脱水红霉素对蛋白核小球藻的生态毒性效应研究

脱水红霉素是环境中普遍存在的一种大环内酯类抗生素,其生态毒性效应尚不明确。因此,以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenlidosa)为受试生物,研究了脱水红霉素对绿藻的生长、叶绿素a含量、抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,脱水红霉素对蛋白核小球藻的生长具有抑制作用,且随暴露浓度的升高而增强。脱水红霉素对蛋白核小球藻的96 h比生长率半数抑制浓度(E_rC_(50))和生长量半数抑制浓度(E_yC_(50))分别为0.267和0.117 mmol·L~(-1),属于中-低毒物质。脱水红霉素暴露对蛋白核小球藻的叶绿素a含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和MDA含量具有重要影响。叶绿素a含量随脱水红霉素浓度升高而降低; SOD酶活性升高,但与脱水红霉素浓度之间不存在剂量效应关系,CAT酶活性和MDA含量随脱水红霉素升高而升高,说明脱水红霉素对蛋白核小球藻具有氧化胁迫效应。暴露96 h后,藻液中脱水红霉素的去除率随其初始浓度增加而增加,在脱水红霉素初始浓度为0.87 mmol·L~(-1)时,其去除率可达到43%。研究结果可为脱水红霉素的生态风险评估提供理论依据。     

5氟尿嘧啶对蛋白核小球藻和羊角月芽藻生长及叶绿素含量的影响

近年来,抗癌药的环境污染特征及其生态风险引起了广泛关注。为获取典型抗癌药5氟尿嘧啶的基础生态毒性数据,以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和羊角月芽藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)为受试生物,考察了5氟尿嘧啶对2种绿藻的生长和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,5氟尿嘧啶对蛋白核小球藻和羊角月芽藻的生长具有抑制作用,随着暴露浓度升高,细胞生长抑制率增强。5氟尿嘧啶对2种绿藻的96 h半数抑制浓度(EC50)分别为450.36 mg·L~(-1)和692.30 mg·L~(-1),属于低毒性物质。暴露96 h后,低浓度5氟尿嘧啶(32 mg·L~(-1))对蛋白核小球藻和羊角月芽藻叶绿素含量有一定的促进作用,高浓度5氟尿嘧啶(32~500 mg·L~(-1))则抑制了2种绿藻的叶绿素含量,且两者具有明显的负相关关系。和叶绿素b相比,叶绿素a对5氟尿嘧啶胁迫更为敏感。     

氨基甲酸酯类农药对蛋白核小球藻联合毒性作用特点及机制

氨基甲酸酯类农药广泛应用于农业生产中,其在环境中的残留及其对非靶标生物的毒性作用引起关注。以5种氨基甲酸酯类农药包括残杀威、灭多威、抗蚜威、涕灭威和呋喃丹为研究对象,以蛋白核小球藻为受试生物,应用微板毒性分析法系统测定每种农药及其五元混合物对蛋白核小球藻在不同暴露时间(12、24、48、72和96 h)的生长抑制作用,并同步分析农药对蛋白核小球藻的生理特性如叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,5种农药对蛋白核小球藻的浓度-效应均具有明显的时间依赖性,农药抗蚜威在中低浓度促进绿藻生长,呈现非单调J型浓度-效应曲线(CRC)特征,其余4种农药的CRC呈现经典S型;以半数效应浓度的负对数(p EC50)为毒性大小指标,5种农药在96 h时毒性大小为:呋喃丹(p EC50=3.43)残杀威(p EC50=2.76)抗蚜威(p EC50=2.12)灭多威(p EC50=2.11)涕灭威(p EC50=1.89)。浓度为EC50的5种农药处理后的蛋白核小球藻中叶绿素和蛋白质含量随暴露时间的延长而减少,但不同农药处理的绿藻中叶绿素和蛋白质含量减少率随暴露时间延长变化趋势稍有不同; SOD酶活性随着暴露时间延长逐渐下降,MDA含量逐渐增加,这说明藻细胞受到破坏,脂质过氧化的损害程度超过细胞修复能力,SOD活性被抑制,细胞的抗氧化能力下降,藻细胞内的H2O2不断积累,导致MDA含量升高。五元混合物对蛋白核小球藻的毒性也具有一定的时间依赖性,并表现出刺激作用,即hormesis现象,且混合物毒性与组分浓度比具有良好的线性相关性;暴露于混合物的小球藻均在96 h出现了刺激效应,其叶绿素与蛋白质含量随暴露时间延长不断增加,SOD活性不断升高,MDA含量不断减少;五元混合物均在96 h呈现出拮抗作用,且与混合物的浓度和组分浓度比相关。     

