高血压的危险因素及研究进展

高血压是一种常见的心血管疾病,其主要相关因素有年龄、性别、家族史、饮食、超重、腹型肥胖、吸烟、饮酒、体育锻炼等,我国高血压患病率呈上升趋势,有必要采取综合防治措施,以减少高血压患病率．对高血压病的防治要从生物、遗传、环境、心理、行为等多方面着手,在人群中开展健康教育、提倡合理膳食、适当运动十分必要．参11,     

衡阳市糖尿病患病现况调查分析

目的:了解衡阳市糖尿病的患病情况及其流行特征,分析有关危险因素,为制定糖尿病的控制规划提供依据.方法:采用分层随机抽样方法,对衡阳市5个区年满20岁以上的常住居民进行调查,研究内容包括问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测.结果:糖尿病的患病率为8.08%,男女之间糖尿病患病率差异有统计学意义.糖尿病患病率随年龄增长、体重指数的增加、体力活动减少和文化程度降低等呈上升趋势.结论:衡阳市糖尿病患者多,潜在危险大,防治任务重.表5,参8.     

再生水处理过程中轮状病毒的变化规律及风险评价（Change of Rotavirus in Sewage Treatment Processes and Associated Health Risk Assessment）

为探讨污水处理厂不同处理工艺段对轮状病毒(Rotavirus)的去除效果及再生水回用中轮状病毒对暴露人群的健康风险水平,于2006年11月至2007年10月连续对北京市某污水厂各工艺段出水的轮状病毒进行了分析,并应用Beta-Possion模型对回用再生水中轮状病毒对暴露人群的健康风险水平进行了评价.结果表明,36个实测水样中,轮状病毒检测结果为阳性的样品13个,占总样品数的36.1%.阳性样品主要分布在2006年11月、12月和2007年1月、2月、4月、8月和10月所采集的样品中,各月份阳性样品所占比例分别依次为100%、100%、100%、33.3%、66.7%、33.3%和100%.二级处理工艺对轮状病毒的去除率为2.68-lg,二级处理出水经过混凝沉淀和砂滤两种深度处理后得到再生水,深度处理工艺平均去除率为3.01-lg.二沉出水回用对不同职业暴露人群的年均感染概率风险值范围为0.35×10-2~10.36×10-2,再生水回用不同职业暴露人群年平均感染风险概率值范围为0.23×10-2~6.82×10-2,二沉出水、再生水回用导致的道路喷洒职业工人轮状病毒暴露感染风险值最大,分别达到了39.65×10-2和36.82×10-2,存在着一定的健康风险.     

探讨老年患者的心里压力及对策

目的:探讨老年患者的压力及心理护理.方法:对我院2010年元月至2011年12月收治298例老年患者,采用问卷调查和观察法,了解老年患者的心理压力,采取心理护理收到良好的效果.结果:298例中,配合治疗的199例痊愈,42例好转,8例无效;欠配合治疗的2例痊愈,6例好转,41例无效.结论:针对老年患者的压力,做好心理护理是我们义不容辞的责任,我们不仅要有精通的医学知识和丰富的心理学知识,还要有一颗爱心,这样才能做好老年心理护理,才能适应现代医学发展的需要.表2,参5.     

城市露水动态变化特征研究（英文）

城市露水是城市重要的输入性水资源,而目前关于城市露水的信息资料极少。基于功能组团在广州市选择白云山森林公园、中大社区、芳村工业区、天河商业区作为代表点位,以1月、4月、7月、10月分别代表冬季、春季、夏季和秋季,采用"布片法(Cloth-platemethod)"进行城市露水收集,旨在探索城市露水资源的动态变化,为城市露水研究积累数据资料。结果显示,广州市春、夏、秋、冬的露水发生频率分别为43%、46%、73%、62%,即广州市各季节的露水发生频率均不相同,且秋季冬季夏季春季;就平均露水量而言,各季节收集到的结果也不尽相同,春季(0.026 mm)和夏季(0.027mm)的平均露水量均明显高于冬季(0.017mm)和秋季(0.014mm),且差异达到显著水平。调查结果也显示,露水的动态变化随调查点位的变化而变化,不同功能区对露水的沉降频率和凝结量均产生不同的影响。就平均露水量而言,白云山森林公园芳村工业区天河商业区中大社区,白云山森林公园的平均露水量与其他研究点位的露水量的差异达到显著水平,芳村工业区与中大社区的差异也达到显著水平。综合研究结果表明,秋冬季节是露水事件发生的最佳时间,而春夏两季是露水凝结量最大的时间,城市露水受季节变化和功能区研究点位的双重影响。     

