乡镇环境保护的“角直模式”

本文分析了江苏省角直镇乡镇经济腾飞与环境保护协调同步的发展过程,总结出了“统一规划、合理布局、集中控制、全面管理、环境保护与经济建设协调发展”的“角直模式”,并就模式的优缺点作了一定程度的探讨.     

环境专家系统

本文介绍了国内外环境专家系统的发展状况。环境专家系统成功的应用表明环境专家系统是解决环境问题的一个有力工具，环境专家系统将越来越广泛地应用于环境科学中，环境专家系统与决策支持系统相结合以及将神经网络技术应用于环境专家系统中，是环境专家系统的发展方向，文中还介绍了我们正在研究的大气污染总量控制规划专家系统。     

环境成本核算研究的进展

环境成本核算作为环境管理的基础工作，在绿色国民经济核算体系构建，在涉及环境费用效益分析，在制定适当的环境标准、环境收费等政策时发挥着重要作用。在陈述环境成本的定义和分类以及国内外环境成本核算研究过程的基础上，指出可持续发展理论、总成本理论、外部性和边际机会成本理论以及基于SEEA核算体系的环境成本计量理论是环境成本核算的四大理论支柱，并对环境成本核算方法的研究进行了总结与分析。阐明了研究队伍综合化、宏观核算微观化、核算方法科学化是环境成本核算研究的发展趋势，时空范围的处理、环境服务产出的处理、内部环保外部化处理是环境成本核算研究的难点与热点问题。     

商业学校的绿化

环境与商业管理学会（ＭＥＢ）创立于１９９０年，旨在对试图把环境问题引进其课程中的学校和计划提供支持，并促进公司直接参与教育过程，很多大学已经发展或正在发展环境管理课程，本文描述了环境与商业管理学会的环境管理教育试验计划，其目是的发展能使环境问题与商业学校教育有效好一体化的模式，本文也评论了商业学校提供环境教育的战略主要组成部分，并列举了许多实例。     

20年历程

联合国环境规划署工业与环境中心成立于１９７２年斯德哥尔摩大会３年之后，２０年来，环境－发展状况有了不少进展，主要有４点变化：结束了环境的孤立状态：环境与发展之间的关系得到加强；“可持续发展”对它有利；环境不再是一种制约和防御因素，而且也是一种“双赢”因素；经济增长的放慢，要求全社会更大程度的一体化，以及在环境与就业的对话发生了变化。     

冲浪

John Elkington,可持续性领域的一位知名人士，把新千年表征为进入环境问题辩论第三 次浪潮的一个转折点.第一次浪潮.环境保护主义，极盛期是在1969—1973年间，在此期间， 关心环境的公民在经济和政治两个方面对社会产生了影响.这一次最初的环境浪潮在全球层 次的一个里程碑是在斯德哥尔摩召开的1972年联合国人类环境大会，会上识别了环境问题的 各个方面.其后，大会促成了全球公民运动的诞生和世界各国政府的响应.到了1990年代初，第二次浪潮达到顶峰时，我们迎来了另一次全球环境峰会，这一次是在 里约热内卢召开的.各级政府官员响应了…     

日本公司的环境报告

日本是亚洲-太平洋地区进行法人报告的首创者，本文回顾了过去的十年中日本环境报告举措的发展，也描述了对日本公司进行的环境报告的调查反应，在日本正在开始注重确保环境报告可靠性的方法，环境上先进公司的环境报告正在朝可持续发展性报告的方向转移。     

天津市环境管理工作特色分析

本文对天津市近１０年来在环境保护工作中所取得的成绩进行综述，并分析了成绩取得与政府的重视和会社会的大力合作支持分不开，是与天津市科学的环境管理密切相关。天津环境管理工作的特色是形成了１０个环境管理网络，从四个方面加强环境管理，将环境管理与市政府及社会的８个方面的工作相结合。     

强化环境安全 确保可持续发展

从环境安全的概念和研究意义、必要性和紧迫性、要求和内容、主要措施等方面对强化环境安全进行了探讨。认为提高全民环境保护意识，强化公共环境安全观念，走循环经济的新型工业化道路，构建保障环境安全的经济运行模式，强化环境与发展综合决策机制，建立环境安全监控管理体系，完善环境政策法律体系，加强环境保护法制化进程，引入市场竞争机制，建立多元化环境保护投入体系以及加强环境科学技术研究是强化环境安全、确保可持续发展的主要措施。     

