苯胺的超监界水氧化研究

苯胺的超临界水氧化表明，氧化剂H2O2、试验温度、压力和停留时间以及水样的起始TOC值对TOC的去除率有显著影响。在本试验中，选取了硫酸铜、硫酸铁、硫酸锰等金属盐进行苯胺的均相催化氧化试验研究，结果表明，这些金属盐对苯胺的氧化有不同的催化活性，筛选出硫酸锰和硫酸亚铁进行了进一步研究，以硫酸猛作催化剂为例，在450℃，28MPa，K＝1．1，pH＝4．0的条件下，当停留时间为46s时，TOC去除率达到100％。     

臭氧氧化脱除硫化氢的动力学

本文探讨了臭氧氧化法脱除硫化氢,构建了详细的臭氧氧化硫化氢的反应机理,包含24个物种和74个基元反应.通过臭氧热分解和臭氧低温氧化硫化氢的实验结果进一步验证了本反应机理的可靠性.实验发现,在温度为25℃,物质的量之比为3时,硫化氰的脱除效率达到93%.由模拟结果看出,在停留时间为2s,物质的量之比为1时,氧化最佳温度为150℃-200℃.反应温度为25℃,物质的量之比为1时,把反应时间延长到20s,H2S的脱除率能达到90.9%.     

乳化液废水湿式氧化动力学研究

在 2L高压间歇反应釜内 ,研究了乳化液废水湿式氧化 (WAO)的效果、影响因素及动力学特征 .结果表明 :温度、氧分压、进水浓度等操作条件对氧化效果有不同程度的影响 ,其中温度是关键的影响因素 .进水COD为 4 80 0 0mg·l- 1时 ,在 2 2 0℃ ,1 2 5倍理论供氧量的条件下 (氧分压为 1 2MPa) ,反应 2h ,去除率达 86% ,经拟合的反应动力学模型为 :-dCODdt =0 0 94 63exp ( -4 5 92 8× 1 0 3RT ) [COD]2 0 15[PO2 ]0 3 118-dTOCdt =0 3 770exp ( -4 7 84 1× 1 0 3RT ) [TOC]1 978[PO2 ]0 3 0 18表明湿式氧化处理乳化液废水的效果良好     

含聚乙二醇废水超临界气化产H2特性的研究

利用连续流釜式超临界水反应器,以聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟废水为研究对象,研究PEG浓度、反应温度、停留时间以及KOH催化剂对含PEG废水的超临界气化产H2特性的影响.结果表明,气体产物主要成分为H2,CH4,CO和CO2,在500℃,压力25MPa,停留时间50s的条件下,TOC去除率、碳气化率和氢气化率分别达到98.56%,98.33%和141.82%;PEG浓度的升高会导致气化效率下降,反应温度的上升和停留时间的延长对气化效率有正影响.KOH催化剂的加入可以温和反应条件,提高气化效率,消除CO的产生并使气体产物中部分CO2以无机盐形式固定,从而提高了产物中有效组分H2的相对含量.在450℃,压力25MPa,停留时间30s,KOH浓度800mg·l-1时,TOC去除率和氢气化率分别为91.08%和186.06%,含PEG废水在超临界状态下可转化为富氢气体.     

水热电催化氧化法降解高浓度苯胺废水

以CuO-MnO2-CeO2/C为催化剂,对COD=9000mg·l-1,NH3-N=700mg·l-1的模拟苯胺废水进行实验,讨论了催化剂用量对实验的影响,以及pH值和温度对COD及NH3-N去除率的影响.结果表明,在T=225℃,pH=10.03时,用湿式催化氧化法(CWO)处理1h后,苯胺废水中COD的去除率高达90%左右,NH3-N的去除率可达94%以上.利用水热电催化氧化法,以RuO2/Ti为电极,NaCl为电解质,在相同条件下,135℃时COD和NH3-N的去除率都可达到96%以上.     

