数分析重金属在玉米籽粒中的污染状况,并采用美国EPAMMSOILS风险评价模型评价了摄食玉米对人体造成的重金属健康风险.结果 表明,研究区玉米籽粒中Ni、As、Cr、Zn、Cu、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为0...     

电子固体废弃物拆解作坊附近土壤重金属污染特征及风险

为评价电子固废拆解作坊对附近农田土壤重金属的污染,选取某典型电子固废拆解作坊集中村落,采集作坊房前屋后农田土壤样品42个,分析了7种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)的浓度水平.结果表明,研究区域内电子废物拆解作坊房前屋后的农田土壤受到了不同程度的重金属污染,其中Cd和Cu为中度污染,Hg为轻微污染.相关性分析和主成分分析表明,农田土壤中Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn的污染主要来自于电子固废焚烧排放的烟尘大气沉降,Cd和Hg主要来自电子固废酸洗废水径流及电子固废长期堆放淋溶.健康风险评价结果显示,尽管儿童和成人的总致癌风险低于10-6,但研究区域儿童的累积非致癌风险超过可接受水平,经口摄入为主要暴露途径,其中重金属Pb对累积非致癌风险的贡献最大.由此,重视手工拆解作坊造成的土壤重金属污染的同时应特别关注Pb污染.     

Ecological and human health risks from metal(loid)s in peri-urban soil in Nanjing,China

In order to investigate the ecological and human health risks of metal(loid)s (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cr, and As) in peri-urban soils, 43 surface soil samples were collected from the peri-urban area around Nanjing, a megacity in China. The average contents were 1.19, 67.8, 37.6, 105, 167, 44.6, 722, and 50.8 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and As, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, and As (p < 0.01), and Cr had a significant positive correlation with Ni (p < 0.01). Geoaccumulation indices indicate the presence of Cd and As contamination in all of the peri-urban soil samples. Potential ecological risk indices show that the metal(loid)s in the soil could result in higher ecological risks. Cd is the main contributor to the risk, followed by As. The levels of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, and As in stomach and intestinal phases show a positive linear correlation with their total contents. Mn, Zn, Ni, Cd, and Pb in stomach phase showed higher bioaccessibility, while in intestinal phase, Cu, Cr, and As had the higher bioaccessibility. The carcinogenic risk in children and adults posed by As, Pb, and Cr via ingestion was deemed acceptable. The non-carcinogenic risks posed by these metal(loid)s via ingestion to children are higher than to adults and mainly result from As.     

Status,source identification,and health risks of potentially toxic element concentrations in road dust in a medium-sized city in a developing country

This study aims to determine the status of potentially toxic element concentrations of road dust in a medium-sized city (Rawang, Malaysia). This study adopts source identification via enrichment factor, Pearson correlation analysis, and Fourier spectral analysis to identify sources of potentially toxic element concentrations in road dust in Rawang City, Malaysia. Health risk assessment was conducted to determine potential health risks (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks) among adults and children via multiple pathways (i.e., ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation). Mean of potentially toxic element concentrations were found in the order of Pb > Zn > Cr(IV) > Cu > Ni > Cd > As > Co. Source identification revealed that Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr(IV) are associated with anthropogenic sources in industrial and highly populated areas in northern and southern Rawang, cement factories in southern Rawang, as well as the rapid development and population growth in northwestern Rawang, which have resulted in high traffic congestion. Cobalt, Fe, and As are related to geological background and lithologies in Rawang. Pathway orders for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks are ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation, involving adults and children. Non-carcinogenic health risks in adults were attributed to Cr(IV), Pb, and Cd, whereas Cu, Cd, Cr(IV), Pb, and Zn were found to have non-carcinogenic health risks for children. Cd, Cr(IV), Pb, and As may induce carcinogenic risks in adults and children, and the total lifetime cancer risk values exceeded incremental lifetime.     

Trace metals accumulation in soil irrigated with polluted water and assessment of human health risk from vegetable consumption in Bangladesh

Trace metals accumulation in soil irrigated with polluted water and human health risk from vegetable consumption was assessed based on the data available in the literature on metals pollution of water, soil, sediment and vegetables from the cites of Bangladesh. The quantitative data on metal concentrations, their contamination levels and their pollution sources have not been systematically gathered and studied so far. The data on metal concentrations, sources, contamination levels, sample collection and analytical tools used were collected, compared and discussed. The USEPA-recommended method for health risk assessment was used to estimate human risk from vegetable consumption. Concentrations of metals in water were highly variable, and the mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and As in water were found to be higher than the FAO irrigation water quality standard. In most cases, mean concentrations of metals in soil were higher than the Bangladesh background value. Based on geoaccumulation index (I _geo) values, soils of Dhaka city are considered as highly contaminated. The I _geo shows Cd, As, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cr contamination of agricultural soils and sediments of the cities all over the Bangladesh. Polluted water irrigation and agrochemicals are identified as dominant sources of metals in agricultural soils. Vegetable contamination by metals poses both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the public. Based on the results of the pollution and health risk assessments, Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Ni are identified as the priority control metals and the Dhaka city is recommended as the priority control city. This study provides quantitative evidence demonstrating the critical need for strengthened wastewater discharge regulations in order to protect residents from heavy metal discharges into the environment.     