孔雀石绿对两种藻类的毒性

考察了孔雀石绿对小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和金藻(Isochrysis zhan jiangensis)生长的影响,并研究了孔雀石绿对小球藻中叶绿素含量的影响.结果表明,孔雀石绿对两种藻类的生长具有较强的抑制效应,96 h的半抑制效应浓度(Ec50)分别为0.133 mg·l-1和O.017mg·l-1时属于高毒,而且对金藻的毒性大于小球藻.小球藻中叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量随孔雀石绿浓度的增加而明显下降.     

2种类型多壁碳纳米管对蛋白核小球藻的毒理研究

碳纳米材料由于其具有优异的性能,得以广泛生产和使用,其不可避免会进入水环境中,对水生生态系统造成潜在影响。多壁碳纳米管(P-MWCNTs)和羟基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-OH)作为纳米材料的典型代表,应用非常广泛,其潜在的环境效应受到人们越来越多的关注。为此,本文以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)作为受试生物,通过暴露实验,研究了P-MWCNTs和MWCNTs-OH对蛋白核小球藻的生物学效应。研究结果表明：1)当P-MWCNTs浓度≤10 mg·L-1、MWCNTs-OH≤20 mg·L-1浓度时对蛋白核小球藻生长未造成影响;2)暴露96 h后,当P-MWCNTs≤10 mg·L-1、MWCNTs-OH浓度≤20 mg·L-1时,蛋白核小球藻细胞可溶性蛋白质含量增加,当P-MWCNTs浓度≥20 mg·L-1、MWCNTs-OH浓度≥40 mg·L-1时,2种类型MWCNTs均对蛋白核小球藻造成毒性效应;3)随着2种类型MWCNTs浓度的增加,蛋白核小球藻细胞总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)值减少,蛋白核小球藻细胞丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,细胞的健康程度逐渐恶化,细胞结构受到严重损伤;4)MWCNTs-OH比P-MWCNTs具有更好的生物相容性。     

壬基酚在蛋白核小球藻和大型溞体内的富集与传递

为探究壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)在水生生物中的富集传递效应,选择以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和大型溞(Daphnia magna)为研究对象,开展蛋白核小球藻对NP的富集效应实验,及NP在蛋白核小球藻和大型溞体内的传递效应实验。研究结果表明,NP对蛋白核小球藻的96 h半数效应浓度(96 h-EC50)为3.13 mg·L~(-1),对蛋白核小球藻的生长和叶绿素含量的影响呈现明显的剂量-时间效应。NP对大型溞的48 h半数效应浓度(48 h-LC50)为37.41μg·L~(-1),属于高毒类化合物。蛋白核小球藻暴露于0.05 mg·L-1NP 4 h后,其生物富集系数(BCF)为5 144.93,富集量为252.2μg·g~(-1),在12 h内对NP的生物富集系数(BCF)最高达12 053.64,富集量为1 181.73μg·g~(-1)。以0.05 mg·L-1NP中暴露4 h后的蛋白核小球藻为饵料投喂大型溞7 d后,大型溞体内NP富集量最高达3.6μg·g~(-1)。0.05 mg·L~(-1)NP直接暴露组大型溞暴露10 d后,大型溞体内NP富集量最高达4.02μg·g~(-1)。蛋白核小球藻对NP具有较强的富集能力,能够通过摄食过程将NP传递到大型溞,经传递的NP能够显著抑制大型溞的生长、繁殖、摄食等生命活动。论文为评估NP在水生生态系统中的污染风险和富集传递效应提供了一定的参考依据。     

锌与双酚A复合暴露对普通小球藻的联合毒性作用评估

为探究重金属与环境激素的联合毒性效应,以普通小球藻为受试生物,开展了锌与双酚A的单一及复合暴露对普通小球藻的急性毒性、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量及抗氧化应激的影响.结果显示,在单一暴露条件下,锌和双酚A对普通小球藻的EC50分别为5.10 mg·L-1和17.37 mg·L-1,仅在锌离子质量浓度低于0.25 mg·L-1时可促进普通小球藻叶绿素合成,而其他各暴露组中锌和双酚A对普通小球藻的光合作用具有抑制效应,采用等毒性配比法进行联合毒性试验,由相加指数法判断锌与双酚A对普通小球藻的联合作用类型为协同作用;藻细胞可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量随锌与双酚A暴露浓度的增加被显著诱导,且高浓度的复合暴露对普通小球藻造成明显的氧化损伤.研究表明,锌与双酚A复合暴露会加强其在水环境中的毒性效应.     