高校教师心血管疾病危险性评估及干预

目的探讨对高校教师心血管事件一级预防的措施及可行性.方法通过互联网(http://www.intmed.mcw.edu/clincalc/heartrisk.html)输入年龄、性别、吸烟史、糖尿病史、血压和血脂等参数,计算Framingham危险评分.对受试者进行调脂药物氟伐他汀钠(来适可)胶囊40mg,每日一次,睡前吞服干预治疗.8周后再度计算Framingham危险评分.治疗前后结果进行统计学分析、比较.结果受试者Framingham危险评分干预前为0.091±0.213,干预后为0.087±0.307(P<0.01),干预前后Framingham危险评分具显著性统计学差异.结论对心血管疾病主要危险因素血脂进行干预,可显著降低高校教师心血管事件发生率.     

污水流行病学调查辽宁和吉林两省甲基苯丙胺滥用量和流行率

甲基苯丙胺是我国目前主要的滥用毒品,而准确的滥用信息还非常有限.本文利用污水流行病学方法,调查了辽宁和吉林两省城镇居民中甲基苯丙胺的滥用量和流行率.选取并采集辽宁与吉林两省共15个城市17座污水处理厂进水样品,利用气相色谱衍生化方法分析测定污水中甲基苯丙胺的浓度分别为343±198 ng·L~(-1)和166±69 ng·L~(-1).根据污水厂进水量、甲基苯丙胺代谢数据和服务人口数量等信息预测了辽宁与吉林两省甲基苯丙胺的人均滥用量分别为361±148μg·d~(-1)和275±154μg·d~(-1).在预测滥用量的基础上,结合滥用剂量和滥用频率数据,预测辽宁与吉林两省城镇居民成年(15—64岁)人群中流行率分别为0.73%±0.30%和0.56%±0.31%.为了提高预测结果的准确性和可靠性,采用蒙特卡罗方法对滥用量和流行率进行不确定性分析,得到辽宁和吉林两省城镇居民人均甲基苯丙胺滥用量分别为398μg·d~(-1)(95%CI:199—688)和208μg·d~(-1)(95%CI:107—342),辽宁与吉林两省城镇居民成年人群中流行率分别为0.73%(95%CI:0.17—1.88)和0.38%(95%CI:0.09—0.97).根据预测的人均滥用量和两省人口数量,绘制两省的甲基苯丙胺的滥用地图,为毒品滥用的实时监控提供直观依据.本研究结果表明污水流行病学方法能够实时、快速、准确地获取毒品滥用信息,对毒品犯罪的防治具有重要意义.     

乐安河流域城市人群铜膳食暴露及健康风险

铜是人体必需的微量元素之一,但其过量摄入可能对人体健康带来潜在危害。为研究江西省乐安河流域铜矿开采区附近城市居民膳食铜暴露量及其健康风险的特征,在乐安河流域的上、中、下游选择3个典型城区(德兴市、乐平市和鄱阳县),分别采集蔬菜、大米、肉类、鱼、蛋和牛奶共6类食物(蔬菜、大米、肉类、鱼、蛋和牛奶)样品66份。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定食品的铜含量,并根据居民膳食结构特征,以危害指数为评价指标评估3个典型地区的儿童、青少年、成年人、老年人由铜摄入导致的非致癌风险。结果表明,6类食物中铜含量分别为(4.40±2.23)、(2.61±1.13)、(0.48±0.21)、(0.74±0.26)、(0.80±0.09)、(0.05±0.02)mg?kg~(-1)。蔬菜和大米中铜含量远高于肉类、鱼、蛋和牛奶,两者对人群的膳食铜摄入量贡献之和占总体的90%以上。3个研究城区膳食铜摄入量顺序为德兴乐平鄱阳。乐安河流域城市人群膳食铜摄入导致的非致癌风险大于1的比例顺序为儿童(68.8%)青少年(38.6%)成年人(16.9%)老年人(12.3%),其中,德兴市区儿童HQ1的比例为78.0%,乐平为69.0%,鄱阳为59.4%。表明该流域低年龄人群的铜暴露值得重点关注。本研究根据膳食结构全面考虑多种食物类型对膳食铜摄入的贡献,并将研究人群按年龄划分不同年龄段,分别进行健康风险评价。研究结果对居民健康饮食和政策制定具有一定参考意义。     

