离子色谱测定三价砷和五价砷的研究

本文对抑制电导离子色谱法测定三价砷和五价砷进行考察,对测定的条件如标样的配制、淋洗液的选择、三价砷的氧化进行了讨论.并推荐了一种三价砷和五价砷的快速、分辨率好的方法,该方法可望对废水中的砷进行测定.     

地下水砷污染形成机制研究进展

地下水砷污染是全球饮用水的主要威胁之一,目前全世界有超过一亿人受砷污染地下水问题的困扰.因此,深入研究地下水砷污染的形成机制,对预测地下水中砷的分布及解决地下水砷污染问题具有重要意义.本文在归纳总结前人相关研究的基础上,综述了关于地下水砷污染形成机制的不同解释及最新研究进展,重点阐述了铁氧化物还原溶解释放砷机制,并详细...     

土壤和植物中总砷、无机砷及有机砷的测定方法

各种价态与形态的砷的毒性差异较大,毒性顺序为砷化氢>三价砷>五价砷>有机砷。虽然有机砷的毒性最小,然而在农药施用区似乎土壤中残存有机制约占总砷量的1/2或1/3。为了确切评价砷对环境的污染,对环境样品中有机砷、无机砷和总砷分别测定是非常必要的。本文介绍的方法是利用差减法即总砷减去无机砷获得有机砷,方法简便易行,回收率为82—92％,最低检出限0.1vg砷。曾利用所拟定的方法在长期施用有机砷的果树地区采集了近60个样品进行实测,取得了良好的社会效益和经济效益,对正确评价有机砷农药的环境污染提供了一定依据。     

汞、砷复合污染对水稻生长及吸收汞、砷的影响

在温室条件下,采用水培方法研究汞、砷复合污染对水稻的生长及对汞、砷吸收的影响.实验结果表明:1)汞、砷复合污染可以显著地降低水稻生物量,汞、砷具有显著的交互作用.2)营养液中汞浓度大于0.5mg·L-1时,可显著降低水稻光合速率、二氧化碳气孔导度、蒸腾速率(p<0.001),而砷的影响不显著.3)随营养液中汞浓度的增加,水稻根部和地上部汞含量显著增加,砷对水稻吸收汞的影响不显著,二者无交互作用.随营养液中砷浓度的增加,砷在水稻根部和地上部的累积显著提高,营养液中的汞显著抑制了水稻根部对砷的吸收,二者表现为拮抗作用;而汞对砷在水稻地上部累积的影响则较复杂,随着汞浓度由0.5mg·L-1增加到1.5mg·L-1,水稻地上部砷含量表现出先降低再升高的趋势.     

中国关于砷的研究进展

综述了近年来有关中国的砷污染状况、相关的分析监测技术及砷化合物毒性的研究进展.在中国部分地区,长期砷暴露导致了严重的区域性的砷中毒,主要的暴露途径是饮用水、食物和煤炭的燃烧.样品前处理、砷的富集和形态分析技术的丰富和发展,为环境科学、毒理学和流行病学的研究提供了可靠的技术支持.生物检测是一种直接有效的污染物健康风险评估...     

砷化合物的摄入调控机制

流行病学结果显示慢性砷暴露可导致人群罹患皮肤癌、膀胱癌、肺癌等恶性疾病,但其致毒/癌机制尚不明确.目前关于砷暴露致毒/癌机理的讨论主要集中在砷的胞内作用途径,而较少关注砷摄入调控过程对其暴露致毒/癌的贡献.在生理条件下,部分砷化合物由于结构与磷酸根、葡萄糖、甘油等天然底物相近,可借由相应的载体被细胞摄入,摄入途径和效率存在显著的砷形态依赖性.此外,砷化合物的生物毒性效应与其赋存形态直接相关.可见,砷的摄入调控对于砷的暴露致毒/癌具有重要作用.本文主要综述了在哺乳动物体系中不同砷形态的摄入载体、载体调控及对应的砷摄入分布、效率和暴露毒性,在此基础上,强调了以往在砷致毒/癌机制研究中被忽视的砷摄入调控途径.然而,砷摄入调控过程中的诸多重要环节如砷胁迫下的摄入启动和调控机制等都是空白,需进一步系统深入地研究,为深入理解砷的致毒机制提供了新的视角和研究思路.     