旅馆行业的环境评议：洲际旅馆与胜地公司的经验

洲际旅馆与胜地公司有１７０多家旅馆，遍及６７个国家，它是将环境问题纳入其使命陈述并采取综合环境管理方法的第一批主要国际旅游公司之一。该公司通过充当“国际旅游业环境举措”的创始伙伴继续分享其环境管理经验，力求鼓励其它旅馆公司改善其环境表现。１９９６年，它编写了一份迄今为止的进展评述，这是由一家国际旅馆公司出版的，这一性质的等一份评述。     

An overview of the impacts of changes in common property resources management in the context of globalisation: A case study of India

Socio-economic development of mankind and well-being depend on the environment and the way in which development influences the environment. Thus, environment and development are interdependent. In fact, economic development is closely linked with the development of resources. These resources can be classified into three categories: public goods, semi-public goods (also known as common property resources) and private goods. In poor countries common property resources make a valuable contribution to the sustainable livelihoods of rural populations. The impact of globalisation on the commons shows various patterns of ownership, control, use and misuse. The commons were subjected to degradation as well as conservation in the process of centralized management in India. After the reform period, the administration of natural resources was given significant attention by specialized departments such as the Forest Department and the Revenue Department. All the land, apart from private land, was regarded as state property and controlled by the state. This paper highlights the need to examine the common property resources sector in the context of wider economic policy reform processes in the Indian economy.     

Biological interactions and environmental effects in the economics of pest control

The problem of pest control is tackled in a context of an ecosystem that consists of prey-predator populations with human interaction through pesticide application. The control, aimed at reducing pest damage, results in two undesirable external effects: reduction of beneficial predator population and environmental contamination. The untapped natural equilibrium is compared with equilibrium resulting from decentralized and centralized economic decision making. It is shown that, under certain conditions, myopic decision rules increase rather than decrease the pest damage. The “user cost” (or benefit) is shown to be crucial in determining the optimal centralized policy, and its relations to the various components of the system are analyzed. The components of the user cost are analyzed to determine the level of taxes or subsidies that will yield the optimal policy.     

苏州市区空气污染对园林香樟,枫香植物生长的影响

本文测定了苏州市园林和效区香樟、枫香的光合作用、叶绿素含量、新梢长度、叶片长度与叶片宽度等生长因子,发现市区园林植物生长均受到抑制,其原因是空气污染造成的。提出了调整产业结构、集中供热、点源和面源控制、地面扬尘以及汽车气控制的整治措施,加以根治苏州区空气污染,改善城市生态环境。     

大气挥发性有机化合物环境基准研究进展与展望

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)中的许多物种对人体具有危害性,同时,VOCs对大气环境产生着重要的影响。目前我国部分区域大气VOCs污染已经十分严重,控制大气VOCs污染对于改善环境空气质量,保护人体健康具有重要意义。国际上许多国家或国际组织制定了大气VOCs环境基准或者发布了大气VOCs环境基准指导值,这对于加强VOCs污染控制及环境管理可以起到重要作用。我国尚未制定大气VOCs环境基准,亟待开展系统的研究工作。在综述国际大气VOCs环境基准研究进展,介绍当前我国大气VOCs环境基准研究情况的基础上,分析了我国大气VOCs环境基准的研究需求,并对今后的系统研究提出了建议。     

江苏省流域水生态功能分区

水生态功能区划是科学开展水生态环境保护工作的重要手段,是指导产业布局、水资源开发的重要依据。江苏省流域水生态功能分区在近中远期结合时间尺度原则、集中式生活饮用水水源地优先保护原则等分区原则的指导下对全省水资源进行了一级分区和二级分区的划分,一级分区包括长江流域、淮河流域、太湖流域和近岸海域4个分区,二级分区包括宁镇扬丘陵平原水生态亚区、长江三角洲平原水生态亚区、徐宿淮丘陵平原水生态亚区等10个分区。同时,本文对江苏省流域水生态功能分区的分区体系如等级体系、分区方法体系进行了讨论。     

