川西亚高山针叶林土壤有机层酶活性

凋落物分解在维持亚高山森林的"自肥"机制及生态系统结构和功能具有不可替代的作用。以川西亚高山森林的岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)和粗枝云杉(Picea aspoerata)针叶林土壤有机层的新鲜凋落物层(LL)、半分解层(FL)和腐殖质层(HL)凋落叶以及矿质土壤层土壤为对象,分别模拟凋落叶的不同分解阶段,研究凋落叶不同分解阶段与碳、氮、磷转化相关的酶活性特征。结果表明,两个树种土壤有机层凋落叶有机碳和纤维素含量以及C∶N以LL最高,木质素含量以FL最高。β-1,4-外切葡聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随凋落叶分解程度的加深而降低,而多酚氧化酶活性则相反;过氧化物酶活性随凋落叶分解程度加深在云杉林呈降低趋势,在冷杉林则呈升高趋势。云杉林凋落叶的亮氨酸氨基肽酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性随分解程度加深而先升高后降低,冷杉林的N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性随分解程度加深呈下降趋势。凋落叶层次和树种及其交互作用显著影响β-葡聚糖苷酶、过氧化物酶活性、多酚氧化酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,树种对β-1,4-外切葡聚糖酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性影响不显著。β-1,4-外切葡聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖苷酶、过氧化物酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与木质素?N比值呈极显著负相关,亮氨酸氨基肽酶和N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性与碳含量呈极显著正相关。以上结果表明基质质量变化是影响川西亚高山森林针叶林凋落叶分解过程中酶活性变化的驱动力。     

吉林西部盐碱地水田水稻不同生长期土壤酶活性与有机碳含量的关系

土壤酶在土壤有机碳的转化过程具有关键作用,研究盐碱地水田土壤酶与SOC的关系对深入了解此类土壤碳循环机制有着重要意义。本文选取吉林省西部前郭县典型盐碱水田作为研究区,分别于水稻未插秧期、幼苗期、分蘖期、抽穗期和结实期采集0~30 cm和30~60 cm的土壤样品。样品采集后带回实验室进行测试,分别采用高锰酸钾容量法测定过氧化氢酶活性,3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法测定淀粉酶活性,总有机碳分析仪测定SOC含量,分析土壤过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶活性和SOC含量的剖面分异特征及变化规律,并探讨酶与SOC的相关性。结果表明:盐碱水田土壤过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶活性以及SOC含量均随土壤剖面深度的加深而降低,且随水稻的生长而波动。插秧前,表层土壤过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶分别与SOC呈极显著正相关(n=18,P0.01)和显著正相关(n=18,P0.05),SOC含量不仅与两种酶活性密切相关,并受过氧化氢酶活性影响更大。水稻移栽后,两种酶与SOC的相关性均有不同程度降低,过氧化氢酶活性在幼苗期、抽穗期和结实期与SOC均呈显著正相关(n=18,P0.05);淀粉酶活性在幼苗期、分蘖期和结实期与SOC呈显著正相关(n=18,P0.05)。土壤过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶在水稻生长发育过程中受到外界干扰以及水稻根系发育等影响,活性发生明显变化,进而影响SOC。由于抽穗期水稻生长发育缓慢,对淀粉酶分解作用需求降低,使得其活性减弱,故对SOC的影响最小。     

