北京松山油松种群结构及空间分布格局

研究了北京松山自然保护区天然油松(Pinus tabulaeformisr)林的树冠结构和个体胸径,通过Ripley's K函数探讨了油松种群不同层次个体(幼树、小树和大树)的空间分布及空间关系,并探讨了地形(海拔高度、坡度)对油松种群空间分布的影响.结果表明,油松种群的胸径分布呈双峰型,应用Weibull函数拟合效果较好;树冠分布呈倒J型;胸径与冠幅存在显著的指数关系.油松种群呈聚集分布,但随高度增Jm(幼树→树→大树)聚集强度逐渐减弱,枯立木在样地内呈随机分布.枯立木与油松大树在1 m、5 m和13～18 m距离为显著正相关,幼树与小树在2～4 m和6～18 m距离呈显著正相关.海拔高度与油松种群呈正相关,坡度与幼树分布呈正相关,与小树和大树分布呈负相关.图5表2参24     

新疆中部天山雪岭云杉种群动态初步研究

雪岭云杉PiceaschrenkianaFisch.etMey在中部天山林区内分布于海拔1500m～2700m之间,形成一个垂直分布带。作者采用样方法进行调查,沿海拔梯度每隔100m选取两块样地(20m×20m),在海拔1500～2700m的雪岭云杉林内共选样地26块来调查中部天山雪岭云杉种群的年龄结构、密度和生物量动态。在所选样地内,调查所有雪岭云杉树木(h≥2m)的胸径并按5cm分成不同的径级,每一径级至少选取两棵树,每棵树在不同方向上钻取两个树芯,建立年龄-胸径方程推算样地内所有雪岭云杉树(h≥2m)的年龄;调查样地内所有幼苗(h<50cm)和幼树(50cm≤h<200cm)的高度并根据主干上轮枝数查数一定数目幼苗幼树的年龄,建立年龄-高度方程并推算样地内所有幼苗幼树的年龄。研究结果表明中部天山雪岭云杉种群的胸径、年龄结构和种群密度都呈倒-J型分布,种群生物量呈钟型分布,存活曲线基本介于DeeveyⅡ和DeeveyⅢ型之间。以上研究结果表明中部天山的雪岭云杉种群处于不断更新和稳定发展的时期。     

基于不同铺装条件下的生境片断化对城市绿地中臭椿幼苗自然更新的影响

城市绿地受人工干扰形成的生境片断化造成植物种群隔离,影响环境质量以及植物种群的扩散、迁移和生物多样性.基于不同铺装条件造成的臭椿更新苗生境片断化调查数据,采用种群径级结构代替年龄结构、空间核密度估计、空间自相关Moran’s I指数分析等方法研究臭椿更新苗的种群结构和空间分布.结果显示:一侧铺装类型地径级范围最大,最大地径在[9 mm,10 mm](D9级)范围内,最大值为9.86 mm;无铺装影响的非片断化样地更新苗多集中在低径级;紧贴母树范围内更新苗更新较差,距母树3-6 m范围内更新现象明显;铺装样地幼苗更新距离明显大于无铺装样地.在自相关关系计算中发现,距离母树越近,空间自相关越明显,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类样地在1-2尺度级上均表现为正相关;大距离尺度上更新苗呈现空间负相关,距离尺度越大,更新苗分离趋势越明显,且空间自相关系数不大.上述结果表明生境片断化对母树周围更新苗数量变化有较显著影响,可根据片断化影响下种群不同的更新距离及分离趋势进行有效的人工保护及利用.     

北京山区典型流域不同海拔椴树种群的空间点格局分析

采用点格局分析法对不同海拔的椴树(Tilia miqueliana Maxim.)种群进行分布格局及其种间关系进行了研究。结果表明:整体上群落内以中龄树个体数为最多,小树次之,成年树个体最少。随着海拔的增加可以看出:小树(d≤5 cm)随着海拔的增加而减少,中树(5 cm20 cm)的规律不明显;椴树种群的空间分布格局与空间尺度(25 m内)有密切关系,在较小的空间尺度上倾向于非随机分布,具有明显的空间相关性;在>15 m或25m的某临界尺度时却倾向于随机分布,同时空间关联变得微弱。随着海拔的增加,各物种聚集分布的尺度有逐渐减小的趋势。种间关系随着海拔的增加,物种间的正相关尺度有增加的趋势。     