液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法联用(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定乳制品的无机砷及其它砷形态

采用液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术测定了乳制品中的无机砷及其它砷形态,各种砷形态的方法检出限(以砷计)分别为:三价砷As(Ⅲ)2.0ng·g-1,五价砷As(Ⅴ)3.0ng·g-1,一甲基胂MMA2.0 ng·g-1,二甲基胂DMA 1.0 ng·g-1,甜菜碱As B 1.0 ng·g-1,根据加标回收的方法评价了该方法的准确性,无机砷的加标回收率为89.9%-98.1%,相对标准偏差为1.09%-3.21%(n=6),根据所建立的方法,分析了市售的部分鲜奶、酸奶和奶粉样品,其中无机砷的含量均未超出国家标准限量.     

HPLC-ICP-MS联用分析中成药中的可溶性砷形态

建立了HPLC-ICP-MS联用技术分析三价砷、五价砷、一甲基砷和二甲基砷的方法,并应用于中成药可溶性砷形态的研究中.分别考察了牛黄解毒片、赛金化毒散、牛黄清火丸、医痫丸、乳核散结片等5种中成药,并比较了水、盐酸、磷酸、人工胃肠液和甲醇水等多种提取介质以及超声辅助和振荡等提取方式.结果表明,各种介质的提取效果差别不大,其中以1%磷酸为提取介质、超声辅助提取1h的提取率稍高,且形态不发生转化.所考察含矿物中成药的牛黄解毒片、赛金化毒散、牛黄清火丸、医痫丸中可溶性砷的比例占总砷的1%以下,主要为三价砷和五价砷,而含有海产品的中成药乳核散结片中主要为三价砷、二甲基砷和五价砷.此方法4种砷的加标回收率在90%—107%之间,平行6次提取结果4种砷相对标准偏差均小于3%。     

微生物砷还原机制的研究进展

砷是一种剧毒物质,环境中的砷对人体健康存在潜在威胁,因此长期以来备受关注.微生物的各种代谢过程对砷在环境中的归趋起着重要作用,其中砷还原微生物能将吸附于固体矿物中的As(Ⅴ)还原为可溶性强的As(Ⅲ),使砷进入液相,从而加剧了地下水等饮用水源的砷污染.论文主要介绍了两种微生物砷还原机制(异化砷还原和细胞质砷还原)在作用...     

吸附法处理含砷废水的研究进展

水体砷污染严重威胁着人类健康和生态系统,砷污染防治成为全球性环境问题,含砷水处理受到人们的普遍关注.与其它除砷方法相比较,吸附法具有去除效率高,稳定性好,不产生或很少产生二次污染,吸附剂可重复使用等优点,因而备受青睐.本文简要介绍了吸附法除砷的原理与特点,重点综述了矿物质、活性炭、金属(氢)氧化物、生物吸附剂、离子交换...     

快速提取用于PCR分析的几种蔬菜DNA的方法

利用两种不同的简便方法提取大白菜、大葱和厚皮酣瓜发芽种子的DNA,均能产生具有重现性的RAPD结果这两种方法提取DNA的PCR扩增结果与多次利用苯酚／氯仿提取DNA的结果一致.RNase处理与否对提取DNA的PCR扩增结果没有影响.方法1不用氯仿,但残留蛋白质等容易造成DNA溶解困难;方法2提取的DNA纯度高对于含蛋白质较少的植物器官或组织,可以选用方法1,而对于含蛋白质较多的植物器官或组织,宜选用方法2.两种方法提取的DNA量与用苯酚／氯仿提取DNA的量相似样品之间提取DNA量的多少主要受研磨破碎程度高低所决定.方法1每人每天提取约120个样品,方法2提取约100个样品,比先前的方法快1倍多.所提取的每个样品DNA约能用于100次PCR反应,两种DNA提取方法简便、迅速,为快速进行大量样品的PCR分析提供了条件.     

动胶菌接触氧化法处理含油废水的工艺设计基础

根据动胶菌接触氧化法处理含油废水中试结果，为日处理１ ０００ ｍ３ 含油废水的生物接触氧化池进行了工艺设计，按负荷法（ 二种） 和降解动力学模型（ 三种） 进行了池容的计算，评价了它们的合理性．发现，其中以中试为基础的三种计算方法：一种降解动力学模型（ 据中试结果计算油去污系数） 、二种负荷法（ 据中试中填料容积负荷、从中试扩大为生产规模的入流流量） 较为合理，可作为设计池容的推荐方法．     

