广州市城郊森林公园雨季空气颗粒物浓度特征

城市森林公园作为人们游憩、运动的重要场所,其空气质量倍受市民关注。选择广州市城郊梯度上4个森林公园,采用定位对比观测方法,分析了雨季典型晴天森林公园林内空气颗粒物(TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0))质量浓度日变化特征及其在城郊梯度上的规律,结果表明,(1)雨季典型晴天,4个森林公园林内的TSP、PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)质量浓度日均值均达到国家环境空气质量一级标准,且PM_(2.5)浓度低于夏季晴天广州城区浓度。4个公园林内PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)的均值范围为0.31~0.45,也表明公园受污染程度均较轻。(2)公园林内各粒径颗粒物质量浓度均值在城郊梯度上均表现出显著差异(P0.05)。市区及市北缘的森林公园林内TSP、PM_(10)质量浓度显著大于郊区森林公园,而PM_(2.5)与PM_(1.0)质量浓度为游客人数最多的市北缘森林公园显著大于市区和郊区森林公园。(3)森林公园林内TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0)质量浓度的日变化趋势均呈先下降后上升,在14:00—16:00达到最小值,4个公园各粒径颗粒物质量浓度日变幅皆以白云山最大。(4)在监测时间范围内,大夫山森林公园空气颗粒物质量浓度受多气象因子共同影响,温度、湿度、气压等对其影响均达到极显著或显著水平。基于上述分析认为,雨季晴天城郊梯度4个森林公园皆适宜休闲游憩,远离市中心、游客人数适中以及有湖泊等水源多的公园为更好的选择。     

重庆城郊森林植被调控大气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的时空效应

2014年8月—2015年7月,以重庆市空气质量发布系统唐家沱监测点(代表城区)为对照,在重庆铁山坪国家森林公园采用高精度手持式空气测定仪(CW-HAT200)定位监测了森林植被调控下的大气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)时空变化。结果表明:重庆城区大气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)日变化均呈"双峰"规律,均分别在12:00、18:00达到峰值,季节变化呈现为冬季秋季春季夏季;城郊森林植被(针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林)调控下的大气颗粒物日变化基本呈"单峰"规律,均在9:00达到峰值,且下午大气颗粒物质量浓度低于上午,季节变化则表现为冬季春季秋季夏季;城郊森林公园的大气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度均随距离增大而呈下降趋势,在5 km范围内削减强度分别达到22.30%和22.66%。总体上,城郊森林植被对大气颗粒物的削减、再分配功能作用明显,并受林分特征影响;在森林植被调控下,城郊森林公园大气颗粒物动态变化更趋平缓,并明显不同于城区。因此,若仅从大气颗粒物考虑,建议市民在夏季和秋季的13:00—17:00时间段前往城郊森林公园开展休闲游憩活动,且应选择处于公园核心区的削减大气颗粒物功能强的林分。     

初秋季节毛竹林小气候及其人体舒适度的日变化

以无锡市惠山森林公园毛竹林和青山公园毛竹林为研究对象,对其林内和林缘的小气候日变化情况进行了定量化研究。结果表明：1）惠山森林公园与青山公园的相对湿度日变化皆呈先减后增趋势,均在13：00达到极值。林内相对湿度分别为67．6％、65．6％,林缘相对湿度分别为61．8％、63．4％;温度和综合舒适指数日变化皆呈先增后减趋势,也均在13：00达到极值,林内温度分别为28．2℃、27．5℃,林缘分别为29．8℃、28．9℃;林内综合舒适指数分别3．5、3．2,林缘综合舒适指数分别4．8、4．1。2）08：00～17：00林内人体舒适度高于林缘,其他时刻人体舒适度低于林缘。3）与密度较大的惠山森林公园竹林相比,青山公园竹林综合舒适指数降低了0．1～0．7,平均值为0．3,即密度较小的青山公园竹林调节城市小气候的功能最佳,为秋初时节人们户外活动提供了一个良好的选择。     