北京山区典型流域不同海拔椴树种群的空间点格局分析

采用点格局分析法对不同海拔的椴树（Tilia miqueliana Maxim.）种群进行分布格局及其种间关系进行了研究。结果表明：整体上群落内以中龄树个体数为最多,小树次之,成年树个体最少。随着海拔的增加可以看出：小树（d≤5 cm）随着海拔的增加而减少,中树（5 cm20 cm）的规律不明显;椴树种群的空间分布格局与空间尺度（25 m内）有密切关系,在较小的空间尺度上倾向于非随机分布,具有明显的空间相关性;在〉15 m或25m的某临界尺度时却倾向于随机分布,同时空间关联变得微弱。随着海拔的增加,各物种聚集分布的尺度有逐渐减小的趋势。种间关系随着海拔的增加,物种间的正相关尺度有增加的趋势。     

梓叶槭的种群结构和群落特征

梓叶槭(Acer catalpifolium Rehd.)是分布狭窄的极小种群野生植物.为充分了解梓叶槭分布地种群现状和未来发展趋势以促进种群保护,对其5个分布点——财神庙(CSM)、般若寺(BRS)、张山村(ZSC)、伏虎寺(FHS)、报国寺(BGS)——进行群落调查,研究其种群结构及其生存群落的物种构成和群落特征.结果表明,梓叶槭主要分布于常绿阔叶-落叶阔叶混交林中,不同样地的梓叶槭群落层次,即乔木层、灌木层以及草本层分别有伴生植物52种、74种和52种.从梓叶槭的多度分配比例来看,BRS样地最大,为26.04%,随后依次是FHS、ZSC、BGS和CSM.梓叶槭生存群落内,FHS、BRS、BGS和CSM样地的物种多样性指数均较高,但ZSC相对较低;在种群年龄结构的调查中发现,梓叶槭幼苗及幼树等级分布出现残缺,种群自然更新困难.综上所述,梓叶槭生存群落内,不同生长层优势种占有较大的环境资源,是影响梓叶槭种子萌发、幼苗幼树生长和种群发展的主要障碍;本研究结果可为梓叶槭种群回归与复壮提供一定理论依据.     

羽毛针禾种群中尺度的分布格局及利它作用

羽毛针禾(Stipagrostis pennata)是古尔班通古特沙漠流动沙丘的先锋物种,可作为流动沙丘恢复的首选植物.采用100 m×100 m的大样方,应用Ripley’s K(d)函数点格局分析方法,研究沙丘从流动到固定等不同生境下羽毛针禾种群的空间分布以及与群落内白皮沙拐枣(Calligonum leucocladum)、白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)的空间关联性,分析该物种种群如何增长以及如何促进其它物种定居.结果表明:羽毛针禾整个种群在0～50 m呈聚集分布,在50 m以上呈随机分布.在研究尺度范围内,羽毛针禾种群内小丛(冠幅面积≤0.09 m2)和中丛(0.09 m2冠幅面积0.6 m2)、小丛和大丛(冠幅面积≥0.6 m2)、大丛和中丛都呈显著正相关,表明羽毛针禾种群内大、小丛之间关系紧密.种群从大丛到中丛各级别再到小丛,株丛数量差异不大,种群年增长稳定,表明羽毛针禾种群增长过程中无性繁殖起主要作用.样地内白皮沙拐枣和白梭梭呈聚集分布,而羽毛针禾与白皮沙拐枣、白梭梭在0～50 m尺度下呈显著正关联,表明了羽毛针禾对白皮沙拐枣、白梭梭两个物种种子萌发、定居和生长的促进作用.     

高山近林线森林皆伐迹地栽植的云杉幼树生长动态

选择四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州壤塘林业局二林场3 500-3 700 m皆伐迹地上的云杉未成林造林地,逐一调查前期栽培的26株云杉幼树(年龄≤25年;树高≤4 m)生长状况(高度、生物量及其分配、基部直径、冠幅)及其共存(距离小于1 m)的5个主要灌丛的构型特征参数,评估幼树生长动态及其受灌木荫蔽的影响程度.结果表明:1)高海拔地区迹地上的云杉幼树生长十分缓慢,15-22年生时平均高仅2.23 m,平均地径仅6.23 cm,其生长过程可划分成3个不同期,即前10年生长缓慢,而后经过一个阶段的波动期,15年左右进入生长加速阶段;2)同一云杉幼树不同区分段组合的11个处理中在树高50 cm以下采用10 cm区分段而其上采用20或30 cm区分段开展幼树树干解析分析效果最佳,与实际幼树生长过程最接近,可较准确地揭示幼树高生长过程并减少分析工作量;3)高海拔地区云杉幼树生长受灌木的抑制性影响主要发生在栽培5年后,其径向生长受到灌木的抑制大于高生长,早材所受影响也大于晚材;在5类(柳、蔷薇、绣线菊、忍冬、茶藨子)灌丛中,云杉幼树长势在绣线菊灌丛下最好,而在柳灌丛下长势最差.综合分析表明,灌丛类型差异显著影响了迹地栽培的目的树种幼树后期的生长,因此栽培5-8年进行必要的割灌抚育处理是加速高海拔迹地上云杉幼树生长的重要措施.     