Chemometric evaluation of heavy metal pollutions in Patna region of the Ganges alluvial plain,India: implication for source apportionment and health risk assessment

While metal pollution and distribution in soil are well documented for many countries, the situation is more serious in developing countries because of the rapid increase in industrialization and urbanization during last decades. Although it is well documented in developed countries, data about substantial metal pollution in Indian soil, especially in eastern Ganges alluvial plain (GAP), are limited. In this study, eight different blocks of Patna district located in eastern GAP were selected to investigate the contamination, accumulation, and sources of metals in surface soil considering different land use types. Additionally, human health risk assessment was estimated to mark the potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effect of metals in soil. The concentration of all metals (except Pb) in soil was below the Indian standard limit of the potential toxic element for agricultural soil. Pb was the most abundant in soil, followed by Zn and Cu, and accounted for 52, 33 and 8% of the total metal. In terms of land use types, roadside soil detected higher concentrations of all metals, followed by park/grassland soil. Principal component analysis results indicated traffic pollution and industrial emissions are the major sources of heavy metals in soil. This was further confirmed by strong inter-correlation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu and Pb). Human health risk assessment results indicated ingestion via soil as the primary pathway of heavy metal exposure to both adults and children population. The estimated hazard index was highest for Pb, suggesting significant non-carcinogenic effect to both adults and children population. The children were more prone to the non-carcinogenic effect of Pb than adults. However, relatively low cancer risk value estimated for all metals suggested non-significant carcinogenic risk in the soil.     

Characteristics,sources and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> at a megacity of southwest China

Twenty trace elements in fine particulate matters (i.e., PM_2.5) at urban Chengdu, a southwest megacity of China, were determined to study the characteristics, sources and human health risk of particulate toxic heavy metals. This work mainly focused on eight toxic heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). The average concentration of PM_2.5 was 165.1 ± 84.7 µg m^?3 during the study period, significantly exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (35 µg m^?3 in annual average). The particulate heavy metal pollution was very serious in which Cd and As concentrations in PM_2.5 significantly surpassed the WHO standard. The enrichment factor values of heavy metals were typically higher than 10, suggesting that they were mainly influenced by anthropogenic sources. More specifically, the Cr, Mn and Ni were slightly enriched, Cu was highly enriched, while As, Cd, Pb and Zn were severely enriched. The results of correlation analysis showed that Cd may come from metallurgy and mechanical manufacturing emissions, and the other metals were predominately influenced by traffic emissions and coal combustion. The results of health risk assessment indicated that As, Mn and Cd would pose a significant non-carcinogenic health risk to both children and adults, while Cr would cause carcinogenic risk. Other toxic heavy metals were within a safe level.     

Metals and metalloids in PM10 in Nandan County,Guangxi, China,and the health risks posed

Intense mining, smelting, and tailing activities of polymetallic ore deposits have affected the environment in Nandan County, Guangxi, China. Samples of particulates with aerodynamic diameters low or equal 10 μm (PM₁₀) were collected in Nandan County to investigate the concentrations of and health risks posed by 17 metals and metalloids in the PM₁₀. The metal and metalloid concentrations were lower than those found in other industrial cities. The mean Cr concentration was 7.48 ng/m³. Significant higher metal and metalloid concentrations were found in PM₁₀ from mining areas (Dachang and Chehe) than from the control area (Liuzhai) (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources of Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mo, Na, and Sr were resuspension of the soil produced through mineral erosion, the main sources of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn were smelting and mining activities, and the main source of Ni was fossil fuel combustion. Higher non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were posed in Dachang and Chehe than in Liuzhai. The non-carcinogenic risks posed to adults and children by individual metals and metalloids in PM₁₀ at all the sites were low, but the non-carcinogenic risks posed to children by all the metals and metalloids together exceeded the safe level (i.e., risk value > 1). The carcinogenic risks posed by Cd, Ni, and Pb were negligible at all sites, while As, Co, and Cr posed potential carcinogenic risks to the residents.