喀斯特高原不同石漠化程度土壤C、N、P化学计量特征和酶活性的关系

探究岩溶区不同石漠化程度土壤环境因子与土壤酶活性的关系对石漠化区的生态恢复具有重要意义。以云南省石林彝族自治县鹿阜镇为研究区,探究了4种石漠化程度(潜在石漠化、轻度石漠化、中度石漠化、重度石漠化)土壤碳、氮、磷养分计量特征及6个土壤酶活性(淀粉酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、脱氢酶和FDA水解酶)随石漠化程度的变化特征及其相关性,并分析了环境因子对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,研究区不同石漠化程度土壤有机碳、全氮含量变化特征为重度轻度潜在中度,全磷含量变化特征为重度中度潜在轻度;C?N为潜在、轻度石漠化土壤高于中度、重度石漠化土壤,C?P、N?P变化特征为轻度潜在重度中度。有机碳、全氮、全磷含量均为重度石漠化土壤最高;C?N、C?P、N?P为潜在石漠化、轻度石漠化土壤最高。不同土壤酶活性在不同石漠化程度中变化特征不一致,其中,重度石漠化土壤脲酶、脱氢酶活性最高;中度石漠化土壤淀粉酶、脲酶活性最低,酸性磷酸酶活性最高;轻度石漠化土壤酸性磷酸酶活性最低。冗余分析及相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳、全氮与酸性磷酸酶活性呈负相关关系,与其他酶活性均呈正相关关系;TP与淀粉酶、FDA水解酶呈负相关,与其他酶活性呈正相关;C?N、C?P、N?P与淀粉酶活性呈极显著正相关关系,与酸性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈负相关关系。冗余分析显示土壤因子对土壤酶活性变异影响大小排序为:全氮有机碳p H全磷C?NN?PC?P,其中全氮解释了64.4%的土壤酶活性变异。结合碳氮磷生态化学计量和土壤酶活性特征,该研究表明,全氮是影响喀斯特高原石漠化区土壤质量的主要限制因子。     

不同恢复措施对若尔盖沙化退化草地恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量碳氮及土壤酶的影响

若尔盖高原是长江、黄河上游重要的水源地之一。近年来由于人类活动及气候变化等原因,其草地出现了严重的沙化退化现象。通常认为在返青季节对沙化退化草地进行补播后,完全围封有助其恢复,但在实践中发现,补播后对其进行放牧,恢复效果更理想。因此,选取若尔盖典型沙化退化草地,对比分析了合理放牧、围封禁牧与自然恢复3种恢复措施对土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤酶活(酸性土壤磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶及β-1,4-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶)及土壤碳氮矿化速率的影响。结果显示,恢复6年后:与围封禁牧和自然恢复相比,合理放牧恢复草地土壤微生物生物量碳[C(101.27±22.14)mg·kg~(-1)]、生物量氮[N(67.45±18.02)mg·kg~(-1)]、土壤酸性磷酸酶活[(159.0±36.4)μg·g~(-1)·h-1]、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活[(81.19±16.78)nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1)]、碳矿化速率[C(25.19±5.79)g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)]以及氮矿化速率[N(0.476±0.015)mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)]显著提高;围封禁牧恢复草地除土壤β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活[(29.91±14.39)nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1)]及氮矿化速率[N(0.172±0.050)mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)]外,其余指标与自然恢复无显著差异;在相关性研究中,土壤氮矿化速率与微生物生物量碳氮、酸性磷酸酶活、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活呈极显著相关(P0.01);微生物生物量碳氮与酸性磷酸酶活呈极显著相关(P0.01),与β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活呈显著相关(P0.05)。结果表明:在若尔盖沙化草地的恢复过程中,合理放牧是一种科学的沙化草地恢复措施。     

三江平原小叶章湿地土壤酶活性的季节动态

选取三江平原小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）沼泽湿地为研究对象,于5—9月采集0～20cm土壤样品,分析了小叶章湿地土壤酶活性的季节动态变化,并探讨了其与土壤有机碳和全氮含量的关系。结果表明：小叶章湿地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性具有明显的季节变化特点,变异系数分别为13.1%、7.9%、13.6%、9.8%、5.0%、27.0%。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶活性具有相似的动态规律,均在6月份出现一个波峰值,但最大值出现的月份不同,脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶在9月份时的酶活性最高,而酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶在6月份时酶活性最高。淀粉酶活性动态规律表现为5—7月酶活性降低,而后酶活性升高,9月份酶活性最高,此时淀粉酶的水解能力最大。并且,随着季节变化,小叶章湿地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶活性与有机碳含量显著正相关（p〈0.05）,淀粉酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤全氮含量显著正相关（p〈0.05）。     