纳米二氧化铈对蛋白核小球藻和大型溞的毒性及其在大型溞体内的形态转化

随着纳米技术的飞速发展,纳米材料的应用日益广泛。同时,这类具有独特物理化学特性的微小颗粒对环境和健康的影响引起了人们的关注。本工作参考国际经济合作与发展组织(OECD)化学品生态毒理测试方法,以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和大型溞(Daphnia magna)为受试生物,研究了CeO_2纳米颗粒暴露对小球藻生长、叶绿素含量和细胞内活性氧水平以及大型溞运动能力的影响,分析了大型溞体内铈的形态。随着暴露浓度的升高和时间延长,CeO_2纳米颗粒逐渐抑制小球藻的生长,导致叶绿素水平的降低和活性氧水平升高。暴露96 h后,CeO_2纳米颗粒对小球藻生长的EC50为30.4 mg·L-1,而对大型溞活动抑制的24 h、48 h-EC50分别为430.2 mg·L-1和142.7 mg·L-1。根据中华人民共和国环境保护行业标准中的毒性分级标准,CeO_2纳米颗粒对小球藻属于中毒性物质,对大型溞属于低毒性物质。CeO_2纳米颗粒在大型溞体内主要以Ce(IV)的形式存在,约有3%转化为Ce(III)。对CeO_2纳米颗粒的水生态效应给予足够重视并深入研究其毒性作用机制。     

4种唑类杀菌剂对蛋白核小球藻的急性毒性及其致毒机理

唑类杀菌剂因其广谱性和稳定性会残留在水环境中,从而危害人类及其他生物的健康.目前对唑类杀菌剂的毒性研究大多集中在急性毒性,对其致毒机理知之甚少.本研究将三唑醇、三唑酮、克霉唑和氯咪巴唑4种常见的唑类杀菌剂作为目标污染物,以蛋白核小球藻作为指示生物,研究4种唑类杀菌剂暴露96 h后对蛋白核小球藻生长和生理变化的抑制作用.结果表明,4种目标污染物浓度越高对蛋白核小球藻的生长抑制程度越强,在50％效应下,96 h时毒性大小为:氯咪巴唑>克霉唑>三唑醇>三唑酮.其毒性机制可能与活性氧(ROS)的持续积累有关,随着污染物浓度升高,ROS含量不断增加,其中刺激作用最明显的是克霉唑,ROS的增加促进丙二醛(MDA)的大量产生,从而使绿藻产生氧化损伤,激发了不同水平的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性;同时,它们对叶绿素和蛋白质的合成也存在明显的抑制,破坏了绿藻的光合机制,最终造成藻细胞凋亡.研究结果为评估唑类杀菌剂对水生生物的毒性提供重要的理论支持.     

水芹(Oenanthe javaica)浸出液对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长及超微结构的影响

采用在不同浓度水芹(Oenanthe javaica)浸出液中纯培养小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的方法,研究水芹浸出液对小球藻细胞数量、叶绿素含量和藻细胞超微结构的影响。结果显示,10 g.L-1水芹浸出液对小球藻的生长和叶绿素含量具有明显的促进作用;20 g.L-1水芹浸出液处理组藻细胞数量和叶绿素含量增加持续至第7天,但增幅低于对照组,7 d后抑制作用增强;高浓度(30～50 g.L-1)水芹浸出液对小球藻细胞数量和叶绿素含量的抑制作用在第5天开始变得显著,并随时间延长而加剧,具有浓度效应;经40 g.L-1水芹浸出液处理后,小球藻细胞壁断裂甚至消失,细胞中叶绿体片层肿胀甚至解体,核膜破裂,核质外渗。结果表明水芹浸出液对小球藻具有化感效应,总体呈现低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的规律。     

Antennal responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to volatiles collected from beetles,and their host and nonhost conifers