基于TM遥感影像的广州市城区公园增湿效应研究

选取广州市城区17个公园作为研究对象,分析了公园对周边环境的增湿效应。结果表明,公园周边与公园边界点的空气湿度差随着其远离公园边界距离的增大而增加,且增长趋势逐渐减缓,拟合曲线近似于一条过原点的三次多项式（R2〉0.80）。绿化率大于50%、长宽比接近1的公园,其平均增湿范围和增湿湿度差均与绿地面积存在显著的正线性关系（R2分别为0.94和0.77）。水体面积比例较大或长宽比较大（约≥2）的公园,比同等条件下水体面积较小或长宽比较小的公园（≈1）增湿效果好。     

佛山城市森林公园表层土壤重金属累积特征、影响因素及其评价

研究区域经济快速发展对城市森林生态系统影响,明确城市森林公园土壤重金属污染程度,可为城市森林公园土壤管理和城市土壤安全利用与保护提供理论依据。以佛山市城市森林公园林区为研究对象,依据其分布格局随机选取11个林区,分析了样地土壤中8种重金属(Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Hg、As)累积特征,通过单因子评价指标进行评价及影响因素分析。结果表明,(1)佛山市城市森林公园表层土壤重金属环境质量整体良好,不同样地质量分数差异较大,其中重金属Ni元素质量分数均值略超珠三角背景值,其余重金属元素质量分数均值都低于珠江三角洲背景值,均不构成人身接触健康风险。(2)佛山城市森林公园土壤重金属主要受森林土壤成土过程及干湿沉降影响,其次为林业管理和汽车燃油。(3)中央公园样地8种重金属均低于背景值,其余样地均有不同重金属、不同程度超出珠三角土壤重金属环境背景值,其中Ni在王借岗公园、As在西樵山公园分别是区域背景值的4.34倍和3.80倍,达到重污染级别;Pb在李小龙乐园、As在大南山林场是区域背景值2.28倍和2.09倍,达到中度污染级别,各影响因素叠加累积效应可能是导致土壤重金属超出背景值的种类多和强度大的原因。(4)佛山城市森林公园11个样地中,超出珠三角土壤背景值频度最高的为Cr元素,其次为As元素,其中王借岗公园样地Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni超出区域背景值;西樵山公园样地Hg、Zn、As超出区域背景值;李小龙乐园样地、大南山公园样地、桫椤保护区样地和佛山植物园样地均有2种重金属超出区域背景值,其余样地为单元素超出区域背景值或没有重金属超出区域背景值。     

北京市公园绿地树冠覆盖及其植物多样性空间变化

公园是城市森林的主体,其生态服务能力对整个城市森林的生态效益有重要影响。城市林木树冠覆盖是城市森林生态服务程度的指示器,物种多样性是城市森林管理的关键组成部分,对二者从城市发展、空间分布、公园类型等方面进行综合研究,不仅可以为城市森林之间的比较提供资料,也可以为未来城市森林规划指明方向。以北京市0.5 m的World View 2遥感影像为基础,计算其树冠覆盖率及其他土地类型比例,并分层抽样调查了77个公园物种构成。结果表明,(1)北京市六环内公园现实林木树冠覆盖率为81.46%,远远高于城市总体水平,郊野公园与森林公园树冠覆盖率高于其他类型。公园林木树冠覆盖在数量上以中、高覆盖度为主,在面积上则是极高覆盖度占比最大。由于经营管理措施不同,树冠覆盖率、水体率随着公园级别的降低而降低。(2)共记录北京市公园木本植物35科、64属、78种,以本地种为主,丰富度不高,多样性水平较低,群落以少数物种为主导,各环路、行政区植物景观有较高的相似性。(3)北京市六环内公园沿城市发展方向由城内向城外表现出规律性的梯度变化:树冠覆盖逐步增加;不透水地表比例降低;物种数、多样性、均匀度逐渐降低,以3环为分界线,其内常绿针叶树应用频度较高,其外落叶阔叶树应用频度较高。     