晋西黄土区油松林的生长释放与生长抑制

为探究气候变化和抚育间伐对油松林生长的影响,选取黄土高原东部山西省临汾市吉县人工油松林中3个不同密度的林分,采用年轮生态学的方法对油松的径向生长过程进行分析.年轮宽度指数与气候因子的相关性分析表明该地区油松生长在年际尺度上与当年1月降水和上年12月最高气温负相关,与当年7月降水和10月最高气温正相关;生长释放和生长抑制分析表明由于气候变化和间伐的影响在1978-2003年之间,样方1出现了1次中度生长抑制,生长变化率低于-50%,1次由间伐引起的轻度生长释放,生长变化率大于47%;样方2出现了1次间伐产生的轻度生长释放,生长变化率超过39%;样方3出现了1次气候条件不适导致的轻度生长抑制,生长变化率低于-32%,1次由间伐和气候条件适宜共同作用产生的中度生长释放,生长变化率大于75%;间伐产生的生长释放效应能够维持5年左右.综上所述,不适宜的气候条件会抑制树木生长,间伐抚育能够使树木在5年内快速生长,结果可为后期的林业管理决策提供一定的参考.     

木荷地上部分生物量分布特征与生产力

对中亚热带木荷-马尾松群落中木荷种群地上部分的生物量和生产力进行了研究.在木荷地上部分的生物量中,树干生物量是群落总生物量的决定性组分,所占比重为66.06%～84.79%(干重),且随着林木径级的增大呈"中间大两头小"变化.木荷种群株数和生物量的径级分布曲线均为单峰型,且基本均呈正态分布,种群81.10%的生物量集中在11＜DBH≤27 cm径级,反映出木荷具有很好的速生特性.木荷种群地上部分平均现存生物量为209.59 t hm-2,年平均生产力为14.729 t hm-2 a-1,符合Whittaker、Rodin等估算的地球上及亚热带半干旱半湿润地区植物生产力估测值,虽然木荷-马尾松林造林时间不长,其生产力已较为可观,并具有相当的潜力.图2表3参21     

Thinning effects on production, root biomass and some soil properties in a young oriental beech stand in Artvin, Turkey

In this study, three thinning treatments were applied on a 0.54 ha young oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stand (25-30 years old) in Karadag, Artvin in the fall of 1999. The treatments were: (1) no thinning, (2) light thinning, and (3) heavy thinning. Prior to thinning, the stand averaged 15000 trees ha(-1) and 40.0 m2 ha(-1) of basal area, with an average mean diameter of 5 cm. Thinning reduced stand basal areas to about 31.1 and 24.9 m2 ha(-1) for the light and heavy thinning treatments, respectively. After 3-years, diameter increment was the highest in heavily thinned stand and the lowest in unthinned stand. The increment in stand basal area was about 10, 18 and 27% in the unthinned, lightly thinned, and heavily thinned stands, respectively. Fine root biomass significantly decreased with thinning and thinning had no significant effects on soil pH and soil organic matter content.     

Analyzing the spatial structure of a Sri Lankan tree species with multiple scales of clustering

Clustering at multiple critical scales may be common for plants since many different factors and processes may cause clustering. This is especially true for tropical rain forests for which theories explaining species coexistence and community structure rest heavily on spatial patterns. We used point pattern analysis to analyze the spatial structure of Shorea congestiflora, a dominant species in a 25-ha forest dynamics plot in a rain forest at Sinharaja World Heritage Site (Sri Lanka), which apparently shows clustering at several scales. We developed cluster processes incorporating two critical scales of clustering for exploring the spatial structure of S. congestiflora and interpret it in relation to factors such as competition, dispersal limitation, recruitment limitation, and Janzen-Connell effects. All size classes showed consistent large-scale clustering with a cluster radius of approximately 25 m. Inside the larger clusters, small-scale clusters with a radius of 8 m were evident for recruits and saplings, weak for intermediates, and disappeared for adults. The pattern of all trees could be divided into two independent patterns: a random pattern (nearest neighbor distance > 8 m) comprising approximately 12% of the trees and a nested double-cluster pattern. This finding suggests two independent recruitment and/or seed dispersal mechanisms. Saplings were several times as abundant as recruits and may accumulate several recruit generations. Recruits were only weakly associated with adults and occupied about half of the large-scale clusters, but saplings almost all. This is consistent with recruitment limitation. For approximately 70% (95%) of all juveniles the nearest adult was less than 26 m away (53 m), suggesting a dispersal limitation that may also be related to the critical large-scale clustering. Our example illustrates the manner in which the use of a specific and complex null hypothesis of spatial structure in point pattern analysis can help us better understand the biology of a species and generate specific hypotheses to be further investigated in the field.     