水体中氧化铁鞘细菌的分离鉴定及保藏

采用试管静止富集培养及生态模拟富集培养，结合平板划线、稀释涂布、平板滴加法，成功地从150份水样中分离到94株鞘细菌．利用Winogradsky液体试管法进行产铁氧化酶鞘细菌的快速初筛，从中筛选出24株产铁氧化酶能力较高的菌株，再经摇瓶复筛，获得产酶活性最高的菌株FC9901．采用多相鉴定方法对菌株FC9901细胞形态、培养特征、生理生化反应及各种碳源利用情况进行了研究，根据《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》第9版，把该菌株鉴定为第十四群鞘细菌类(sheathed bacteria)球衣菌属(Sphaerotilus)浮游球衣菌(Sphaerotilus natans)．对鞘细菌几种保藏方法进行比较研究，结果表明蒸馏水保藏法保藏时间长，是一种经济简便有效的保藏方法．图3表7参9     

A method for assigning species into groups based on generalized Mahalanobis distance between habitat model coefficients

Habitat association models are commonly developed for individual animal species using generalized linear modeling methods such as logistic regression. We considered the issue of grouping species based on their habitat use so that management decisions can be based on sets of species rather than individual species. This research was motivated by a study of western landbirds in northern Idaho forests. The method we examined was to separately fit models to each species and to use a generalized Mahalanobis distance between coefficient vectors to create a distance matrix among species. Clustering methods were used to group species from the distance matrix, and multidimensional scaling methods were used to visualize the relations among species groups. Methods were also discussed for evaluating the sensitivity of the conclusions because of outliers or influential data points. We illustrate these methods with data from the landbird study conducted in northern Idaho. Simulation results are presented to compare the success of this method to alternative methods using Euclidean distance between coefficient vectors and to methods that do not use habitat association models. These simulations demonstrate that our Mahalanobis-distance-based method was nearly always better than Euclidean-distance-based methods or methods not based on habitat association models. The methods used to develop candidate species groups are easily explained to other scientists and resource managers since they mainly rely on classical multivariate statistical methods.     

离子色谱在砷化物形态分析中的应用

砷的分析方法最初有光度法、原子吸收光谱法和极谱法等，但这些方法仅能用于总砷，不能用于砷的形态分析．因而又发展了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、离子色谱法(IC)、气相色谱法、气相色谱-原子吸收光谱联用、液相色谱-质谱联用、离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱、离子色谱-原子吸收／发射光谱联用技术等．由于砷化物在水中多以离子形式存在，采用离子色谱法能同时分析不同形态的砷离子．同时，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱及原子吸收光谱测定砷化物具有较高的灵敏度，因此，离子色谱及离子色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱、原子吸收／发射光谱的联用技术在砷化物的形态分析中得到了较多的应用^[1-8]。     

Novel extractive colorimetric and UV spectrophotometric estimation of etizolam in bulk and tablet by forming ion association complex with methyl orange and bromocresol green

A novel, sensitive, and rapid UV spectrophotometric and colorimetric method was developed for estimation of etizolam (ETZ) in bulk and tablet. The UV spectrophotometric method (method I) is based on quantitative estimation of ETZ using 0.1N NaOH as the solvent which exhibits maximal absorption at 378 nm. Colorimetric methods (method II and III) were based on the formation of color complex in association with ions between basic nitrogen of the drug with methyl orange (MO) and bromocresol green (BCG) in acidic medium. The formed color complexes were quantitatively extracted with chloroform and measured at 509 nm for Drug–MO complex and at 442 nm for Drug–BCG complex, respectively. Beer's law was obeyed over the linear ranges 2–16 µg/ml (method I), 5–45 µg/ml (method II), and 2–20 µg/ml (method III). The correlation coefficient (r²) for ETZ was 0.999, 0.997, and 0.998 for method I, II, and III, respectively. All methods were successfully applied for the assay of the drug in tablet. The % purity was found to be 98.52 (method I), 98.72 (method II), and 99.18 (method III). These developed methods were fully validated with % relative standard deviation (RSD) for accuracy less than 2 for all methods. The % RSD of the intra-day and inter-day variations was found to be less than 2%. The limit of detection and quantitation were as follows: 0.108 µg/ml and 0.327 µg/ml (method I), 0.24 µg/ml and 0.75 µg/ml (method II), 0.1 µg/ml and 0.5 µg/ml (method III) indicating marked method sensitivity. Empirical evidence from all three methods concludes that developed methods are simple, sensitive, and reliably validated for useful routine quality control analysis of ETZ.     

