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1.
电厂煤飞灰单个颗粒的化学表征   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
汪安璞  沙因 《环境化学》1996,15(6):496-504
用扫描电镜X射线能谱对电厂煤飞灰单个颗粒进行了形貌,粒度和化学组成的观察与分析,用X射线衍射鉴定了煤飞灰粗细颗粒中元素存在的化学形态(化合物或物相)结果表明,煤飞灰中有较多球形颗粒,还有一些不规则形颗粒,主要含有Si,Al,Ca,Fe,S,K等,不同形貌,大小颗粒中的组分含量差别较大,但大多以硅铝酸盐为基体,其它元素分布在颗粒表层(约1μm)中,粗细颗粒中均有石英和氧化铁,但粗粒中还富含Ca和Fe  相似文献   

2.
重庆市区大气颗粒物的物相组成分析   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
大气颗粒物组成非常复杂 ,包括晶态和非晶态的无机物与有机物 .同一个元素往往又以多种形态出现 ,而某些元素含量又较低 ,这些都给物相鉴定带来了很大的困难 .本文用X 射线衍射物相分析(XRD)对重庆市区大气颗粒污染物的物相组成进行了研究 .在对大气颗粒物的X 射线衍射分析中 ,采用丙酮 二碘甲烷重液体系对颗粒物样品进行了密度梯度分级处理 ,鉴定出重庆市区大气颗粒物中存在的 1 0种物相 ,并初步讨论了重庆市区的污染来源和分布规律 .1 样品的采集与制备样品采集利用了UV1 3H 1型安德逊采样器及玻璃纤维膜 (采集的颗粒物为PM1 0…  相似文献   

3.
用浸涂法制备飘浮负载型TiO2薄膜光催化降解辛烷   总被引:44,自引:1,他引:44  
方佑龄  赵文宽 《环境化学》1997,16(5):413-417
以空心玻璃球为载体,用浸涂法制备飘浮负载型TiO2薄膜光催化剂,用X射线衍射,扫描电镜和分光光度法等对催化剂的物相、形貌及负载量进行了表征,并以辛烷为石油中烷烃的代表,用气相色谱法测定了经不同时间光照后,辛烷残留的百分含量,经1h光照能降解辛烷90%以上。  相似文献   

4.
型煤燃烧固硫的钠离子效应   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
傅勇  林国珍 《环境化学》1994,13(6):492-497
本文用脉冲二氧化硫荧光分析仪连续测试了煤样中二氧化硫的浓度,并用X荧光、X衍射和电子扫描电镜等方法,分析了添加钠离子样品的含硫率、物相及表面形貌。实验结果表明,钠离子添加剂改变了二氧化硫释放过程,抑制了硫酸钙的分解。灰样成分中既有稳定的三元化合物3CaO.3Al2O3.CaSO4,也有不稳定的化合物硫酸钙存在,说明钠离子添加剂对提高固硫率有促进作用。  相似文献   

5.
扫描电镜-聚类分析研究广州地区气溶胶颗粒特征   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
本文主要针对广州地区冬夏两季气溶胶样品,应用扫描电镜/X射线能谱分析技术,对单个颗粒物进行形貌观察和组份分析;对于大量单颗粒的组份采用动态聚类法处理,广州气溶胶粗颗粒中的主要污染元素是Cu,Zn,Pb和Ag,Pb和Ag的存在是广州气溶胶的一个特征。  相似文献   

6.
彭道平  黄涛  贺玉龙 《环境化学》2012,31(7):1089-1093
利用X射线微断层差异扫描技术,扫描富砷河床沉积物及人工含砷样品,对多孔介质中的含砷聚集物进行成像分析.利用Avizo 6和Blob3D等工具对获取的数据进行处理,从而实现了含砷聚集物的三维可视化成像.结果显示,大量的含砷聚集物沉积在多孔介质颗粒表面,且不同尺寸的聚集物呈现出明显的形态多样化特征.小颗粒聚集物趋向于球形,大颗粒聚集物则趋向于扁平状.研究表明,该技术可在不破坏样品的前提下,直接观测多孔介质因沉积作用导致其内部结构的变化.  相似文献   

7.
本文用X-射线荧光光谱法、一次测定道路扬尘中Na等21种元素,人工配制标样,回归法求取校准曲线常数,用散射线内标法和经验系数法校正基体效应,方法的准确度,精密度较好,分析结果令人满意。  相似文献   

8.
X-射线荧光光谱法测定道路扬尘中21种元素   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
本文用X-射线荧光光谱法,一次测定道路扬尘中Na等21种元素。人工配制标样,回归法求取校准曲线常数,用散射线内标法和经验系数法校正基体效应。方法的准确度、精密度较好,分析结果令人满意。  相似文献   