Summary. Host selection in tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is mediated by a complex of semiochemical cues. Using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses, we conducted a comparative study of the electrophysiological responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles, the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis Kirby, and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to volatiles captured by aeration of 1) bole and foliage of four sympatric species of conifers, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm., interior spruce, Picea engelmannii x glauca, and interior fir, Abies lasiocarpa x bifolia, and 2) con- and heterospecific beetles at three stages of attack. We identified 13 monoterpenes in the conifers and nine compounds in the volatiles of beetles that elicited antennal responses. There was no qualitative difference in the terpene constitution of the four species of conifers and very little difference across beetle species in their antennal response to compounds from conifers or beetles. The lack of species-specific major or minor components in conifers suggests that beetles would need to detect differences in the ratios of different compounds in conifers to discriminate among them. Attraction to hosts and avoidance of nonhost conifers may be accentuated by perception of compounds emitted by con- and heterospecific beetles, respectively. The 22 compounds identified are candidate semiochemicals with potential behavioural roles in host location and discrimination.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Diet-induced chemical phytomimesis by twig-like caterpillars of Biston robustum Butler (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Summary. Polyphagous caterpillars of the giant geometer Biston robustum resemble the twigs of their respective food sources in color and shape. Common predatory ants, including Lasius and Formica, were often observed to freely prowl directly on caterpillars bodies, even after antennal contact. This suggests that the cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars resemble those of the twigs of the foodplants, so we analyzed both by GC and GC-MS. The chemical compositions differed among caterpillars fed on a cherry, Prunus yedoensis, a chinquapin Castanopsis cuspidata, and a camellia Camellia japonica. The cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars resembled those of their corresponding food sources. When the caterpillar diets were switched from the cherry to camellia or chinquapin at the 4^th instars, the caterpillars cuticular chemicals changed after molting to resemble those of their respective foods. Caterpillars also changed their cuticular chemicals when they perched on cherry twigs and fed on camellia or chinquapin leaves, but not when they perched on camellia or chinquapin twigs and fed on cherry leaves. The chemical similarities between the caterpillars and the twigs were due to the digestion of host leaves, which indicates that this is a diet-induced adaptation.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Increase of multi-metal tolerance of three leguminous plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae on the growth and metal uptake of three leguminous plants (Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania cannabina, Medicago sativa) grown in multi-metal contaminated soil. AMF colonization increased the growth of the legumes, indicating that AMF colonization increased the plant’s resistance to heavy metals. It also significantly stimulated the formation of root nodules and increased the N and P uptake of all of the tested leguminous plants, which might be one of the tolerance mechanisms conferred by AMF. Compared with the control, colonization by G. mosseae decreased the concentration of metals, such as Cu, in the shoots of the three legumes, indicating that the decreased heavy metals uptake and growth dilution were induced by AMF treatment, thereby reducing the heavy metal toxicity to the plants. The root/shoot ratios of Cu in the three legumes and Zn in M. sativa were significantly increased (P < 0.05) with AMF colonization, indicating that heavy metals were immobilized by the mycorrhiza and the heavy metal translocations to the shoot were decreased.     

Absolute configuration of the major sex pheromone component of the satin moth, Leucoma salicis, verified by field trapping test in Hungary

Summary. Male satin moths, Leucoma (Stilpnotia) salicis L. (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) were attracted only to (3Z,6R,7S,9R,10S)-isomer out of the four (3Z)-cis-6,7-cis-9,10-diepoxy-3-henicosenes (leucomalure). This was demonstrated by field trapping test with a bivoltine population in a mixed poplar-willow forest along the flood area of the river Danube at Adony, Hungary.     

Benthic macrophyte communities in the Ghar El Melh lagoon (North Tunisia)