黄土高原油井开发迹地自然恢复过程土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征

胞外酶活性是土壤中石油污染物降解的关键环节，也是土壤微生物养分利用的重要指标.为理解石油开发区土壤自然恢复过程中微生物胞外酶介导的生物地球化学循环机制，以黄土高原石油开发形成的油井迹地为研究对象，采集不同自然恢复年限油井迹地土壤，测定土壤的理化性质和β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）等4种酶活性，分析土壤酶活性和酶计量比的变化及其关键的环境驱动因子.结果表明：（1）土壤总石油烃从恢复1年到恢复20年显著下降了54%；随着恢复年限增加，土壤pH、容重显著下降，而土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮显著升高，铵态氮、全磷变化不显著；土壤碳磷比和氮磷比显著升高但碳氮比显著下降.（2）土壤BG活性、酶活性碳氮比和碳磷比显著下降，而NAG、LAP、ALP活性和酶活性氮磷比显著升高；不同恢复年限酶计量学的向量长度和向量角度分别为1.87-1.19°和53.64-47.93°，均随恢复年限显著下降，表明土壤微生物受碳和磷限制程度逐渐减弱.（3）土壤总石油烃、碳氮含量、pH、容重等指标对土壤酶活性及其计量学特征有显著影响，尤...     

经营模式对大渡河干暖河谷黄果柑坡地果园土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的影响

坡地果园是大渡河干暖河谷主要的土地利用方式之一,而土壤生物学特性是土壤肥力的关键组成部分.为了解不同经营管理措施下坡地果园的土壤生物学特性,比较研究黄果柑坡地果园不同经营模式(散户和集体经营)和不同坡位(下坡、中坡和上坡)的土壤微生物生物量和酶活性变化,并探讨它们与细根生物量、土壤养分等的关系.结果显示:经营模式和坡位导致土壤微生物生物量和酶活性差异明显.土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮及酶活性在不同坡位间表现为下坡中坡上坡;与散户经营的坡地果园相比,集体经营的土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、亮氨酸酶活性平均分别增加32%、13%和22%,而过氧化氢酶活性降低39%;土壤多酚氧化酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶以及N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性在不同经营模式间相对稳定.进一步分析表明,土壤微生物生物量和酶活性与不同经营模式和不同坡位的黄果柑果园细根生物量、土壤通气度、土壤有机质等存在显著正相关(P 0.05).上述结果表明不同经营措施和坡位微地形导致的植物根系与土壤理化性质会影响土壤微生物生物量与酶活性,在果园后期应进行地面植物和相关的水肥管理,有助于增加与土壤碳、氮循环相关酶的活性,促进土壤养分循环,进而提高土壤肥力.(图4表2参42)     

荒漠草地沙漠化对土壤养分和胞外酶活性的影响

为探讨荒漠草地沙漠化过程中土壤养分含量、土壤胞外酶活性的变化特征及土壤养分与土壤胞外酶活性的关系,采用空间序列代替时间演替的方法,对宁夏中北部盐池县荒漠草地不同沙漠化阶段(潜在沙漠化、轻度沙漠化、重度沙漠化、极度沙漠化)草地的土壤养分、土壤胞外酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,荒漠草地沙漠化过程中土壤养分含量和土壤胞外酶活性均表现出不同程度的变化。土壤速效氮、速效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮随着荒漠草地沙漠化程度的加剧均呈逐渐降低趋势;土壤速效氮、铵态氮和硝态氮随着草地沙漠化的加剧呈显著降低趋势,而荒漠草地沙漠化过程中土壤速效磷无显著变化。土壤速效氮对荒漠草地沙漠化的响应更加敏感,轻度沙漠化阶段、重度沙漠化阶段和极度沙漠化阶段土壤速效氮分别比潜在沙漠化阶段降低了12.0%、50.1%和54.4%。荒漠草地沙漠化过程中,土壤α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(AG)、β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)、β-1,4-木糖苷酶(BXYL)、β-1,4-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和碱性磷酸酶(AP)的活性均表现为潜在沙漠化轻度沙漠化重度沙漠化极度沙漠化,随着荒漠草地沙漠化程度的加剧,土壤胞外酶的分解能力逐渐变弱。土壤胞外酶活性与土壤速效氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关,表明土壤胞外酶可以反映土壤肥力水平。     

