Isolation and identification of a bioflocculant-producing strain and optimisation of cultural conditions via a response surface model

A bioflocculant-producing strain named MY6-2 was isolated from a mixed activated sludge by a nitrogen-free medium. Based on 16S rDNA sequence, biochemical and morphological characteristics, the strain MY6-2 was identified as Bacillus mucilaginosus. The chemical analysis indicated that the flocculant MY6-2 was mainly composed of extracellular polysaccharide. The result of the composition of the medium showed that MY6-2 was able to generate bioflocculant in a nutrient-poor medium that consisted of 5?g?L^?1 sucrose and no nitrogen source. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise the fermentation condition of MY6-2 for maximum flocculating activity by using central composite design (CCD). Based on the result, the optimum conditions were as follows: 100?mL of broth in a 250?mL Erlenmeyer flask, initial pH 8.0 and inoculum concentration 10%, respectively. The highest flocculating rate of 90% was achieved under these conditions by adding 0.5?mL fermentation supernatant to 95?mL of Kaolin suspension.     

Biosorption of low level Cd~（2＋） in water by Aspergillus sojae

以酱油曲霉（Aspergillus sojae）为吸附剂,对水溶液中微量Cd2＋进行了吸附研究.实验考察了预处理方法、菌体用量、pH、温度和吸附时间对吸附的影响,同时分析了其吸附动力学和吸附等温线特性,并对酱油曲霉菌体吸附Cd2＋的可能作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,碱预处理的菌体吸附效果最好.在菌体用量为0.08 g时,对Cd2＋的吸附量达到最大,为0.095 mg.g-1.pH值在3.4—8之间,酱油曲霉菌体对Cd2＋的吸附效果比较稳定,其最大吸附率出现在pH 3.4.温度在15℃—30℃之间时,菌体对Cd2＋的吸附率差异很小,吸附率在88.3%—94.4%之间.二级动力学方程能很好地表征酱油曲霉吸附微量Cd2＋的过程,R2在0.99以上,其吸附平衡时间大约2.5 h,线性模型更适于描述该吸附平衡过程.SEM、FTIR分析得出,Cd2＋可能是与酱油曲霉菌体表面的羟基、酰胺基、羧基、磷酸基和胺基等基团相络合而被吸附,也可能是形成颗粒沉淀而附着在菌丝上.     

Biosorption of Cu2+ from aqueous solutions by pretreated Cladosporium sp

In this paper, adsorption properties of a pretreated of Cladosporium sp. for Cu2 were studied. The fungi pretreated with some chemical reagents exhibited higher Cu2+ removal capacities than native biomass. The optimum chemical reagent was 0.2M NaOH. After 0.2M NaOH pretreatment, optimum conditions of biosorption were found to be pH 5.0, temperature 35 degrees C, and stirring speed of 100rpm. Equilibrium isotherms were obtained from adsorption experiments and the biosorption maximun capacity obtained was at 28.31mg/g. The biosorbed metal ions were effectively eluted by 0.05M HNO3 solution. After eluting, the biosorbed metal ions biomass was regenerated by washing with deionized water and then contacted with a solution containing 0. 1M of Ca2+, Mg2+ ions before further adsorption tests. The pretreated fungi biomass could be used for three cycles: biosorption, elution of biosorbed ion, regeneration of biomass.     

Removal of Zn2+ from aqueous solution by biomass of Agaricus bisporus

Biosorption of Zn²⁺ from aqueous solutions by biomass of Agaricus bisporus was investigated. The removal rates of Zn²⁺ by A. bisporus under different parameters (e.g., solution pH, bio-sorbent dosage and initial Zn²⁺ concentration) were studied. The inhibition of A. bisporus’s biosorption by anionic ligands EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid), acetate and citrate) implied that EDTA and citrate might be used as eluting reagents. Regular and simultaneous solution pH change and light metal ions release after biosorption indicated that an ion exchange mechanism was involved. From FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, the main functional groups participated in biosorption were found. Biosorption of Zn²⁺ by A. bisporus could be well described by the Freundlich and Langmuir models. In conclusion, the biomass of A. bisporus showed high potential for the treatment of wastewater containing Zn²⁺.     