武夷山风景名胜区风景廊道时空分异特征及其生态影响

为了解遗产旅游地风景廊道时空变化特征及其生态影响,以武夷山风景名胜区为例,在3S技术支持下,分析了1986年、1997年和2009年风景区建设发展的3个关键时期风景廊道(包括游览步道与行车公路)格局时空变化特征;在样地调查的基础上,构建廊道干扰指数并结合廊道指数探讨廊道对风景区动物、植物及景观环境的影响规律.结果表明:1986年、1997年、2009年风景区风景廊道总长度分别为94.218 km、156.715 km、197.574 km;1986~1997年风景廊道增加以公路为主(增加了64.659 km),而1997~2009年公路增加程度放缓(增加了22.172 km),步道明显增加(增加了18.687 km);1986~2009年间风景区公路建设率从0.31增至0.60,廊道密度从1.34 km/km2增至2.81 km/km2,曲度从1.19增至1.56,不同时期各功能景区风景廊道特征指标各有特点;1986~2009年风景区线点率、连通度和环通度均呈现增加趋势,风景区网络结构趋于复杂,山北景区尤为明显,2009年山北景区的线点率(1.387)、连通度(0.494)及环通度(0.228)均为各景区最大;步道长度、曲度、密度、公路建设率与垃圾量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、植物Simpson多样性指数、植物均匀度指数(E2)、景观重要值存在显著相关关系,而网络结构指标与生态环境指标不相关.最后对武夷山风景名胜区风景廊道进行功能分区,并就各分区提出规划设计要点与建议.     

基于3S技术的区域生态廊道模拟及优化

以北京市朝阳区为例,运用3S技术并参考现有资料,对北京市朝阳区现有生态廊道状况进行了分析研究,并运用生态服务功能价值理论和耗费距离模型,模拟建立了北京市朝阳区潜在生态廊道模型。研究结果表明,研究区内生态环境受到了一定的破坏,景观破碎化严重,斑块聚集度虽高,但连接度不够,廊道连通性较差,许多重要的生态斑块没有足够的廊道连接,没有形成良好的生态网络,廊道的规模也达不到标准,服务范围较小。为修复现有廊道来维护区域生态安全,强化生态服务功能,建议北京市朝阳区生态廊道适宜宽度阈值：河流生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少30m以上,道路生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少60m以上,绿带生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少500m以上。     

生态保护红线分区建设模式研究——以广东大鹏半岛为例

生态保护红线是中国一项创新性的环境保护制度,但目前其划分和实施管理机制仍处于不断探索阶段。以大鹏半岛为研究区域开展生态保护红线分区模式研究。通过生态调查和GIS空间分析相结合,综合分析大鹏半岛的功能定位、地形地貌特征、典型生态系统类型、珍稀濒危动植物资源和自然遗迹的分布状况、生态系统完整性和连续性特征,构建了全面反映生态特征的生态保护红线分区建设模式,提出基本生态控制线内差别化管理的思路,探讨了分区、分类、分级的生态保护管理体系,创新了流域生态管理模式。以基本生态控制线为基础划分7个重点区域进行分类分级保护模式,重点保护面积为171.59 km2,占基本生态控制线面积的77.3%。重点保护区域包括大鹏半岛国家地质公园、大鹏半岛自然保护区、红花岭海岸森林公园、大鹏半岛中部生态廊道、坝光古银叶树Heritiera littoralis国家湿地公园、东涌红树林湿地公园、西涌香蒲桃Syzygium odoratum林自然保护小区。该模式的实施既能较好地保护大鹏半岛具有重要生态价值的资源,也能够协调经济社会发展和生态保护的关系,是深圳市基本生态控制线内分区管理制度的有益尝试,为生态保护红线的可持续性管理提供技术支撑,也为中国城市生态保护红线的划分体系和精细化管理提供参考。     