中国5个城市儿童家庭室内空气中甲醛、乙醛及总挥发性有机化合物浓度调查分析

为了解儿童住宅室内环境污染现状,于2013—2014年,分别在上海、北京、大连、长沙和武汉,对8—12岁儿童家庭室内空气中甲醛、乙醛和总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)浓度进行检测.统计分析表明,不同城市住宅室内空气中甲醛、乙醛和TVOC浓度存在显著性差异性(P0.01),冬春季,大连和北京住宅室内空气中甲醛平均浓度高于上海、长沙和武汉.夏秋季住宅客厅和儿童卧室内空气中甲醛和乙醛浓度均高于冬春季(P0.01).在夏秋季,上海和大连儿童卧室内空气中甲醛浓度超标率分别为15.8%和20%,上海住宅客厅和儿童卧室内空气中乙醛浓度超标率分别为5.3%和10.5%.     

功能区对热岛发生频率及其强度的影响

通过定点观测的方法对商业区、工业区、社区和森林公园的热岛发生频率及其强度进行了研究.结果显示,功能区对热岛发生频率及其强度具有明显的影响,但在各季节影响规律各不相同.总体来说,商业区和森林公园对热岛发生频率及其强度影响较大,商业区对热岛效应具有正效应.而森林公园对其则趋向于负效应.结果表明,城市各功能区的热岛效应可以通过生态型功能区规划和特殊管理方式进行缓解.     

Spatial relationships between lead sources and children’s blood lead levels in the urban center of Indianapolis (USA)

Urban children remain disproportionately at risk of having higher blood lead levels than their suburban counterparts. The Westside Cooperative Organization (WESCO), located in Marion County, Indianapolis, Indiana, has a history of children with high blood lead levels as well as high soil lead (Pb) values. This study aims at determining the spatial relationship between soil Pb sources and children’s blood lead levels. Soils have been identified as a source of chronic Pb exposure to children, but the spatial scale of the source–recipient relationship is not well characterized. Neighborhood-wide analysis of soil Pb distribution along with a furnace filter technique for sampling interior Pb accumulation for selected homes (n = 7) in the WESCO community was performed. Blood lead levels for children aged 0–5 years during the period 1999–2008 were collected. The study population’s mean blood lead levels were higher than national averages across all ages, race, and gender. Non-Hispanic blacks and those individuals in the Wishard advantage program had the highest proportion of elevated blood lead levels. The results show that while there is not a direct relationship between soil Pb and children’s blood lead levels at a spatial scale of ~100 m, resuspension of locally sourced soil is occurring based on the interior Pb accumulation. County-wide, the largest predictor of elevated blood lead levels is the location within the urban core. Variation in soil Pb and blood lead levels on the community level is high and not predicted by housing stock age or income. Race is a strong predictor for blood lead levels in the WESCO community.     

Verbleib von spurenschadstoffen bei der methylesterherstellung aus altspeisefett im technikumsmaßstab

Aims and Scope

In Germany, 120,000 tons per year of waste edible fats are collected from the catering and the food industry Until recently, these fats have widely been used as a nutritional additive for poultry and other animals fodder. Due to the BSE crisis and some affairs based on dioxins in feeding stuff, waste fats are now barely used as fodder. Currently, these fats substitute fresh vegetable oils in the chemical industry and are used as raw material for the production of biodiesel. Therefore, alternative fields of application are required. In this context, the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU) is sponsoring a joint research project which deals with the production and testing of cooling lubricants based on monoesters made from waste edible fats.

Methods

In a first step, characteristics and quality of wasteedible fats of different origins were chemically analysed and monitored. The investigations covered the following fat specific parameters: total contamination, sulphate ash, water content, peroxide number, iodine value, kinematical viscosity, neutralisation number (free fatty acids) and fatty acid spectra. In the next step, a process development/optimisation was carried out for the production of methylesters based on the raw material waste fat, leading to the construction of a pilot plant. To investigate the fate of trace pollutants during the production process of waste-fat methylester, samples were systematically contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and the elements Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, P, Pb, Sn, and Zn. These contaminated fat samples were transesterified in laboratory scale. The primary and by-products were analysed subsequently.

Results

Valuable hints on the design of the technical process of fatty adid methylester production based on waste edible fats were gained by regarding the fat specific parameters. For example, filtration and dewatering of the waste fats proved necessary. The saturated fatty acids, most wanted for the production of cooling lubricants due to their high oxidation stability, were present in the range of 11,3% to 31,6%. Due to the low content of free fatty acids, a base catalysed process occurred more suitable for the transesterification of the waste edible fats. Trace analytical investigations concerning inorganic and organic pollutants proved a low basic contamination of the waste edible fats. Experiments with systematic contamination of the fats indicated an accumulation of the heavy metals in the glycerol phase during the transesterification process, whereas the organic pollutants were detected in the methylester fraction by amounts of 80% to 95%.