9.
以P掺杂的TiO2纳米颗粒为前驱体,采用水热合成法制备了系列P掺杂的TiO2纳米管.用N2吸附-脱附、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼光谱(Raman)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)等方法对光催化材料的表面形貌、颗粒尺寸、孔结构、表面构造、吸光性能进行了分析.研究结果表明,所制备的各样品均为两端开口的纳米管形貌,管长为几十纳米到几百纳米,管外径约10 nm,内径约4 nm,管壁为多层;P掺杂后的系列TiO2纳米管仍保持锐钛矿晶型;掺杂的P可以进入到TiO2的骨架中,并形成P—O—Ti键,在TiO2禁带内引入杂质能级,降低了禁带能量,提高了TiO2的吸光性能及光生电子和空穴的分离性能.光催化甘油水溶液制氢活性评价表明,P掺杂的TiO2纳米管表现出了远高于纯TiO2管以及相同掺杂量的纳米颗粒的光催化制氢性能,2%P掺杂的样品在紫外灯和氙灯辐射下,其最高产氢速率可分别达1850μmol·(h·g)-1和335μmol·(h·g)-1.P掺杂TiO2样品光催化活性的提高与其禁带能量降低以及光生电子和空穴的分离性能增加有关.  相似文献   

10.
RAPD标记鉴别中华绒螯解种群的初步研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
用200个随机引物对中华绒螯蟹辽河种群,长江种群和瓯江种进行了RAPD遗传标记鉴别研究,其中引物HXO1和HXO2检测与瓯江种群和辽河种群所有样品共有的HXO1-0.4和HX02-0.7扩增片段,  相似文献   

11.
Mine wastes and tailings are considered hazardous to human health because of their potential to generate large quantities of highly toxic emissions of particulate matter (PM). Human exposure to As and other trace metals in PM may occur via inhalation of airborne particulates or through ingestion of contaminated dust. This study describes a laboratory-based method for extracting PM2.5–10 (coarse) and PM2.5 (fine) particles from As-rich mine waste samples collected from an historical gold mining region in regional, Victoria, Australia. We also report on the trace metal and metalloid content of the coarse and fine fraction, with an emphasis on As as an element of potential concern. Laser diffraction analysis showed that the proportions of coarse and fine particles in the bulk samples ranged between 3.4–26.6 and 0.6–7.6 %, respectively. Arsenic concentrations were greater in the fine fraction (1680–26,100 mg kg?1) compared with the coarse fraction (1210–22,000 mg kg?1), and Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sb and Zn were found to be present in the fine fraction at levels around twice those occurring in the coarse. These results are of particular concern given that fine particles can accumulate in the human respiratory system. Our study demonstrates that mine wastes may be an important source of metal-enriched PM for mining communities.  相似文献   

12.
Aerosol samples of particulate and chemical species for PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 μm) collected by Universal sampler were studied from June to August 1998 in the suburban area of central Taiwan. The ratios of PM2.5/PM2.5–10 displayed that the fine particles (particle size < 2.5 μm) are prevailing in the suburban site. Ion Chromatography was used to analyze for the water‐soluble ions: sulphate and nitrate in the Universal samples. Also, the collected samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the elemental analysis of Ca, Fe, Pb, Cu and Cr. The results indicated that the crustal elements (Ca and Fe) and resuspended matters were dominated in the coarse particulate mode while the anthropogenic elements (Cr, Pb, Cu) and sulphate components are mainly in the fine particle fraction. The results also showed that the sulphate and nitrate make the largest portion of the chemical species collected by Universal sampler (PMio). The concentrations of heavy metals in THU are generally high, owing to the higher motor vehicle and industrial density nearby. The degree of pollution from this source differs from day to day, depending on the motor vehicle density.  相似文献   

13.
用扫描电镜分析表征大气气溶胶单颗粒   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
1 IntroductionAtmosphericaerosolsarecomplexmixture,originatedfromavarietyofsources.Mostoftheanalyticaltechniquesusedforitscharacterizationarebulkmethodsthatgenerateonesetofdatapersample,describingtheoverallcompositionofthesample .Toworkoutusefulinformationonpollu tionsources,itrequiresdataofagreatnumberofsamplesandmultivariatedataanalysismethodsusuallyareneeded .Ontheotherhand ,scanningelectronmicroscope energydispersiveX rayanaly sissystem (SEM EDX)isabletoprovideanalyticaldataforeachsing…  相似文献   

14.
辽宁本溪大气颗粒物浓度特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用本溪大气成分监测站2008年3月至2009年2月大气颗粒物监测仪GRIMM180的连续监测资料,对该地区大气颗粒物的质量浓度变化、谱分布特征以及大气颗粒物与气象因素的关系进行分析研究.结果表明,本溪PM10和PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为0.086 mg.m-3和0.058 mg.m-3,其日平均质量浓度变化幅度较大;冬季和夏季质量浓度日变化均呈现明显的双峰双谷特征;数浓度谱分布较好地符合Junge分布;PM10日平均值超标率为8.7%,且大气颗粒物主要是以细粒子的形式存在;随风速的增大大气颗粒物质量浓度基本呈现逐渐减小的趋势,当风速〉0.6 m.s-1时,大气颗粒物质量浓度随风速增大下降明显,风速〉3.0 m.s-1时,下降的趋势减缓;降水过程对大气颗粒物有清除作用,其中对粗粒子的清除效果非常明显.  相似文献   

