羟甲基—β—环糊精对土壤中萘的洗脱去除作用

研究了不同浓度的羟甲基－β－环糊清溶液对不同组分土壤中萘的洗脱去除作用，同非离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚的洗脱去除作用比较，讨论了其对洗脱效果的影响因素，结果表明：羧甲基－β－环湖精溶液对土壤中的萘有较好的洗脱去除效果，20g.1^-1的羟甲基－β－环湖精溶液的洗脱率可达90％以上；洗脱液浓度和土壤质地是影响洗脱去除率的主要因素；适当地增加洗脱液浓度对洗脱去除率有显著提高；与脂醇醇聚氧乙烯醚相比，以羟甲基－β－环糊清溶液作为增溶试剂，对土壤中的弱极性有机污染物进行洗脱处理具有更好的效果。     

改善农村环境发展生态农业

天津市津南区传字营村以家庭为开展种，养，加和庭院经济为基础的一体化生态农业建设，以沼气综合利用为纽带，创建了养猪（牛）－沼气－种菜（果）－养鱼良性循环的生态农业新模式，通过推广和采用无公害水稻栽培管理技术、良种化和保护害虫天敌等生物防治措施，取得了明显的重庆，经济和社会效益。     

洪泽湖湿地生态服务功能分区及其效益分析

总结了洪泽湖湿地的11种生态服务功能，采用生态服务功能相容性分析方法，将洪泽湖湿地生态系统划分为6个功能区重要物种栖息区、湖体水产养殖区、水产品精养区、水源供应区、社会文化功能区和污染物降解区，并提出了相应的保护措施。     

氯苯类化合物对草履虫的毒性研究

本文以草履虫为实验动物，对易挥发性有机物毒性进行了研究，研究结果表明：氯苯、对－二氯苯、１，２、３－三氯苯对草履虫的半致死深度（ＬＣ５０）分别为３０．３ｍｇ／ｌ，３３．９ｍｇ／ｌ和３５．９ｍｇ／ｌ。     

湘南第四纪红壤吸附SO^2—4的机理研究

本文研究了湘南第四纪红粘土及其发育地旱地和水田表层土壤对ＳＯ＾２－４的吸附，结果表明这三种土壤吸附ＳＯ＾２－４的顺序为：红粘土＞旱地红壤＞红壤性水稻土，而且随介质ＰＨ的升高，ＳＯ＾２－４吸附量减少，吸附机理也发生改变，当介质ＰＨ＜ＺＰＣ时，以置换水合基（－ＯＨ２）的方式进行，ＰＨ在３．５－６．５之间时，以置换羟基（－ＯＨ）的方式为主，ＰＨ＞６．５以后，解吸占优势。     

TCC＆TCS对废水生物处理中原生运动的毒性研究

本文研究了ＴＣＣ（２，２，４’－Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｌｒｏｃａｒｂａｎｉｌｉｄｅ）、ＴＣＳ（２，２，４’－Ｔｒｉｃｈｌｏｒｏ－２－ｈｙｄｒｏｘｙｄｉｐｈｅｎｙｌ）对废水生物处理中的原生动物的急性毒性作用，结果表明：（１）ＴＣＣ对原生动物的４８ｈ为ＬＣ５０为２５０００μｇ／Ｌ，ＴＣＳ ４８ｈ ＬＣ５０为２３０００μｇ／Ｌ；ＴＣＣ＆ＴＣＳ浓度与原生动物的半数致死时间ＬＴ５０呈明显的负相关。（２）ＴＣＣ＆ＴＣＳ     

CTMAB—膨润土吸附水中有机物的性能及应用

本文用溴化十六烷基三甲铵（ＣＴＭＡＢ）－改性膨润土，研究了ＣＴＭＡＢ－膨润土吸附水中α－萘胺、β－萘胺、α－萘酚、硝基苯和苯胺和性能和适宜条件。结果表明，ＣＴＭＡＢ－膨润土水中有机物的吸附能力与ＣＴＭＡＢ在膨润土上的实际交换量有关，也与作用方式和有机物辛醇－不分配系数有关，ＣＴＭＡＢ－膨润土对五种有机物的去除率顺序为：α－萘胺、β－萘胺、α－萘酚＞硝基苯＞苯胺。     

水样品中重碳酸根离子排斥色谱法研究

本文研究了用离子排斥色谱法分析了水样品中重碳酸根的最佳色谱条件，分离方式和流动相的选择，样品溶液ｐＨ值与峰高的关系，实验结果显示，该方法具有简便，用样量少，灵敏度高于和干扰少等优点，测量下限为０．１２μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１ＨＣＯ＾－３在１－１０μｇ．ｍ＾－１和１０－１００μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１浓度范围内，ＨＣＯ３浓度与峰高的线性相关系数在０．９９５以上，该方法用于自来水和油田水样品的分析获得较好的结果。     