Kriging插值法在植物物种地理分布空间格局研究中的应用

Kriging插值法是一种定量化描述地理空间分布格局的方法,主要应用于空间采样以及相关的一些空间格局分析。而物种的地理空间分布是物种在自然及人类活动共同作用下的结果。物种分布的研究目前主要从气候的角度来探讨其与气候之间的关系,并取得了很好的结果,但是仅从气候考虑又有局限性,而且很难真实地反映出物种地理空间的分布格局。因此,将Kriging插值法引进到物种分布的研究中,并以我国广泛分布的物种——栓皮栎为例,探讨其可行性。结果表明：Kriging插值法能很好地拟合物种地理空间分布的实际情况,其误差程度较小。该研究的结果可为物种资源的开发利用和物种的引种栽培提供理论依据。     

不同演替阶段中黧蒴栲种群的大小结构与分布格局

在中亚热带常绿阔叶林，有代表性地选择三个黧蒴栲群落类型，即黧蒴栲纯林（常绿阔叶林皆伐地自然演替而成的黧蒴栲纯林，用生长锥对优势木进行随机抽查得其最大年龄为１３ａ）、以黧蒴栲为优势种的混交林（经优势木随机抽测其最大年龄为２４ａ）和黧蒴栲已不成为优势种的混交林（实为天然次生林，优势木随机抽测最大年龄为５３ａ）。测定分析结果表明，黧蒴栲群落在自然演替的前期即幼林阶段的种群大小级结构呈典型的三角状增长型；     

吕梁山南段森林碳密度及其空间分布格局研究

基于2000年和2005年两期森林资源清查资料,利用双向指示种分析（ two-way indicator species analysis, TWINSPAN）方法,对森林植被进行群系划分;采用生物量换算因子法,对森林样地碳密度进行估算,对碳密度及其动态变化特征进行研究;基于地统计学原理对森林碳密度的空间分布格局进行分析,并对其影响因子进行探讨。结果表明,（1）吕梁山南段森林植被可分为9个群系,即臭椿群系、柳树群系、辽东栎-油松混交群系、辽东栎群系、辽东栎-枫树混交群系、辽东栎-白桦-山杨混交群系、白皮松-辽东栎混交群系、白皮松-侧柏混交群系和槐树群系。2000年各群系的碳密度值介于23.53 Mg·hm^-2和75.65 Mg·hm^-2之间,平均值为54.90 Mg·hm^-2;2005年的碳密度值介于24.16 Mg·hm^-2和78.91 Mg·hm^-2之间,平均值为57.20 Mg·hm^-2,5年间9个森林群系的碳密度增加了2.30 Mg·hm^-2。（2）森林碳密度呈现出自南向北、自西向东增加的趋势;球状模型能很好地反映森林植被碳密度的空间结构特征;碳密度分布主要受结构性因子影响,空间依赖性较强,在小尺度上没有明显规律,而在中尺度上有群团状分布的特点。（3）随着海拔的升高,森林碳密度先增后降,1600～1800 m最大;坡上部森林碳密度最高,其次为坡下部,山脊部最低;阴坡半阴坡森林碳密度一般高于阳坡和半阳坡,无坡向处最低;斜坡和平坡碳密度值明显高于其他坡地,急坡地最小。     

闽北次生常绿阔叶林主要树种空间分布格局及其应用研究

应用聚集度指标、Ｉｗａｏ 方程和Ｔａｙｌｏｒ 幂法则模型等测定方法,研究了闽北次生常绿阔叶林９ 个主要树种的空间分布格局．研究结果表明,闽北次生常绿阔叶林９ 个主要树种的空间分布呈聚集分布,分布的基本成份为个体群,个体群分布聚集．根据Ｉｗａｏ 的Ｍ＊ 与ｘ 的回归方程,计算了９ 个树种在不同密度和允许误差下的理论抽样数．     

Multigenerational genetic analysis of tropical secondary regeneration in a canopy palm