15.
To understand the size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and the factors influencing secondary aerosol formation in the upper boundary layer in South Central China, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposit irnpactor (MOUDI) in spring 2009 at the summit of Mount Heng (1269 m asl), followed by subsequent laboratory analyses of 13 inorganic and organic water-soluble ions. During non- dust-storm periods, the average PM1.8 concentration was 41.8 μg·m^-3, contributing to 55% of the PM10. Sulfates, nitrates, and ammonium, the dominant ions in the fine particles, amounted to 46.8% of the PM1.8. Compared with Mount Tai in the North China Plain, the concentrations of both fine and coarse particles and the ions contained therein were substantially lower. When the air masses from Southeast Asia prevailed, intensive biomass burning there led to elevated concentrations of sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, potassium, and chloride in the fine particles at Mount Heng. The air masses originating from the north Gobi brought heavy dust storms that resulted in the remarkable production of sulfates, ammonium, methane sulfonic acid, and oxalates in the coarse particles. Generally, the sulfates were primarily produced in the form of (NH4)2SO4 in the droplet mode via heterogeneous aqueous reactions. Only approximately one-third of the nitrates were distributed in the fine mode, and high humidity facilitated the secondary formation of fine nitrates. The heterogeneous formation of coarse nitrates and ammonium on dry alkaline dust surfaces was found to be less efficient than that on the coarse particles during non-dust-storm periods.  相似文献   

16.
退耕还湖后安庆沿江湿地土壤颗粒分形特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以安庆沿江不同退耕还湖方式(白荡湖区,低坝高网式养鱼;菜子湖区,自然恢复湿地)和不同历史利用方式(水耕和旱耕)的湿地土壤为研究对象,分析退耕还湖后湿地土壤的颗粒分形特征变化。结果表明,退耕还湖后白荡湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数和<0.01 mm粒径颗粒含量降低,且历史水耕湿地土壤颗粒分形维数降幅小于历史旱耕湿地;菜子湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数和<0.01 mm粒径颗粒含量升高,且历史水耕湿地土壤颗粒分形维数增幅大于历史旱耕湿地。2个湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤细黏粒、粗黏粒和细粉粒含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与粗粉粒、细砂粒和粗砂粒含量呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与土壤有机质、全磷和有效氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),土壤颗粒分形维数和土壤养分含量的聚类分析结果总体相似。土壤颗粒分形维数可作为评价退耕还湖后湿地生态恢复过程中土壤演变状况的重要参考指标。  相似文献   

17.
We discuss the results of direct numerical simulations of bi-disperse turbidity currents interacting with a flat bottom wall and a Gaussian bump, respectively, with a focus on the final deposit profiles of the coarse and fine particles. We identify regions of reduced and enhanced deposition, as a result of the presence of the bump. Coarse particles are predominantly deposited towards the sides of the bump, as a result of the bi-section and lateral deflection of the current by the bump. In contrast, for fine particles the influence of the bump is felt more in its far wake. We furthermore employ Lagrangian markers in order to track the coarse and fine particles in the current, and to investigate their deposit locations as function of their location of origin. By comparing the final deposit maps, we observe that the bump has the strongest influence on those particles originating in the central lock sections.  相似文献   

18.
The surface runoff from urban areas is one of the most important sources of pollutants emitted into surface waters. Suspended solids which act as a transport vehicle for many anthropogenic pollutants (e.?g. heavy metals, PAH) are a key factor in this regard. The development of efficient measures of storm water runoff treatment thus requires a further differentiation of suspended solids in a fine (clay and silt) and coarse (sand and gravel) fraction. Both fractions show distinctly different characteristics in pollutant loading, transport and retention on urban surfaces and sewer systems. The primary aim of storm water runoff treatment is the reduction of the fine particles which are always highly loaded with anthropogenic pollutants. In contrast the coarse particles are almost unpolluted especially if they have a low organic share. The widespread sedimentation tanks with surface loadings between 10 and 2?m/h are very inefficient. A significant, save and lasting reduction of the emitted load of fine particles requires a considerable reduction of the surface loads. That can be achieved with the installation of lamellar settler or the utilization of the very large volumes of flood management tanks frequently present in urban areas. Filtration plants are highly efficient but there application in urban areas is limited due to their high space demands.  相似文献   

19.
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a key component regulating the biogeochemistry of natural and contaminant moieties in estuaries. Individual particle analyses can complement conventional bulk analyses of SPM, but are rarely undertaken. This study used scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) of particles to quantify a range of elements in the reference estuarine sediment PACS-2. This approach was compared with a bulk SPM analysis based on inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The median concentrations of Al, Fe, Mg, and Ca for the two approaches were similar, and accuracy for both methods was good. SEM-EDS analysis was also satisfactory for K. Agreement was poorer for Mn and Ti, which were present at trace concentrations. Increasing the number of particles examined by SEM-EDS should improve the analysis. SEM-EDS analysis of SPM from the Tamar Estuary, UK, revealed marked geochemical differences between particle sub-populations.Selected article from 6th European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry, Belgrade, 2005, organised by Prof. Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic and the European Association of Chemistry and the Environment (ACE, www.research.plymouth.ac.uk/ace)  相似文献   

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