Management Decentralization and Montane Forest Conditions in Tanzania

Abstract: We examined how differences in local forest‐management institutions relate to disparate anthropogenic forest disturbance and forest conditions among three neighboring montane forests in Tanzania under centralized, comanaged, or communal management. Institutional differences have been shaped by decentralization reforms. We conducted semistructured interviews with members of forest management committees, local government, and village households and measured anthropogenic disturbance, tree structure, and species composition in forest plots. We assessed differences in governance system components of local institutions, including land tenure, decision‐making autonomy by forest users, and official and de facto processes of rule formation, monitoring, and enforcement among the three management strategies. We also assessed differences in frequencies of prohibited logging and subsistence pole cutting, and measures of forest condition. An adjacent research forest served as an ecological reference for comparison of forest conditions. Governance was similar for comanaged and centralized management, whereas communal managers had greater tenure security and decision‐making autonomy over the use and management of their forest. There was significantly less illegal logging in the communal forest, but subsistence pole cutting was common across all management strategies. The comanaged forest was most disturbed by recent logging and pole cutting, as were peripheral areas of the larger centralized forest. This manifested in more degraded indicators of forest conditions (lower mean tree size, basal area, density of trees ≥ 90 cm dbh, and aboveground biomass and higher overall stem density). Greater tenure security and institutional autonomy of the communal strategy contributed to more effective management, less illegal logging, and maintenance of good forest conditions, but generating livelihood benefits was a challenge for both decentralized strategies. Our results underscore the importance of well‐designed institutional arrangements in forest management and illustrate mechanisms for improved forest governance and conservation in the context of Tanzanian decentralization reforms.     

Shape and efficiency of wood ant foraging networks

We measured the shape of the foraging trail networks of 11 colonies of the wood ant Formica aquilonia (Formica rufa group). We characterized these networks in terms of their degree of branching and the angles between branches, as well as in terms of their efficiency. The measured networks were compared with idealized model networks built to optimize one of two components of efficiency, total length (i.e., total amount of trail) and route factor (i.e., average distance between nest and foraging site). The analysis shows that the networks built by the ants obtain a compromise between the two modes of efficiency. These results are largely independent of the size of the network or colony size. The ants’ efficiency is comparable to that of networks built by humans but achieved without the benefit of centralized control.     

Can decentralized planning really achieve first-best in the presence of environmental spillovers?

It is generally accepted that decentralized policy choice in the presence of interjurisdictional spillovers is inefficient. Strikingly, Ogawa and Wildasin (2009) find that in a model with heterogenous jurisdictions, interjurisdictional capital flows, and interjurisdictional environmental damage spillovers, decentralized planning outcomes are equivalent to that under a centralized planner. We first show the critical importance of two key assumptions (no retirement of capital, fixed environmental damages per unit of capital) in obtaining this result. Second, we consider a more general model allowing for capital retirement and abatement activities and show that the outcome of a decentralized market generally differs from the solution of a centralized planner?s social welfare-maximizing problem.     

城市降雨径流水质污染分析

目前我国对一些小流域的农业区面源污染积累较多经验，对城市面源污染的研究比较少，这是因为随着城市化进程的加速，这是人类在城市上的活动能力较农业区大幅度地增加，从而导致城市地面污染种类繁多复杂。本文通过应用径流形成原理理论对其进行初步分析，提出现行适用的控制城市径流污染的方法为工程和非工程的两大类。     

An oligarchy of nest-site scouts triggers a honeybee swarm’s departure from the hive

Animals that travel in groups must synchronize the timing of their departures to assure cohesion of the group. While most activities in large colonies of social insects have decentralized control, certain activities (e.g., colony migration) can have centralized control, with only a special subset of well-informed individuals making a decision that affects the entire colony. We recently discovered that a small minority of individuals in a honeybee colony—an oligarchy—decides when to trigger the departure of a swarm from its hive. The departure process begins with some bees producing the worker-piping signal (the primer for departure) and is followed by these bees producing the buzz-run signal (the releaser for departure). In this study, we determined the identity of these signalers. We found that a swarm’s nest-site scouts search for potential nest cavities prior to the departure of the swarm from its hive. Furthermore, we found that the predeparture nest-site scouts are the sole producers of the worker-piping signal and that they are the first producers of the buzz-run signal. The control of the departure of a honeybee swarm from its hive shows how a small minority of well-informed individuals in a large social insect colony can make important decisions about when a colony should take action.