不同品种茶叶中锗含量的测定与研究

在苏木色精－偏钒酸胺体系中，锗可产生一灵敏的极谱催化波，峰电位为－０．５７Ｖ（ｕｓ ＳＣＥ），检测下限为６．８８８×１０＾－１１ｍｏｌ／ｌ，线性范围为１．３７８×１０＾－１０—１．１０２×１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／ｌ。用催化极谱法测定茶叶中锗，兼具灵敏、准确、快速、简便、选择性好的优点，可用于茶叶样品中锗的定量测定。     

泥炭净化含油污水的技术和方法

泥炭比重小，重量轻，富含有机质，是一种吸附能力很强的吸油。本文通过大量试验论述了泥炭净化含油污水的实验条件和方法。结果表明，泥炭经热加工处理后，由原来的亲水性变成疏水性，在含油污水中实现吸油而不吸水；采用不同的净化方式效果不同，静态方式泥炭可吸附其自身重量的５－１０倍的油，动态吸油高达１０倍以上。藓类泥炭，草本泥炭及木本泥炭对油的吸附效果不同，分别可吸附油６Ｌ／ｋｇ－９．５Ｌ／ｋｇ，４Ｌ／ｋｇ－８     

地热水养殖对鱼的卫生质量的影响

地热水中常含有某些有害的化学成分，本文论述了利用地热水养殖对鱼的影响，我们发现，由于生物富集作用，在地热水中生长的鱼含氟量较高，还含有砷，镉等污染物，因此，利用地热水养殖，应该十分注重鱼产品的卫生质量。     

Diet of the Humboldt penguin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spheniscus humboldti</Emphasis>) in northern and southern Chile

The diet of the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) was examined and compared in two colonies in Chile. Field work was conducted on Pan de Azúcar Island in northern Chile in the breeding season 1998/1999 and on the Puñihuil Islands in southern Chile over two successive breeding seasons during 1997/1998 and 1998/1999. Penguin diet was studied by stomach-pumping birds and analysed by species composition, size and mass of prey. Fish were the dominant prey item at both sites, the contribution of cephalopods and crustaceans varying between sites. The fish prey consisted predominantly of school fish, but there were clear latitudinal differences in fish prey taken. Penguins in the northern colony consumed primarily garfish (Scomberesox saurus), while birds at the southern colony of Puñihuil fed primarily on anchovy (Engraulis ringens), Araucanian herring (Strangomera bentincki) and silverside (Odontesthes regia). The results showed significant differences in terms of numbers of fish taken between the two breeding seasons at Puñihuil. In 1997/1998 penguins consumed almost exclusively anchovy, while they fed primarily on silversides in the successive year. Almost all prey, except stomatopods, were characterised as being pelagic species that occur in relatively inshore water, consistent with the foraging behaviour of Humboldt penguins. The dependence of Humboldt penguins on commercially exploited, schooling prey species makes the species particularly susceptible to changes in prey stocks, due to non-sustainable fisheries management.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe     

Exploratory observations on microhabitat selection within the intertidal zone by the Chinese mudskipper fish Periophthalmus cantonensis

The amphibious Chinese mudskipper fish Periophthalmus cantonensis liver in complex, variable, tropical intertidal mangrove forest and mudlfat habitats. Within these macrohabitats, an array of microhabitats are available to this species which spends most of its time out of water. It is subjected to, and tolerates, wide ranges of salinity and temperature. It is primarily diurnally active and uses dark, usually water-filled burrows in the mud as refuges and breeding places. Individuals of P. cantonensis were captured at night from intertidal mudflats of mangrove forests in the northeastern New Territories, Hong Kong in 1971 and 1972. Using choice experiments in the laboratory, we determined behavioural preferences of this fish for five combinations of abiotic environmental variables relevant to its selections of microhabitats. P. cantonensis usually preferred being out of water, resting on damp mud, to being in direct contact with water of any salinity. In salinity-choice experiments it showed no preference for any particular salinity, but avoided exposure to fresh water. Offered choices between various water temperatures it displayed a strong preference for higher temperatures (30° to 35°C), even though these temperatures were close to those known to cause distress or death. In light-dark choice experiments in very shallow water P. cantonensis preferred darkness to light. Experiments combining watertemperature differences with light-dark choices showed that these two factors interact in complex ways. We discuss implications of these results for understanding of behavioural selection of microhabitats by this fish.     