Two methods of sampling fish larvae over reefs: a comparison from the Gulf of California

I compared the sampling properties of two methods for collecting fish larvae over reefs: nighttime collecting with a light trap, and daytime collecting with a small plankton net that could be steered by a diver. Samples were collected in the Gulf of California during summer, 1989 and 1990. The 90 light-trap samples yielded 9406 larvae from 31 families, while the 75 plankton-net samples yielded 17852 larvae from 43 families plus unidentified anguilliforms. Four families were collected only in the light trap, and 16 families plus the anguilliforms were collected only with the plankton net. With one exception, the families that were collected by only one method were rare. Twenty-seven families were collected by both methods, but only 13 were collected at least five times by each. The average catch per sample differed significantly between methods for 9 of these 13 families. In each case, the plankton net yielded more larvae per sample. The distribution of larvae among families was less equitable in light-trap samples than in planktonnet collections, primarily because clupeids were so dominant in the former. However, the taxonomic composition of light-trap and plankton-net collections was broadly similar. Seven families were shared among the ten most abundant families for each method, and the relative abundances of taxa (47 families plus anguilliforms) were strongly correlated between methods. A comparison of larval size-distributions for 12 families indicated that the size structure of catches usually differed between collecting methods. In four families there was little overlap in the size classes collected, in five families the distributions overlapped broadly but had different shapes, and in three families the size distributions were similar. Although the light trap collected larger larvae on average, its catches were not limited to settlement-stage or transition larvae. Larvae of at least ten families were present over reefs in all size classes, but the combination of both sampling methods was usually required to detect this. Based on their abundance and wide size distribution over reefs, at least some larvae from these ten families may remain over reefs throughout development. However, additional data are required to determine the importance of water over reefs as a larval habitat.     

3种人工草地不同植被覆盖度实地测量方法比较

植被覆盖度是植被垂直投影面积占统计区域面积百分比;理想覆盖度实地测量方法耗时短,工具简单,结果准确,受人为因素影响小.以结缕草(Zoysia japonica)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)和雀稗(Paspalum thunbergii)人工草地为研究对象,以照相法测量值为参考,比较样线法、目估法、样针法、点框架法、网格法1×1、网格法5×5、网格点法1×1和网格点法5×5等8种方法测量精度.结果表明:样线法误差小于5%,耗时短,工具简单.目估法误差大于样线法,适用于植被高度低且覆盖度较低或较高样方.样针法误差大于样线法和目估法,误差受植被高度和茎叶硬度影响,适用于植被高度低且硬度较小样方.点框架法、网格法和网格点法误差均较大,一般大于10%.网格法误差受覆盖度和小网格边长影响,误差峰值出现在覆盖度接近65%的样方,误差随着小网格边长增加而增加.8种方法测量值与照相法测量值均呈显著正相关(P <0.05),因此对于类似人工草地,这些方法测量值可通过本文提供的拟合公式转化为真实值.随着样方数量增加,8种方法误差均呈现出先降低后稳定趋势.本研究推荐样线法作为类似人工草地覆盖度实地测量方法;未来应根据覆盖度、植被高度和硬度等特征选择适合的测量方法.(图4表2参46)     

基于日平均养殖量的畜禽养殖排污系数法的改进

传统的畜禽养殖排污系数污染负荷计算方法受养殖规模浮动影响,计算结果精度不高,只能计算整年污染负荷且无法计算某时段污染负荷。在分析传统畜禽产污系数法缺陷的基础上,探讨了日平均养殖量取代年养殖量的计算模式。依据不同类型畜禽养殖的周期特点,提出了各种类型畜禽养殖排污系数污染负荷计算公式和方法。最后,利用2008—2009年天津市宁河县生猪养殖污染负荷计算实例,对比分析了两种计算方法。结果表明,基于日平均养殖量的产污系数计算方法可以有效地减少由于养殖规模波动造成的计算误差,同时还适用于年内某时段污染负荷的计算,克服了传统方法只能以年为计算基本单元的弊端。     

干法灰化和微波消解-火焰原子吸收法测定铅锌冶炼厂废旧除尘布袋中重金属

采用干法灰化和微波消解两种样品分解方法处理广东省某铅锌冶炼厂布袋试样,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定样品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd 6种重金属元素含量.同时用两种前处理方法对国家一级标准物质进行测定,与标准值比对,验证两种方法的准确度和精密度.结果表明,不同的样品分解方法对各重金属元素的测定结果会产生不同程度的影响.微波消解法相对于干法灰化法的准确度高,试剂利用率高,有利于元素的分析.干法灰化和微波消解两种前处理方法的精密度（RSD,n=11）均小于5%.