园林植被对交通排放PM_(2.5)浓度影响研究

已有研究发现汽车尾气和道路扬尘已成为城市大气PM_(2.5)的重要来源之一,植被拦截被认为是去除大气颗粒物的有效手段之一。为了解道路两侧园林植被对道路交通排放的PM_(2.5)浓度扩散的影响,选择园林植被生长最茂盛且雨水较少的9月,在北京北五环路旁的奥林匹克森林公园内沿平行五环路和垂直五环路进行了布点采样,并结合ADMS扩散模型进行研究。北五环是北京最繁忙的交通主干道之一,白天(7:00—18:00)每小时单方向机动车流量达5 000辆以上。研究结果表明,晴天、雨后晴天、污染天公园内大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度分别为(84.3±23.6)、(62.1±12.7)、(246.1±60.5)μg?m~(-3)。垂直五环路和平行五环路的各监测点PM_(2.5)质量浓度无显著差异,但在局地为弱南风条件下,PM_(2.5)质量浓度自南向北有略微降低的趋势。由道路汽车排放的PM_(2.5)随着与公路之间距离的增加而呈指数型下降。ADMS模拟表明晴天和污染天由道路汽车排放的PM_(2.5)对公园内环境大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的直接贡献不超过2%;但雨后晴天道路交通排放的PM_(2.5)贡献较大,可达25%。园林植被对降低交通排放PM_(2.5)浓度的作用并不显著,其主要作用是对PM_(2.5)进行空间隔离,然后利用大气扩散稀释作用降低由交通排放的PM_(2.5)在环境大气中的质量浓度。     

Traplining by purple-throated carib hummingbirds: behavioral responses to competition and nectar availability

We examined the effects of nectar availability and competition on foraging preferences and revisit intervals of traplining female purple-throated caribs hummingbirds (Eulampis jugularis) to Heliconia patches shared by two individuals or visited solely by one individual. Birds at both shared and solitary patches preferred multiflowered to single-flowered inflorescences, but the magnitude of this preference depended on food availability and competition. During a year of low flower availability, females visited multiflowered inflorescences more frequently than single-flowered inflorescences only when nectar availability was experimentally enhanced; similarly, females at shared patches exhibited a significant preference for multiflowered inflorescences only after experimental increases in nectar availability. Experimental manipulations of nectar availability also had different effects on revisit intervals of birds at shared vs solitary patches. Birds at shared patches responded to patch-wide increases in nectar rewards by increasing the duration of their visit intervals, whereas birds at solitary patches did not. In contrast, birds at solitary patches responded to abrupt losses of nectar at flowers (simulating competition) by decreasing the duration of their visit intervals, whereas a bird at a shared patch did not alter its return interval. The contrasting results between shared vs solitary patches suggest that future studies of traplining behavior should incorporate levels of competition into their design.     

Postfledging Dispersal of White-crowned Pigeons: Implications for Conservation of Deciduous Seasonal Forests in the Florida Keys

From 1988 to 1991, we studied the postfledging dispersal of 31 radio-tagged White-crowned Pigeons ( Columba leucocephala ) from three natal keys in Florida Bay. Immature birds dispersed from the natal keys at 26–45 days after batching, and most young dispersed more than 20 km during the first 10 days postdispersal. Dispersing birds flew either north to the Florida mainland or east to northeast to the mainline Florida Keys. On the mainland, immature birds fed nearly exclusively within Everglades National Park or an adjacent state wildlife management area. On the mainline keys, White-crowned Pigeons selectively used 5.01–20 ha forest fragments (p < 0.10) during the first 72 hours postdispersal. After this period, dispersing birds showed no preference among fragment size classes but used deciduous seasonal forests more frequently than suburban habitat(p < 0.10). The spatial pattern of dispersal on the mainline keys suggests that, during the first 72 hours postdispersal. White-crowned Pigeons are not able to reach northern Key Largo, where 69% of the deciduous seasonal forests are protected in state or federal ownership. Protection of large forest fragments, especially on southern Key Largo, should be a priority for maintaining populations of White-crowned Pigeons. These forests provide a series of "stepping stones" that enable dispersing immature White-crowned Pigeons to fly to more distant areas where habitat availability is less restricted. This species is threatened in Florida and may play an important role in maintaining plant species diversity in the seasonal deciduous forests of south Florida by dispersing seeds of at least 37 species of trees and shrubs. Protection of sufficient habitat to allow successful postfledging dispersal of this important seed disperser will also protect the ecosystem's biodiversity.     