Outlook

In a next step, the further processing of the methylesters to monoesters with alcohols of the chain length C2 to C8 will be presented. Associated results of chemical-analytical investigations on the process and the application of the cooling lubricants will also be given.     

A critical exploration of blood and environmental chromium concentration among oral cancer patients in an oral cancer prevalent area of Taiwan

The growing incidence of oral cancer (OC) in Taiwan has become a crucial public health concern. In particular, Changhua, a county in central Taiwan, carries persistently high OC incidence rate, with an alarmingly high male/female ratio of OC incidence. Previous epidemiological studies had found that the incidence is spatially correlated with the level of soil content to certain heavy metals in the central Taiwan area. Soil and the human body both intake environmental heavy metals, which can be absorbed through various ways. The soil metal concentration is an index of possible environmental exposure to heavy metal, and the blood metal concentration somewhat reflects the level of the exposure on the human body. Metallic carcinogen is likely to generate free radicals and play a role in many cancers, and many studies had reported that environmental exposure to heavy metals is an important risk factor for developing cancer. Studies on animals showed that chronic intake of chromium (Cr) could induce OC. This study aims to explore the association between the Cr concentration in the farm soil and in the blood of OC patients. We recruited 79 OC patients from Changhua County, with their lifestyle being adjusted in regression analysis. The results showed that the Cr concentration in the blood of OC patients is significantly higher than the background value, and is positively associated with the Cr concentration in the soil surrounding their residence (p-value < 0.023). Because Changhua County is only with moderate prevalence of the known OC habitual risk factors, an environmental factor related to heavy metal Cr exposure is suspected. Future investigations may verify the causal relation between Cr and OC.     

Comparison of IEUBK model predictions and actual blood lead values at a former battery recycling site

This paper presents an evaluation of US EPA's integrated exposureuptake biokinetic model for lead (IEUBK model) using data obtained during emergency removal operations at a former lead-acid battery recycling plant and the surrounding community. Data employed in the study include soil lead and interior dust lead, air lead levels collected at the site perimeter, drinking water lead levels at the community water main and blood lead data collected from an annual blood lead monitoring programme conducted over a four year period during the remediation activities.Geometric mean soil and dust concentrations were found to be a better predictor of blood lead than arithmetic mean data. However, weight based dust lead data were believed to be an inappropriate measure of dust lead levels. Estimates of household dust lead concentrations based upon surface loading data (g m^–2) yielded blood lead predictions which were more consistent with data collected in the blood lead monitoring programme     

Current uses of the EPA lead model to assess health risk and action levels for soil

The EPA lead model predicts mean blood lead levels and risk of elevated blood lead levels in children based on lead uptake from multiple sources. In the latest model versions, environmental data from individual homes within a community can be used to predict the overall blood lead distribution and percent risk of exceeding a specific blood lead level (i.e. 10 g dl^–1). Recent criteria used by the EPA to evaluate this information include no more than 5% of houses with a greater than 5% lead risk, and a community weighted-average risk below 5%. Environmental (primarily soil) and blood lead data from a residential community near a smelter were used to illustrate recent uses of the model. Scheduled remediation in the community will remove soil for approximately 60% of the houses (i.e. those with lead levels > 1000 mg kg^–1). After remediation, the model results indicate a relatively low community risk (0.5–1.9%), although the percentage of houses with lead risks above 5% ranged from 3 to as high as 13%, depending on the variation in blood lead and assuming the model's 7 g dl^–1 increase in blood lead with each 1000 mg kg^–1 increase in soil lead level. A comparison of the limited blood lead data with soil lead levels below 1000 mg kg^–1, however, indicated no apparent relationship. Given these uncertainties, less invasive actions than additional soil removal (e.g. exposure intervention, monitoring conditions, and follow-up as necessary) may be appropriate under the new EPA guidance for lead in soil.     