川中丘陵柏木低效林开窗补阔初期土壤养分和酶活性变化

以川中丘陵区德阳市旌阳区37年生柏木人工低效林为研究对象,采用不同开窗补阔面积(50、100、150、200m~2)的改造方式,研究该林地土壤养分和酶活性初期变化规律.结果表明:与对照林分相比,开窗补阔之后0-5 cm土层p H值、全磷和速效磷含量均有升高,开窗补阔面积150 m~2时土壤多酚氧化酶和脲酶活性较对照林有显著提高(P0.05),但同土层全碳含量和碳氮比随开窗补阔面积增大而减少,全氮含量和碱性磷酸酶活性则呈先减少后升高的折线趋势;开窗补阔面积为100 m~2时在5-20 cm土壤中各全量养分在各处理间处于较高水平,β-葡萄糖苷酶/全碳、碱性磷酸酶/全碳、脲酶/全碳和土壤酶/全氮在开窗补阔面积为50 m~2样地的5-20 cm土壤较对照林均有显著升高(P0.05);土壤全碳、全氮与土壤酶关系密切;各种养分和酶活性的盈缺关系揭示了开窗补阔改造的重要性.综合来看,开窗补阔面积为100 m~2对土壤养分和土壤酶活性影响效果最佳.     

吉林西部盐碱田土壤蔗糖酶活性和有机碳分布特征及其相关关系

盐碱水田生长期对大气具有碳汇作用,研究其碳循环机制对全球碳减排和全球气候变化有着重要作用和意义。为进一步探究盐碱水田生态系统碳循环过程中土壤酶对有机碳的影响,选取吉林西部盐碱水田区为对象,细化生长期的不同阶段,分别于未种植水稻时、水稻幼苗期、分蘖期、抽穗期、结实期前往吉林西部典型灌区前郭县进行0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~50 cm分层采样,并马上回实验室用总有机碳分析仪测定有机碳含量,用3,5—二硝基水杨酸比色法测定土壤蔗糖酶活性,研究水稻不同生长时期土壤蔗糖酶活性及土壤有机碳在0~50 cm土层的分布特征,探讨蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机碳的关系。结果表明:表层土壤蔗糖酶活性最高,在不同生长期其活性均随着土壤剖面深度的增加显著降低,并且酶活性主要集中在0~20cm的土层中;抽穗期和结实期0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量分别为1.30和1.31 g·kg-1,低于10~20 cm土层1.57和1.51 g·kg-1,其余时期土壤有机碳含量随着土壤剖面深度的增加显著降低。经相关分析表明,土壤蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机碳间呈显著正相关关系,其中幼苗期蔗糖酶活性与有机碳含量的相关系数最高为0.97。吉林西部盐碱水田土壤蔗糖酶活性的剖面分异与土壤有机碳含量密切相关,土壤蔗糖酶活性对土壤有机碳库有显著的影响。     

大气CO2升高对土壤碳循环影响的研究进展

土壤有机碳是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡。据估计,全球土壤（表层1m）有机碳积累总量相当于大气中碳总量的2～3倍。土壤是温室气体的源或汇,土壤碳库的变化将影响大气C02的浓度,因此,土壤碳库对人类活动的响应也是全球碳循环和全球变化研究的热点。在全球变化的大背景下,大气CO2升高导致植被生态系统碳平衡的改变进而对土壤碳循环产生影响。总结了陆地生态系统碳循环对大气C02浓度升高响应的主要生物学机制及过程,简述了大气C02浓度升高对影响土壤碳输入和输出的各因素的研究进展,并指出未来研究的主要方向。在大气C02浓度升高条件下,陆地生态系统碳循环的变化主要反映在以下几个方面：1）不同类型植物群落的净初级生产力（NPP）显著增加,但湿地植物的净初级生产力也有可能降低;2）光合产物向根系分配的数量增加,地上／地下生物量降低,根系形态发生变化,根系周转速率和根系分泌等过程的碳流量提高;3）植物含氮量降低,C／N提高,次生代谢产物增加,微生物生长受到抑制,植物残体分解速率降低;4）土壤呼吸速率显著增加,提高幅度受植物类型与土壤状况的影响;5）进入土壤的植物残体及分泌物的数量和性质影响土壤酶的活性,脱氢酶和转化酶活性增加,酚氧化酶和纤维素酶受植物类型与环境条件的影响;6）土壤中真菌的数量的增加幅度要高于细菌;7）CH4释放量增加,在植物的生长期表现更为明显。由于陆地生态系统碳循环的复杂性,研究结果仍有很大的不确定性。大气C02浓度升高与全球变化的其它表现间的交互作用将是今后研究的重点,同时由于土壤碳循环是一个由微生物介导的生物地球化学循环过程,因此,加强陆地生态系统碳循环的微生物机制研究也将为全面理解碳循环的过程提供更加准确的研究理论基础。     