Heavy metals uptake from aqueous solutions using marine algae (Colpomenia sinuosa): kinetics and isotherms

The adsorption of copper, zinc, cobalt, lead and cadmium ions onto Colpomenia sinuosa was studied as a function of contact time, initial metal ion concentration and initial pH. In addition, desorption studies were performed. Characterisation of this adsorbent was also confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Batch adsorption experimental data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Raduschkevich (D–R) adsorption isotherms. The results indicated that the biosorption equilibrium was well described by both the Freudlich and D–R isotherms. Moreover, sorption kinetics was performed and it was observed that equilibrium was reached in<60 min, which could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for all heavy metals. The sorption of heavy metals onto the biomass was largely dependent on the initial solution pH. The elution efficiency for heavy metal ions desorption from C. sinuosa was determined for 0.1 M HCl, 1.0 M HCl and 1.0 M HNO₃. Desorption efficiency and also adsorption capacity were highest for Pb(II). The results indicate that C. sinuosa has great potential for the removal of heavy metals in an ecofriendly process.     

Influence of some parameters on adsorption rate and toxicity of cadmium in activated sludge

The influence of pH, competitor ions (NaNO₃) and aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge on the cadmium uptake by activated sludge solids was investigated. Above 0.08 mg L^‐1 cadmium in solution, biosorption was found to follow the Freundlich isotherm. Active cellular uptake of soluble cadmium does not appear to be a significant mechanism of the biosorption. In addition, the cadmium uptake is not completely reversible. The adsorption of cadmium by activated sludge seems to involve a physico‐chemical mechanism with especially weak electrostatic interactions with ion‐exchange reaction. The optimum adsorption pH was 7.5. Adsorption is influenced by sodium ion concentrations up to an equivalent conductivity of 10 000 μS cm^‐1. Aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge increase systematically the initial adsorption capacities. Respirometric measurements were done to evaluate the inhibitive effects of cadmium on activated sludge. Monod's equation and the equation of non‐competitive inhibition were used to describe the toxicity related to cadmium uptake. These two equations appear to be complementary.     

微生物絮凝剂絮凝条件的响应曲面法优化

筛选出一株絮凝剂产生菌TF10,鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium).以高岭土悬浊液为絮凝对象,研究了pH值、絮凝剂用量和不同阳离子对TF10产生的絮凝剂P-TF10絮凝效率的影响.结果表明,P-TF10在偏酸和微碱范围内活性较高;絮凝剂存在最佳用量,不足或过高会导致絮凝率下降;Ca2+和Al3+对絮凝的促进作用明显,而Mg2+和Na+对絮凝无作用.应用响应曲面法对P-TF10的絮凝条件进行了优化,得到最佳条件为:pH=4.7,CaCl2浓度为7.0mmol.l-1,P-TF10的用量为34.6 mg.l-1,该条件下絮凝率可达(95.5±1.0)%.     

Cr (VI) and Fe (III) removal using Cajanus cajan husk

Husk of tur dal (Cajanus cajan) was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Fe (III) and Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solutions. Parameters like agitation time, adsorbent dosage and pH were studied at different initial Fe (III) and Cr (VI) concentrations. The biosorptive capacity of the Tur dal husk was dependent on the pH of the chromium and iron solution, with pH 2 and 2.5 respectively being optimal. The adsorption data fit well with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The practical limiting adsorption capacity (qmax) calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was 96.05 mg of Cr(VI)/ g of the biosorbent at an initial pH of 2.0 and 66.65 mg/g at pH 2.5. The infrared spectra of the biomass revealed that hydroxyl, carboxyl and amide bonds are involved in the uptake of Cr (VI) and Fe (III) ions. Characterisation of tur dal husk has revealed that it is an excellent material for treating wastewaters containing low concentration of metal ions.     