Iriartea deltoidea (Arecaceae) is an abundant canopy palm with a wide geographic distribution in Neotropical wet forests. We analyzed the genetic profile across three generations of Iriartea within a 43-ha area encompassing two areas of second-growth and adjoining old-growth forest at La Selva Biological Field Station in northeastern Costa Rica. A total of 311 reproductively mature trees, 99 large saplings, 207 small saplings, and 601 seedlings were genotyped using 141 AFLP loci. Parentage analysis revealed high dispersal distances, both for seed (over 2.3 km) and pollen (over 3.8 km), indicating a large genetic neighborhood within La Selva Biological Station. In a 20-ha area of second growth, the founding palm population was dominated by a small number of parental trees located in the adjacent old-growth forest; two old-growth trees contributed 48% of the second-growth genes. The genetic diversity of reproductively mature trees in this second-growth forest was significantly reduced compared to adjacent old-growth forest. Within 400 m of the border with old-growth forest, we observed a similar reduction of genetic diversity in saplings, and an even greater loss of genetic diversity in the second generation of seedlings. Nearly half of these seedlings were offspring of local parents. In contrast, in the distant portion of second-growth forest (400-800 m from the old-growth border), parentage analysis showed that 40% of seedlings originated from outside the study area and only 10% were offspring of local parents. These high levels of gene flow maintained genetic diversity in saplings and seedlings similar to levels observed in old-growth forest. Our findings highlight the importance of gene flow from diverse seed and pollen sources for sustaining levels of genetic diversity of tree populations in second-growth forests.     

西藏色季拉山川滇高山栎种群的空间格局与调节

川滇高山栎是青藏高原具有代表性的常绿阔叶树种,在藏东南林区大面积连续分布,对高山峡谷地带的水土保持和水源涵养具有重要的防护作用和较大的生态效益.采用聚集度指标、以空间推时间法的Logistic方程和种群调节的乘幂函数拟合分别对西藏色季拉山川滇高山栎种群的空间分布格局、增长与调节规律进行了研究.结果表明,川滇高山栎幼苗多呈聚集分布,随着演替的进展,川滇高山栎种群的聚集强度减小;川滇高山栎种群增长的环境容纳量为15.2085m2hm-2,内禀增长率为0.614;种群最大增长速率出现在胸断面积9.66m2hm-2处,种群在平均胸断面积46.23cm2(均胸径7cm)~198.723cm2(均胸径15.91cm)阶段自疏强度最大.川滇高山栎种群聚集强度随演替过程逐渐减弱,是种群在有限的环境容量中自疏和自我调节特征的明显表现.Logistic方程即反映了生物种群增长速度的变化和环境容量限制的时滞效应这一重要特征,种群调节的幂函数拟合则有效刻画了生物种群在大量繁殖之后,随着个体增大,个体间资源竞争增强,种群内部出现优胜劣汰的自我调节过程.图4表2参32     

Spatial scaling of avian population dynamics: population abundance, growth rate, and variability

Synchrony in population fluctuations has been identified as an important component of population dynamics. In a previous study, we determined that local-scale (<15-km) spatial synchrony of bird populations in New England was correlated with synchronous fluctuations in lepidopteran larvae abundance and with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Here we address five questions that extend the scope of our earlier study using North American Breeding Bird Survey data. First, do bird populations in eastern North America exhibit spatial synchrony in abundances at scales beyond those we have documented previously? Second, does spatial synchrony depend on what population metric is analyzed (e.g., abundance, growth rate, or variability)? Third, is there geographic concordance in where species exhibit synchrony? Fourth, for those species that exhibit significant geographic concordance, are there landscape and habitat variables that contribute to the observed patterns? Fifth, is spatial synchrony affected by a species' life history traits? Significant spatial synchrony was common and its magnitude was dependent on the population metric analyzed. Twenty-four of 29 species examined exhibited significant synchrony in population abundance: mean local autocorrelation (rho)= 0.15; mean spatial extent (mean distance where rho=0) = 420.7 km. Five of the 29 species exhibited significant synchrony in annual population growth rate (mean local autocorrelation = 0.06, mean distance = 457.8 km). Ten of the 29 species exhibited significant synchrony in population abundance variability (mean local autocorrelation = 0.49, mean distance = 413.8 km). Analyses of landscape structure indicated that habitat variables were infrequent contributors to spatial synchrony. Likewise, we detected no effects of life history traits on synchrony in population abundance or growth rate. However, short-distance migrants exhibited more spatially extensive synchrony in population variability than either year-round residents or long-distance migrants. The dissimilarity of the spatial extent of synchrony across species suggests that most populations are not regulated at similar spatial scales. The spatial scale of the population synchrony patterns we describe is likely larger than the actual scale of population regulation, and in turn, the scale of population regulation is undoubtedly larger than the scale of individual ecological requirements.