Toxic effect of microcystin-LR on blood vessel development

Abstract

The effect of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) at 50–1000?nmol/L on blood vessel development of zebrafish embryos has been explored. Upon exposure 72-h-post-fertilization (hpf), the hatching rate was significantly reduced and malformation and fatality rates were increased in a dose-dependent manner. MC-LR induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1-phase and damaged DNA structure in a dose-dependent manner. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), MC-LR led to decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and increased lipid peroxidation. These findings indicated that MC-LR could cause oxidative DNA damage, which mediated cell cycle arrest and inhibited cell proliferation afterwards, and retarded the blood vessel development.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in the blood of pure vegetarians (vegans)

Intake of many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including dioxins, dibenzofurans and PCBs is almost exclusively from gastrointestinal ingestion of animal fats in the diet. With polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) brominated flame retardants (BFRs), no consensus exists at present as to the extent of intake from food, from indoor dust or other routes of intake. Vegans, or pure vegetarians, were previously found to have low body burden of dioxins and dibenzofurans in blood. Data reported here for the first time show a trend towards lower PBDE levels with longer time periods without ingestion of food of animal origin in 8 adult residents of the United States. A stronger relationship between lower PBDE levels and time without meat, specifically, is consistent with substantial PBDE intake from meat relative to fish or dairy products in Americans. These vegans had somewhat lower PBDE levels with a range 12.4–127 and a median 23.9?ppb than published reports of US general population samples which had a range of 4–366 and median of 26?ppb. Our findings suggest that food of animal origin may be a major but not the sole contributor to human body burden of PBDEs.     

The relationship between surface dust lead loadings on carpets and the blood lead of young children

The final clean-up of residential lead abatement projects in federally-supported housing, as well as in other housing in a number of states, must meet surface dust lead clearance levels expressed as g of lead per square foot. These clearance levels were established because hand-to-mouth ingestion of lead-contaminated dust is recognised as a major pathway through which many children are exposed. A dilemma exists because many floors in housing undergoing abatement are carpeted and the established clearance levels are generally not recommended for use on carpets. These clearance levels are also used as 'action levels' to determine whether exposure reduction activities are needed. The US Environmental Protection Agency is currently in the process of issuing standards for hazardous levels of lead in interior dust and bare soil under Title X of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, The Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992. An effort to develop a potential surface dust lead clearance level for carpets was made using an existing vacuum dust collection method that has previously been shown to be a reliable indicator of childhood lead exposure. This method was designed for use on carpeted and non-carpeted surfaces. Using data from the Cincinnati Soil Lead Abatement Demonstration Project, the suggested floor-dust lead level where an estimated 95% of the population of children would be expected to have blood lead values below the national goal of 10 g dL^–1, was more than an order of magnitude lower than the current floor-dust lead clearance level of 1080 g m^–2 (100 g ft^–2). Further comparisons of blood lead and carpet lead levels in other parts of the country should be performed before a risk-based lead loading clearance level is established.     

内蒙古中东部大针茅群落土壤线虫多样性研究

2003年在内蒙古西乌旗大针茅草原，根据土壤深度0～10cm、1020cm、20～30cm分层采样，定量分析土壤线虫群落的多度，并对土壤线虫群落多样性和群落内线虫营养类型进一步分析．结果表明，该群落中土壤线虫包括50属和24科，其中矮化属、拟盘旋属、丽突属为优势属，特别是矮化属线虫数量异常高．土壤线虫群落的垂直分布呈现表聚型．就功能类群而言，植食性线虫在各层中的比例最高，为69．4％～81．3％，食真菌类线虫的比例最低，为0．9％～2．4％，而食细菌类线虫比例为13．9％-20．9％，食真菌类线虫和食细菌类线虫的比值为0．067～0．133．表6参29     

Lysozyme and chitinase in blood and lymphomyeloid tissues of marine fish

The enzyme lysozyme (muramidase) has a degrading effect on chitin, but chitinase is more effective in this respect. Both enzymes occur in fish, but their distribution and function are poorly known. Activities of lysozyme and chitinase were measured in body fluids and tissues of marine fish. Lysozyme was estimated by a plate method, chitinase by a viscosimetric method with glycol chitin as substrate. pH optima and other characteristics were studied. Lysozyme was found in lymphomyeloid (haematopoietic) tissues of chondrichtyan fish (rays, shark, Chimaera monstrosa) and in the plasma and lymph of certain teleosts. Chitinase occurred in lymphomyeloid tissues (except thymus) of chondrichthyans and teleosts, and in the plasma and lymph of teleosts. The results indicate that these enzymes are normal components of fish blood. Probably they are produced by the granulocytes, white blood corpuscles rich in lysosomes. The enzymes might have defence functions in fish blood. Lysozyme is bacteriolytically active while chitinase possibly offers protection against chitincontaining parasites. Very high chitinase activity was found in the pancreas of C. monstrosa. The pancreatic enzyme probably has a digestive function.