Monitoring Mammal Populations in Costa Rican Protected Areas under Different Hunting Restrictions

Abstract: It is necessary to assess whether the management of protected areas is achieving the objectives set for them. In particular, changes and trends in wildlife populations should be documented. We compared the 1990 abundance of mammals in two Costa Rican protected areas, Corcovado National Park (CNP) and Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve (GDFR), with similar environmental characteristics but different hunting restrictions and levels of protection. We also monitored the abundance of mammals in CNP over a 4-year period. We also devised an inexpensive method of monitoring tropical rainforest mammal populations in a timely and efficient manner. The method is based on the use of mammal track records and arboreal mammal sightings and requires little effort. With this method 20 mammal species were recorded at CNP and 15 at GDFR. Species were consistently less abundant in GDFR than in CNP, principally those species preferred by hunters. Species were grouped according to whether or not they are used as food and whether they are locally or globally threatened or not threatened. The abundance of all these groups of species in GDFR was 6–28% the abundance in CNP. During 1990–1994, overall mammal abundance in CNP remained relatively stable, but there was considerable variability among species. As a group, both species used for food and globally threatened species declined in abundance during that period in CNP. The abundance of all groups of species declined from 1992 to 1994, coinciding with a reduction in hunting vigilance at CNP. Evidence suggests that the main factor differentiating the abundance of mammals in the two protected areas, and at CNP during the study period, was the level of hunting. Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve seems to be achieving only partial success in protecting wildlife, whereas Corcovado National Park seems to be considerably more effective, although not entirely successful.     

Relationship between the position preference and nutritional state of individuals in schools of juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus)

Summary Position preferences of well-fed and food-deprived juvenile roach were investigated in schools of 2 and 4 fish in the laboratory. Food-deprived fish appeared significantly more often in the front position than their well-fed conspecifics. For fish at the same hunger level, individuals at the front of the school had the highest feeding rate. These results represent the first evidence for a relationship between the nutritional state of individual fish and their positions in a school and suggest a functional advantage of the preference. Offprint requests to: J. Krause at the present address     

Cleaner-client interactions on a Caribbean reef: influence of correlates of parasitism

We investigated the influence of known correlates of parasitism, namely fish density, body size and social behaviour, on three highly variable aspects of the interactions between cleaning gobies (Elacatinus spp.) and their clients, on a Barbadian coral reef. We specifically considered (1) variability in client visit rate to cleaning stations, (2) cleaning goby preference for specific clients and (3) variation in the time spent cleaning by cleaners. Using phylogenetically independent contrasts, we found that client species that were abundant on the reef visited cleaning stations more often than rarer client species. This could be due to the positive relationship between ectoparasite load and client density, or alternatively may simply reflect the frequency of contact between cleaners and clients. Cleaning gobies spent more time cleaning large-bodied clients, which usually have higher ectoparasite loads, although cleaning goby preference for clients was influenced by none of the correlates of client parasitism. Overall, factors assumed to correlate with ectoparasite load had a limited influence on the variability observed in the interactions between cleaning gobies and their clients. Received: 27 October 1999 / Received in revised form: 11 January 2000 / Accepted: 24 January 2000     

Availability and Extraction of Forest Products in Managed and Primary Forest around a Dayak Village in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

We examined the density and abundance of marketable products in managed forest (rubber gardens, fruit gardens, and dry rice fallows) and in primary forest surrounding the Dayak village of Kembera, near Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. We calculated the proportion of trees that were marketable and useful for local consumption by counting and identifying trees in each managed forest type, and we documented extraction of products through interviews. Villagers harvested four marketable tree products: tengkawang seeds ( Shorea stenoptera ), durian fruits (various Durio spp.), rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ), and timber, especially Bornean ironwood ( Eusideroxylon zwageri ). We inventoried trees at least 20 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) of marketed species from 0.4-ha plots in primary forest ( n = 8) and from 0.1-ha plots in each managed forest type ( n = 10–11). With the exception of timber, the density of trees producing a marketable product was significantly higher in the forest type managed for that product than the density of the marketed species, or of similar wild species, in primary forest. Total abundance (product of density and available area) of durian and tengkawang was greater in primary forest; however, villagers gathered these products only from managed forest. We infer from this choice a greater efficiency of harvesting from trees in dense stands near the village. Historically, this choice resulted in deliberate development of fruit gardens in preference or in addition to gathering from the more distant, primary forest. Because of low product density in primary forest, extractive forest reserves or buffer zones designed to encourage the production of fruits such as tengkawang or durian may not provide a sufficient incentive for the protection of primary forest around Kembera and other Dayak villages near Gunung Palung National Park.     