     

典型铜尾矿库周边土壤重金属复合污染特征

应用了Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法、相关分析法、主成分分析法对德兴铜矿尾砂库周边土壤Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr和Cd复合污染特征进行研究,定量确定了铜尾矿库潜在生态风险程度、主要污染因子和潜在生态风险因子。结果表明:铜矿尾矿库周边土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,该地区平均潜在生态风险污染指数超过600,具有极高的潜在生态风险;各重金属潜在生态风险参数由高至低顺序为Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn,其中Cd为主要潜在生态风险因子。进一步通过主成分分析法研究了重金属的污染特性,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为:65.033%、18.825%、6.243%,第一主成分反映了Zn、Ni、Cr的信息,第二主成分反映了Cu和Cd的信息,第三主成分反映Pb的信息。     

北京市典型有机设施蔬菜基地重金属污染特征及风险评估

为研究北京市典型有机设施蔬菜基地重金属污染状况,采用野外调查及室内分析法,选取北京市5个有机设施蔬菜基地中125个土壤样品和77个蔬菜样品进行了Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg含量的检测、统计分析与评价,对土壤重金属含量与土壤理化指标进行了相关分析,研究了重金属在蔬菜中的迁移规律,并结合美国环保署(US EPA)推荐采用的健康风险评价模型,评价由于蔬菜摄入导致的成人和儿童的健康风险。结果表明,5个设施蔬菜基地中有极少数土壤样本Cd含量超标,有极少数叶菜样本Cr含量超标,其他重金属含量均未超标。污染指数评价表明5个基地土壤重金属污染排序为:基地5基地1基地3基地2基地4,主要由土壤Cd累积所致。土壤重金属与理化性质相关性表明,5种重金属含量都受土壤的理化性质影响较大。总体上,5种重金属在土壤-蔬菜中迁移能力排序为:CdHgAsCrPb,在不同类蔬菜中的富集系数排序为:叶菜类茄果类瓜果类豆菜类。5种重金属造成的目标危害系数大小依次为:CdPbAsHgCr,不同类蔬菜的综合重金属目标危害系数值排序为:叶菜类茄果类瓜果类豆菜类,所有蔬菜单一重金属目标危害系数和复合危害系数都远小于1,说明单一重金属和复合重金属污染对成人和儿童都没有明显的负面健康影响。     

典型铜尾矿库周边土壤重金属复合污染特征

应用了Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法、相关分析法、主成分分析法对德兴铜矿尾砂库周边土壤Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr和Cd复合污染特征进行研究,定量确定了铜尾矿库潜在生态风险程度、主要污染因子和潜在生态风险因子。结果表明：铜矿尾矿库周边土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,该地区平均潜在生态风险污染指数超过600,具有极高的潜在生态风险;各重金属潜在生态风险参数由高至低顺序为Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn,其中Cd为主要潜在生态风险因子。进一步通过主成分分析法研究了重金属的污染特性,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为：65．033％、18．825％、6．243％,第一主成分反映了Zn、Ni、cr的信息,第二主成分反映了Cu和Cd的信息,第三主成分反映Pb的信息。     

电镀企业周边大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和TSP中重金属分布特征及健康风险评价

以东莞市5个镇区为研究对象,采集电镀企业周边大气样品,分析了样品中重金属(包括As、Co、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sb、V、Zn和Hg)的含量分布,使用富集因子(enrich factor)、地累积指数(index of geoaccumulation)、Hakanson法和美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)的人体暴露健康风险评价模型,对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)中重金属进行人体健康风险评价。结果表明,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和TSP中As、Cd和Cr平均浓度皆超标。Cr、Ni和V元素在3种颗粒物中非富集,主要为自然源;As、Co、Cu、Pb和Zn,可能来源于自然源和叠加的工业污染。Cd、Hg和Sb浓度受人为污染影响严重。Cd、Sb、Cu、Zn、Pb为生物可利用元素(K>0.6),在环境中的可迁移性高且易于被生物体和人体吸收。Mn元素的非致癌风险值较其他重金属要高1~4个数量级,且儿童的非致癌暴露风险值HQ均高于成人的。3种颗粒物中重金属元素通过呼吸吸入途径产生的非致癌风险HI值均高于人体可接受的上限1.0,其主要贡献来源于Mn的影响,研究区非致癌风险较为严重。除PM_(10)中Co元素和TSP中Co、Cr的成人致癌风险CR值大于10-4之外,其余大部分重金属元素通过呼吸途径产生的致癌风险CR值均在可接受范围之内,此外,3种颗粒物中的成人的致癌暴露风险值CRT均高于儿童的CRT值,并且除了PM_(2.5)中儿童的重金属致癌暴露风险CRT值(4.70E-05)低于人体可接受范围的上限(10-4),其余CRT值均高于10-4,致癌风险较为严重。