森林土地利用变化及其对碳循环的影响

由于人口剧增，人类活动的影响不断加大，在过去100年全球土地利用／土地覆被发生了巨大的变化。最常见的土地利用变化是由森林转变为农业用地。森林砍伐使森林生态系统地上部生物量大大减少，砍伐后作农业用地，降低了植被生产力，减少了土壤有机质的输入，增强了腐殖质的矿化作用，有机质分解速率增加，有机碳贮量随之降低，从而影响到森林生态系统的碳循环，使大量碳元素释放到大气中，引起温室效应，导致全球变暖。另一个常见的土地利用变化是植树造林和森林恢复，这一过程可以增加森林生态系统的碳储量，从而减缓大气CO2体积分数的上升。     

子午岭植被演替过程中土壤生物学特性的动态

土壤生物学特性在土壤有机质的形成和降解、营养循环等方面起重要作用。植被的恢复演替显著影响土壤生物学特性,尤其影响土壤酶活性。植被演替过程中土壤酶活性的研究结果表明,随着植被恢复年限的延长,土壤脲酶和转化酶的活性逐渐提高,17 a达到最大值,随后有所降低。土壤酶活性和土壤化学特性和微生物量的相关性分析表明,土壤转化酶和脲酶不仅互相之间具有显著的相关性,而且它们与土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物碳氮之间都具有显著的正相关性,说明土壤酶活性与土壤有机质紧密相关,与微生物的大小紧密相关,所以土壤酶活性可以表征土壤生物学肥力。     

秸秆还田条件下农田系统碳循环研究进展

秸秆还田是农田生态系统的固碳减排的一种措施,现已成为国内外学者研究的热点。本文在分析农田系统碳循环流通的基础上,将系统划分为土壤、植物和大气3个子系统,对秸秆还田条件下各个子系统中碳的流动变化情况进行讨论。在土壤子系统中,秸秆还田对土壤有机碳（SOC）、土壤矿化碳、土壤微生物碳（MBC）的变化都有作用。秸秆还田的初期可能会降低微生物利用碳源的能力,影响群落物种分布的均匀度,致使作物对碳、氮利用率下降;然而,长期的效应仍会增加土壤微生物的多样性和活性。研究亦认为秸秆还田特别是与有机肥配合使用,能够提高土壤有机碳的含量;对土壤有机碳矿化具有明显促进作用,但是对土壤原有的有机碳矿化影响尚不清楚。秸秆还田在植物子系统中的影响主要集中在植物光合碳变化。已有的研究表明秸秆还田对作物光合作用的影响表现为正效应;然而根际碳流通的变化尚不清楚。在大气子系统中,秸秆还田能够增强旱地耕作土壤的呼吸作用,促进CO2的排放;而淹水条件下,秸秆还田使土壤有机碳矿化受到了明显抑制,对CO2没有明显影响。与此类似,淹水条件促进CH4排放,排水良好可以减少CH4的释放。事实上对CH4的排放而言,水份的影响可能比秸秆还田所产生的影响更大。笔者认为秸秆还田后土壤有机碳流通变化机理,及根际碳的流通变化影响仍有待进一步解析。其次,农业机械使用所产生的 CO2气体在研究秸秆还田模式时也应被考虑在内。除此之外,秸秆还田这种减排措施（CO2）的减排潜力、适宜应用的区域、可能的协同作用和一些限制及不利因素还没有得到确切的评估,实施过程中应考虑社会和经济层面上的因素。     

Variation in soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure induced by the conversion from double rice fields to drained fields北大核心CSCD