This work deals with the biodiversity and distribution of benthic macrophytes in the Ghar El Melh lagoon, a Mediterranean coastal lagoon located in the North of Tunisia. An inventory was made of the benthic flora and submerged macrophyte communities were mapped during two successive campaigns (the summer of 1999 and the winter of 2000). The following 24 macrophyte species were identified: seven red algae, two brown algae, 11 green algae, and four marine angiosperms. The results were compared with available data from the literature. Ruppia cirrhosa is the most dominant species. It is found in all lagoon parts, except in the west sector.Ruppia beds are usually associated withCladophora forming heterogeneous communities. During summerRuppia cirrhosa shows a large distribution, covering an area of ca. 21.4 km², with dense, extensive beds covering 80–100%. In winter, severalCladophora species have a very large distribution as well, covering nearly an area of 28.5 km² with an average cover of 46%. The green algaeCaulerpa prolifera is confined to the eastern part of the lagoon which is mainly affected by seawater. In comparison with previous situations, many transformations were observed in biodiversity and spatial distribution of the dominant communities. Thus,Cymodocea nodosa andZostera beds, which dominated in the 1970s, were replaced byZostera andCaulerpa prolifera in the 1980s and are currently succeeded byRuppia cirrhosa andCladophora. Restoration of the Ghar El Melh lagoon will enable an increase in the exchange with the open sea and the circulation of water, in particular in the confined zones. This should considerably improve the water quality and would positively influence the phytobenthic communities.     

Net energetic advantage drives honey bees (Apis mellifera L) to nectar larceny in Vaccinium ashei Reade

Carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.) act as primary nectar thieves in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade), piercing corollas laterally to imbibe nectar at basal nectaries. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L) learn to visit these perforations and thus become secondary nectar thieves. We tested the hypothesis that honey bees make this behavioral switch in response to an energetic advantage realized by nectar-robbing flower visits. Nectar volume and sugar quantity were higher in intact than perforated flowers, but bees (robbers) visiting perforated flowers were able to extract a higher percentage of available nectar and sugar so that absolute amount of sugar (mg) removed by one bee visit is the same for each flower type. However, because perforated flowers facilitate higher rates of bee flower visitation and the same or higher rates of nectar ingestion, they are rendered more profitable than intact flowers in temporal terms. Accordingly, net energy (J) gain per second flower handling time was higher for robbers on most days sampled. We conclude that the majority evidence indicates an energetic advantage for honey bees that engage in secondary nectar thievery in V. ashei.Communicated by R. Page     

Testing a new model of aphid abundance with sedentary and non-sedentary predators

Aphid population dynamics has been thoroughly investigated, especially in tree-dwelling aphids. Among the controls of the aphid rate of increase are the negative effects of antagonists, the positive effects of mutualists, the density-dependence of the aphid dynamics, and the non-stationary quality of plant tissues. Here we present a mechanistic model of aphid growth that considers most of these governing factors using a simple formulation. What is new in this model is that it considers two kinds of antagonists. The first kind is a guild of aphid predator specialists that includes ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), but also species of some families of Hemiptera, Diptera, and Neuroptera. The second kind of antagonists consists of omnivores or generalist predators and in this particular setting is exemplified by the European earwig Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). The model developed here compared the effects of these two different kinds of aphid predators, the second one always at the site (sedentary predators) and the first one that arrives in important numbers only once the aphid population has already developed to some degree (non-sedentary predators). Multiple model parameter sets, representing different hypotheses about controls on aphid populations, were evaluated within the Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology. The model correctly reproduced the experimental data obtained in an organic citrus grove showing the important effect that sedentary predators as earwigs can have on the aphid populations. Low densities of sedentary predators or even low predation rates can have a disproportionate effect on the final aphid density, as they prey on small populations, when the per capita effect on the aphid population is higher. During the main spring peak of aphids the role of non-sedentary predators is secondary, as they track the aphid density rather than control it. However, these non-sedentary predators are important within the proposed model to keep the second autumn peak of aphids at low values.     

加拿大一枝黄花和小飞蓬叶浸提液对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感效应

加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)和小飞蓬(Conyza canadensis)常共同入侵至同一农田生态系统。探究了两者对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感作用。加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液显著抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量。而小飞蓬叶浸提液也明显抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗地上生物量。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗地上生物量显著大于加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液单一处理,同时也大于小飞蓬叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。两者叶浸提液单一处理均明显降低大豆幼苗株高(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗株高。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗株高明显大于两者叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。因此,两者叶浸提液对大豆幼苗的生长均具有一定程度的抑制效应,且加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液对大豆幼苗产生的化感作用(尤其是地上生物量)明显大于小飞蓬。两者复合化感作用明显低于两者单一化感作用,尤其是两者对大豆幼苗地上生物量的复合化感作用显著低于加拿大一枝黄花的单一化感作用。所以,化感效应可能在两者共同入侵(即两者复合作用)进程中所起的贡献低于在两者单一入侵进程中所起的作用。