Defense by exploitation in the Florida carpenter ant, Camponotus floridanus, at an extrafloral nectar resource

When resources in a territory have a patchy distribution, intruders may successfully exploit unguarded patches. In such cases, territory owners may use exploitative strategies to reduce the gains of the intruders. The territorial ant Camponotus floridanus attends the leaf nectaries of Urena lobata, which are also visited by the ant Pseudomyrmex mexicanus and other intruders. Residents visited the nectaries at a high rate and in a systematic way, and thereby depressed the mean standing crop per nectary. This reduces the gains of randomly visiting intruders which obtain the mean standing crop per nectary visit. Two or three residents were present on large plants and kept the mean standing crop at the same low level as at small plants with a single ant. This is an ideal free distribution of the ants. The resident ants visited the nectaries at a rate which increased in proportion to the nectar production per nectary. This is the expected systematic visitation when nectar production varies between nectaries. It is suggested that systematic visitation and maximization of the visitation rate are evolutionarily stable strategies in both residents and intruders. However, the intruders are constrained by the residents, so that they visit the nectaries less frequently and in a random manner, and thus have a lower gain rate. When the resident was temporarily absent, the intruders visited the nectaries at a high rate and systematically. Received: 31 May 1999 / Received in revised form: 15 November 1999 / Accepted: 6 December 1999     

Assessment of the erosion control function of forest ecosystems based on GIS: a case study in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park,China

Erosion control is one of the most important functions of forest ecosystems, and its accurate assessment is useful to illuminate the importance of forest ecosystem services for humans so as to rationally conserve forest resources. This paper examines Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the first national forest park in China, to seek practical methods for assessment of the forest erosion control function using a geographical information system (GIS). The results show that the potential and actual amounts of soil erosion are 2.92 million ton and 0.14 million ton per year, respectively, in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. The total reduction in soil loss reaches 2.77 million ton per year with the existence of a forest ecosystem. The erosion control function of near mature, mature and over mature broadleaf forest is excellent, and natural forest conservation and natural restoration of the degraded forest ecosystem can provide the largest benefits in soil erosion control. Nearly all the near mature, mature and over-mature forest in the park is at the top and in steep mountain areas, and could be rationally cut and utilized by local communities, but extensive timber felling should be strictly prohibited.     

Invisible Losses and the Logics of Resettlement Compensation

The necessity of compensating people negatively affected by conservation and other development projects has been widely acknowledged. It is less widely acknowledged that because conventional compensation assessments focus on material resources and their economic equivalents, many important losses incurred by resettlers are invisible to project authorities. Through ethnographic observations and interviews, we documented losses identified by people facing resettlement from Mozambique's Limpopo National Park. We also examined resettlement planning documents to determine why decision makers’ assessments of natural resource use and value neglect losses residents identified as critical. Identifying, preventing, and mitigating invisible losses in resettlement planning necessitates a better understanding of intangible benefits residents derive from resources, which are often as or more important than their readily apparent material properties. These benefits include but are not limited to decision‐making authority linked to owning land versus having the use of fields; ancestral identity and social belonging linked to gravesites; the importance of tree roots that provide a powerful sense of security because they suppress hunger in periods of scarcity; and the importance of people's location within social networks and hierarchies as they determine the benefits versus risks that will be incurred through resettlement. Pérdidas Invisibles y la Lógica de la Compensación de Repoblación