Land use conversion is an important factor influencing the carbon gas exchange between land and atmosphere. The effect of land use conversion on soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial function is important for soil organic carbon sequestration and stability. This research studied the effects of land use conversion on soil chemical properties, organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure after two years of conversion from double rice cropping (RR) to maize-maize (MM) and soybean-peanut (SP) double cropping systems in southern China. The results showed that soil pH significantly decreased by 0.50 (MM) and 0.52 (SP, P = 0.002), and dissolved organic carbon significantly increased by 23%- 35% (P = 0.016). No significant difference was found in soil organic carbon mineralization rate with the land use conversion, though the accumulated mineralization decreased after 13 days of incubation (P = 0.019). Land use conversion from paddy to upland significantly changed soil microbial community structure. The total PLFAs, bacterial, gram-positive bacterial (G+), gram-negative bacterial (G-) and actinomycetic PLFAs decreased significantly (P < 0.05), the ratio of fungal PLFAs to bacterial PLFAs (F/B) increased significantly (P = 0.006). But no significant differences in microbial groups were found between MM and SP. The accumulated mineralization at the beginning period of the incubation were significantly positively correlated with soil actinomycetic PLFAs (P = 0.034). After 13 days of incubation, soil F/B showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization (P = 0.004). However, soil microbial community structure(P = 0.014)and total PLFAs(P = 0.033)showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization after 108 days of incubation. Our results indicated that after conversion from paddy soils to drained soils, soil pH and total nitrogen are the key factors regulating the variations in soil microbial community structure and biomass, and then influencing soil organic carbon mineralization.     

Substrate concentration and enzyme allocation can affect rates of microbial decomposition

A large proportion of the world's carbon is stored as soil organic matter (SOM). However, the mechanisms regulating the stability of this SOM remain unclear. Recent work suggests that SOM may be stabilized by mechanisms other than chemical recalcitrance. Here, we show that the mineralization rate of starch, a plant polymer commonly found in litter and soil, is concentration dependent, such that its decomposition rate can be reduced by as much as 50% when composing less than approximately 10% of SOM. This pattern is largely driven by low activities of starch-degrading enzymes and low inducibility of enzyme production by microbial decomposers. The same pattern was not observed for cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, possibly because the enzymes targeting these substrates are expressed at constitutively high levels. Nevertheless, given the heterogeneous distribution of SOM constituents, our results suggest a novel low-concentration constraint on SOM decomposition that is independent of chemical recalcitrance. These results may help explain the stability of at least some SOM constituents, especially those that naturally exist in relatively low concentrations in the soil environment.     

气候变暖背景下森林土壤碳循环研究进展

由人类活动引起的温室效应以及由此造成的气候变暖对森林牛态系统的影响已引起人们的普遍关注.森林土壤碳循环作为全球碳循环的重要组成部分,是决定未来陆地牛物嘲表现为碳源/碳汇的关键环节,揭示这一作用对于准确理解全球变化背景下陆地生态系统碳循环过程具有重要的指导意义.本文主要通过论述影响土壤碳循环过程的5个方面(土壤呼吸、土壤微生物、土壤酶活性、凋落物输入与分解、土壤碳库),综述了近10 a来全球气候变暖对土壤碳循环过程的影响.近年来,尽管已开展了大量有关土壤碳循环对气候变暖的响应及反馈机制的研究,并取得了一定的成果,但研究结果仍然存在很大的不确定性.整合各种密切关联的全球变化现象,完善研究方法和实验手段,加强根际微生态系统碳循环过程与机理研究将是下一步研究的方向和重点.参70     

Substrate supply, fine roots, and temperature control proteolytic enzyme activity in temperate forest soils

Temperature and substrate availability constrain the activity of the extracellular enzymes that decompose and release nutrients from soil organic matter (SOM). Proteolytic enzymes are the primary class of enzymes involved in the depolymerization of nitrogen (N) from proteinaceous components of SOM, and their activity affects the rate of N cycling in forest soils. The objectives of this study were to determine whether and how temperature and substrate availability affect the activity of proteolytic enzymes in temperate forest soils, and whether the activity of proteolytic enzymes and other enzymes involved in the acquisition of N (i.e., chitinolytic and ligninolytic enzymes) differs between trees species that form associations with either ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Temperature limitation of proteolytic enzyme activity was observed only early in the growing season when soil temperatures in the field were near 4 degrees C. Substrate limitation to proteolytic activity persisted well into the growing season. Ligninolytic enzyme activity was higher in soils dominated by ectomycorrhizal associated tree species. In contrast, the activity of proteolytic and chitinolytic enzymes did not differ, but there were differences between mycorrhizal association in the control of roots on enzyme activity. Roots of ectomycorrhizal species but not those of arbuscular mycorrhizal species exerted significant control over proteolytic, chitinolytic, and ligninolytic enzyme activity; the absence of ectomycorrhizal fine roots reduced the activity of all three enzymes. These results suggest that climate warming in the absence of increases in substrate availability may have a modest effect on soil-N cycling, and that global changes that alter belowground carbon allocation by trees are likely to have a larger effect on nitrogen cycling in stands dominated by ectomycorrhizal fungi.     