催化湿式氧化法处理对硝基酚钠废水的试验

以Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu复合型氧化物作为多相催化剂，采用催化湿式氧化法处理高浓度对硝基酚钠废水，考察了各种反应条件对废水处理效果的影响。结果表明：在温度220℃、压力2．5MPa、反应时间60min、催化剂加入量3g／L的条件下，COD去除率可达63．7％。经处理后的废水，BOD5／COD的比值由原来的0．016提高到0．33，从而为后续的生物降解创造了良好条件。     

催化超临界水氧化偏二甲肼

采用CuO/γ-Al_2O_3和MnO_2/γ-Al_2O_3为催化剂,H_2O_2为氧化剂,在固定床反应器中进行催化超临界水氧化偏二甲肼实验.结果表明,CuO和MnO_2对偏二甲肼的氧化降解具有显著的促进作用.偏二甲肼的去除率随反应温度和压力的升高、停留时间的延长而提高.在24—26MPa、400—450℃条件下,数秒钟内COD去除率可达到99%以上.显示出催化超临界水氧化技术的高效性.催化剂CuO/γ-Al_2O_3的催化效果优于MnO_2/γ-Al_2O_3.进一步研究表明,偏二甲肼催化超临界水氧化为·OH引发的自由基反应,最终氧化产物为CO_2,N_2和H_2O.     

超临界水氧化去除含酚废水TOC的动力学研究

本文利用自行设计的一套连续式超临界水氧化实验装置,以过氧化氢为氧化剂,处理实验室模拟含酚废水。在超临界条件下(P=30MPa,T=400℃,440℃,480℃,520℃)进行超临界水氧化实验。结果表明,TOC去除速率在氧化剂过量10倍的情况下,对TOC是2.15级反应。速率常数与温度的关系符合阿仑尼乌斯公式。反应的实验活化能为171.7kJ/mol,前置因子A为2.99×1011。     

超临界水中Ni/ZrO2催化气化聚乙烯醇水溶液的产氢特性

以追求产氢及降解有机污染物作为协同目标,利用一套连续式超临界水气化装置,在设定压力24MPa,反应温度400-500℃,反应停留时间20-120 s条件下,以Ni/ZrO2为催化剂考察了聚乙烯醇(PVA)水溶液的超临界水气化产氢特性.实验结果显示,催化剂Ni/ZrO2能有效促进PVA水溶液的分解产生富氢气体,气体产物中氢气的含量最高可达81.40%.过程探索发现:反应温度的升高能提高PVA气化效率,但气体产物中H2的含量随反应温度的升高有所下降;随着反应温度的升高,PVA分解趋于彻底,在压力24MPa、温度500℃、停留时间120 s的条件下,TOC去除率、有机碳气化率和氢气化率分别达到71.46%,67.97%和157.24%;停留时间的变化对气体产物含量没有明显的影响,但延长停留时间能提高PVA的气化效率;PVA气化反应中间产物主要为链状烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃及小分子酸,根据中间产物出现的顺序推测PVA的降解为由C-C键断裂形成小分子物质,这些小分子物质一部分转化为H2,CO,CH4和CO2,一部分形成难降解的芳香族化合物.     

苯胺的超临界水氧化研究1

苯胺的超临界水氧化表明,氧化剂Ｈ２Ｏ２、试验温度、压力和停留时间以及水样的起始ＴＯＣ值对ＴＯＣ的去除率有显著影响．在本试验中,选取了硫酸铜、硫酸铁、硫酸锰等金属盐进行苯胺的均相催化氧化试验研究,结果表明,这些金属盐对苯胺的氧化有不同的催化活性,筛选出硫酸锰和和硫酸亚铁进行了进一步的研究．以硫酸锰作催化剂为例,在４５０℃,２８ＭＰａ,Ｋ＝１．１,ｐＨ＝４．０的条件下,当停留时间为４６ｓ时,ＴＯＣ去除率达到１００%．     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.