Annual migrations,diving behavior,and thermal biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thunnus thynnus</Emphasis>, on their Gulf of Mexico breeding grounds

Electronic tags were used to examine the biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) on their breeding grounds in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The hypothesis that movement patterns, diving behavior, and thermal biology change during different stages of the breeding migration was tested. Mature Atlantic bluefin tuna tagged in the western Atlantic and the GOM, were on their breeding grounds from February to June for an average of 39 ± 11 days. The bluefin tuna experienced significantly warmer mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) within the GOM (26.4 ± 1.6°C) than outside the GOM (20.2 ± 1.9°C). As the bluefin tuna entered and exited the GOM, the fish dove to daily maximum depths of 568 ± 50 and 580 ± 144 m, respectively, and exhibited directed movement paths to and from the localized breeding areas. During the putative breeding phase, the bluefin tuna had significantly shallower daily maximum depths (203 ± 76 m), and exhibited shallow oscillatory dives during the night. The movement paths of the bluefin tuna during the breeding phase were significantly more residential and sinuous. The heat transfer coefficients (K) were calculated for a bluefin tuna in the GOM using the recorded ambient and body temperatures. The K for this fish increased rapidly at the high ambient temperatures encountered in the GOM, and was significantly higher at night in the breeding phase when the fish was exhibiting shallow oscillatory dives. This suggests that the fish were behaviorally and physiologically thermoregulating in the Gulf of Mexico. This study demonstrates that the movement patterns, diving behavior, and thermal biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna change significantly at different stages of the breeding migration and can be used to define spawning location and timing. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

A preliminary report on effect of pulsed magnetic fields on fresh water fish (Labeo rohita) chromosomes

Marine-life scientists around the world are already carrying out investigative trials to obtain higher yields under in-captive breeding conditions, on both edible varieties and ornamental fishes with optimal inputs. However, for such trials to succeed there is a need for genetic improvement. The idea that fish production can be enhanced by genetic manipulation is gaining acceptance, as there is a strong possibility that qualitative improvement of economically important traits can be achieved by identifying and utilizing more effective genotypes. In the present communication a tentative plan for genetic manipulation of fresh water fish using controlled, pulsed magnetic fields, is being discussed. Chromosome preparations of Labeo rohita were made using Colchicine-Methanol-Acetic acid air drying technique, using tissue from gills. The fish were exposed to Pulsed Magnetic Field (PMF)with intensity 0.2 Gauss, pulsing at 50 Hz frequency (sine wave) for 6 hours / day for a total period of 30 days inside specially designed magnetic field enclosures. The karyological investigations revealed no distinct difference between "test" and "control" groups.     

Patterns of shelter usage and social aggregation by the vocal Lusitanian toadfish

In some marine fishes, males migrate from deeper to littoral water to breed, where they defend nests and provide parental care. In this study, we describe seasonal patterns of shelter occupation in estuarine shallow waters and assess social aggregation in the Lusitanian toadfish (Batrachoididae), a vocal species with male parental care. Occupation of intertidal shelters was restricted to the breeding season but adult fish remained in subtidal regions during the non-reproductive season and they produced sounds throughout the year. Intertidal shelters were aggregated with up to five shelters found per 2-m segment of an 80-m transect. This aggregation probably resulted from social attraction since many segments were found unoccupied. Moreover, shelters contained on average two fish (maximum of nine). Based on size, shelters with multiple fish seemed to contain females, or possibly sneakers, but also more than one type I male inside, indicating a high social tolerance for conspecifics.     

The pattern of early growth trajectories affects adult breeding performance

Early environmental conditions can influence the pattern of growth and development. While poor conditions generally cause slower growth, normal adult size can still be reached if growth accelerates or is prolonged once conditions improve, but such catch-up growth may have deleterious effects later in life. Here we investigate for the first time how decelerating as well as accelerating growth trajectories, manipulated independently of food supply, affect subsequent breeding performance. In order to alter growth rates we subjected juvenile three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus to a short period of altered environmental temperature (high, intermediate, or low), after which all fish had the same (intermediate) temperature regime. In addition, the perceived time stress (until the onset of the spawning season) was manipulated by conducting the experiment twice (in the winter and in the spring immediately prior to breeding) and by exposing half of the fish in each experiment to a delayed photoperiod (two months behind ambient). We found that fish showed full growth compensation, such that in all treatments they were of the same average size by the start of the breeding season. However, those compensating for low temperatures earlier in life (i.e., who then showed an accelerated growth trajectory) had reduced reproductive investment over the following two breeding seasons (males, reduced sexual ornaments and speed of building nests; females, reduced first clutch size, mean egg size, and eggs produced per year). Moreover, these deleterious effects were strongest when the perceived time available for growth compensation prior to breeding was shortest. In contrast, those fish with a decelerating growth trajectory as a result of exposure to high temperatures early in life showed an improved breeding performance compared to steadily growing controls. These results clearly demonstrate that both the shape of the growth trajectory (independent of food supply) and the time available for growth compensation have broad-reaching and prolonged effects on breeding performance, with ecological conditions that prompt catch-up growth just prior to the breeding season being especially damaging for both sexes.     