Stoichiometric controls of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in decomposing beech leaf litter

Resource stoichiometry (C:N:P) is an important determinant of litter decomposition. However, the effect of elemental stoichiometry on the gross rates of microbial N and P cycling processes during litter decomposition is unknown. In a mesocosm experiment, beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) litter with natural differences in elemental stoichiometry (C:N:P) was incubated under constant environmental conditions. After three and six months, we measured various aspects of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. We found that gross protein depolymerization, N mineralization (ammonification), and nitrification rates were negatively related to litter C:N. Rates of P mineralization were negatively correlated with litter C:P. The negative correlations with litter C:N were stronger for inorganic N cycling processes than for gross protein depolymerization, indicating that the effect of resource stoichiometry on intracellular processes was stronger than on processes catalyzed by extracellular enzymes. Consistent with this, extracellular protein depolymerization was mainly limited by substrate availability and less so by the amount of protease. Strong positive correlations between the interconnected N and P pools and the respective production and consumption processes pointed to feed-forward control of microbial litter N and P cycling. A negative relationship between litter C:N and phosphatase activity (and between litter C:P and protease activity) demonstrated that microbes tended to allocate carbon and nutrients in ample supply into the production of extracellular enzymes to mine for the nutrient that is more limiting. Overall, the study demonstrated a strong effect of litter stoichiometry (C:N:P) on gross processes of microbial N and P cycling in decomposing litter; mineralization of N and P were tightly coupled to assist in maintaining cellular homeostasis of litter microbial communities.     

Biogeochemistry of a temperate forest nitrogen gradient

Wide natural gradients of soil nitrogen (N) can be used to examine fundamental relationships between plant-soil-microbial N cycling and hydrologic N loss, and to test N-saturation theory as a general framework for understanding ecosystem N dynamics. We characterized plant production, N uptake and return in litterfall, soil gross and net N mineralization rates, and hydrologic N losses of nine Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests across a wide soil N gradient in the Oregon Coast Range (U.S.A.). Surface mineral soil N (0-10 cm) ranged nearly three-fold from 0.29% to 0.78% N, and in contrast to predictions of N-saturation theory, was linearly related to 10-fold variation in net N mineralization, from 8 to 82 kg N.ha(-1) x yr(-1). Net N mineralization was unrelated to soil C:N, soil texture, precipitation, and temperature differences among sites. Net nitrification was negatively related to soil pH, and accounted for <20% of net N mineralization at low-N sites, increasing to 85-100% of net N mineralization at intermediate- and high-N sites. The ratio of net: gross N mineralization and nitrification increased along the gradient, indicating progressive saturation of microbial N demands at high soil N. Aboveground N uptake by plants increased asymptotically with net N mineralization to a peak of approximately 35 kg N.ha(-1) x yr(-1). Aboveground net primary production per unit net N mineralization varied inversely with soil N, suggesting progressive saturation of plant N demands at high soil N. Hydrologic N losses were dominated by dissolved organic N at low-N sites, with increased nitrate loss causing a shift to dominance by nitrate at high-N sites, particularly where net nitrification exceeded plant N demands. With the exception of N mineralization patterns, our results broadly support the application of the N-saturation model developed from studies of anthropogenic N deposition to understand N cycling and saturation of plant and microbial sinks along natural soil N gradients. This convergence of behavior in unpolluted and polluted forest N cycles suggests that where future reductions in deposition to polluted sites do occur, symptoms of N saturation are most likely to persist where soil N content remains elevated.