Analysis of blood chemistry and flow cytometry of gonadal cell cycle during reproductive cycle of Anabas testudineus

The population of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus, an important food fish in India, is presently under threat and has been declared endangered. A narrow range of environmental conditions for successful reproduction of the species was previously ascertained in breeding experiments. In this study, the role of physiological parameters including plasma glucose, total protein, cholesterol, and glycogen content in liver and ovary were determined with respect to the reproductive cycling stages. Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle of ovary and testis in relation to reproductive cycle was also analyzed. In both the sexes, plasma glucose and plasma protein changed significantly during breeding cycle. Plasma cholesterol levels were reduced markedly during spawning. Liver and ovarian glycogen levels showed significant variation during reproductive cycling. Flow cytometric study revealed that the hypoploid and synthesis phase were altered significantly with breeding cycle in ovarian and testicular cells. Data indicate that the biochemical parameters indicative of the fish reproduction capacity are influenced by environmental conditions. Thus, climatic changes may therefore potentially induce biochemical alterations that may exert detrimental effects on fish reproduction and subsequent population decline.     

Reproductive Success of Captive-Bred Steelhead Trout in the Wild: Evaluation of Three Hatchery Programs in the Hood River

Abstract:  Population supplementation programs that release captive-bred offspring into the wild to boost the size of endangered populations are now in place for many species. The use of hatcheries for supplementing salmonid populations has become particularly popular. Nevertheless, whether such programs actually increase the size of wild populations remains unclear, and predictions that supplementation fish drag down the fitness of wild fish remain untested. To address these issues, we performed DNA-based parentage analyses on almost complete samples of anadromous steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in the Hood River in Oregon (U.S.A.). Steelhead from a supplementation hatchery (reared in a supplementation hatchery and then allowed to spawn naturally in the wild) had reproductive success indistinguishable from that of wild fish. In contrast, fish from a traditional hatchery (nonlocal origin, multiple generations in hatcheries) breeding in the same river showed significantly lower fitness than wild fish. In addition, crosses between wild fish and supplementation fish were as reproductively successful as those between wild parents. Thus, there was no sign that supplementation fish drag down the fitness of wild fish by breeding with them for a single generation. On the other hand, crosses between hatchery fish of either type (traditional or supplementation) were less fit than expected, suggesting a possible interaction effect. These are the first data to show that a supplementation program with native brood stock can provide a single-generation boost to the size of a natural steelhead population without obvious short-term fitness costs. The long-term effects of population supplementation remain untested.     

Seasonal changes in the diet of a critically endangered seabird and the importance of trawling discards

Pelagic seabirds obtain food from oceans where the availability of their prey changes rapidly both seasonally and spatially. Here, we investigated changes in the trophic habits of the critically endangered Balearic shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus) through the breeding season and tested for dietary differences between sexes and age classes. We analysed δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values in blood of adults during the pre-incubation, incubation and chick-rearing periods and of their chicks. Using a two-isotope mixing model, we estimated dietary contributions based on isotope values from potential prey species which included small pelagic species available naturally and demersal fish species available only from trawling discards. Balearic shearwaters showed clear isotopic and dietary variation through the breeding season. During pre-incubation, breeding adults appeared to exploit demersal fish, whereas during the incubation and chick-rearing period, they fed mainly on pelagic anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) and pilchards (Sardina pilchardus). Similarly, chicks were fed mainly with anchovies, a resource with a high energetic value. This variation in the dietary habits of adult shearwaters during the breeding season was probably related to both natural and fishery-induced seasonal changes in the availability of potential prey species within their main feeding grounds. However, changes in the nutritional requirements of the shearwaters could also play an important role. Indeed, diet differed between sexes during pre-incubation: females fed less on trawling discards and more on small pelagic fish than males. This sexual segregation in diet could be the consequence of higher nutritional requirements of females during this period. Our study reveals the differential importance of both trawling discards and small pelagic fish species for a pelagic seabird depending on the breeding period and illustrates the importance of considering the entire breeding season when making inferences about the importance of specific prey in seabird dietary studies.