改性柚子皮吸附剂对模拟废水中Pb^2＋的吸附性能

以废柚子皮为原料,经ZnCl2浸泡一加热的化学改性手段制备改性柚子皮生物吸附剂,并通过模拟试验研究该吸附剂对废水中Pb^2＋的去除。考察了模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Pb^2＋初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂去除Pb^2＋的影响,并研究柚子皮吸附剂对Pb^2＋的吸附动力学及吸附特征。结果表明,模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Pb^2＋初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂吸附废水中Pb^2＋均有显著影响。适宜的吸附条件为pH5．3-6．5,吸附时间1．5h,吸附剂用量10g·L^-1,Pb^2＋初始质量浓度100mg·L^-1,温度30℃。在该条件下,废水中Pb^2＋去除率在90％以上。柚子皮吸附剂对废水中Pb^2＋的吸附符合动力学二级反应方程,等温吸附规律可用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型进行较好的描述。     

pH调节对活性污泥混合液膜过滤性的影响

探讨了用NaOH调节pH值对膜-生物反应器混合液膜过滤性能的影响,并通过分析污泥混合液性质的变化研究其作用机理.试验表明,适当调节pH到碱性,可以使膜过滤性能得到改善.投加碱液使污泥胞外多聚物(EPS)减少,污泥容积指数(SVI)降低,但上清液中总有机碳(TOC)浓度增加.混合液膜过滤性能的改善与污泥SVI的降低密切相关.在碱性条件下,从细胞表面脱落下来的EPS对絮体颗粒的絮凝性有一定促进作用,但效果有限.推测碱液处理使细胞表面的LB-EPS脱落,从而使细胞表面疏水性增加,有利于絮体颗粒之间的絮凝,从而有利于混合液膜过滤性的改善.     

Lead(II) and cadmium(II) removal from aqueous solution using processed walnut shell: kinetic and equilibrium study

The biosorption potential of processed walnut shell for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions was explored. The effects of pH, contact time, initial ion concentration, and amount of dried adsorbent were studied in batch experiments. The maximum adsorption was achieved within the pH range 4.0–6.0. The equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities were found to be 32?g?kg^?1 and 11.6?g?kg^?1 for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions, respectively. Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The structural features of the adsorbent were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed the involvement of hydroxyl (–OH), carboxyl (–COO^–), and carbonyl (C=O) groups in metal sorption. This readily available adsorbent is efficient in the uptake of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from an aqueous solution and could be used for the treatment of wastewater streams bearing these metal ions.     

Biosorption potential of Cr(VI) by Kocuria sp. ASB107, a radio-resistant bacterium isolated from Ramsar,Iran

Heavy metal pollution in soil and wastewater is a worldwide environmental issue in which microorganisms play a significant role for its removal. In the present study, biosorption of Cr(VI) by the live and dead cells of Kocuria sp. ASB107, a radio-resistant bacterium, was investigated. The effect of contact time, solution pH, initial hexavalent chromium concentration and adsorbent dose on biosorption efficiency was studied. Also, live cells were further immobilised on various matrices by different techniques and then were examined for tolerance to chromium biosorption. Experimental results indicated that the removal efficiency of chromium increased with decrease in pH, initial Cr(VI) concentration, and also increase in adsorbent dose and the contact time. The maximum removal efficiency of live and dead cells at acidic pH of 4–4.5, contact time of 24 hours, adsorbent dose 1.6?g/100?mL and initial chromium concentration 25?mg/L were 82.4% and 69.2%, respectively. The adsorption data was described well by Langmuir isotherm model. Among all immobilisation techniques tested, cross-linking showed the highest biosorption of Cr(VI). Results indicated that live cells of Kocuria sp. ASB107 were better than dead ones.     

Formation of disinfection by-products during sodium hypochlorite cleaning of fouled membranes from membrane bioreactors

•HAAs was dominant among the DBPs of interest. •Rising time, dose, temperature and pH raised TCM and HAAs but reduced HANs and HKs. •Low time, dose and temperature and non-neutrality pH reduced toxic risks of DBPs. •The presence of EPS decelerated the production of DBPs. •EPS, particularly polysaccharides were highly resistant to chlorine. Periodic chemical cleaning with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is essential to restore the membrane permeability in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). However, the chlorination of membrane foulants results in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), which will cause the deterioration of the MBR effluent and increase the antibiotic resistance in bacteria in the MBR tank. In this study, the formation of 14 DBPs during chemical cleaning of fouled MBR membrane modules was investigated. Together with the effects of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), influences of reaction time, NaClO dosage, initial pH, and cleaning temperature on the DBP formation were investigated. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trichloromethane (TCM), composed over 90% of the DBPs, were increasingly accumulated as the NaClO cleaning time extended. By increasing the chlorine dosage, temperature, and pH, the yield of TCM and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was increased by up to a factor of 1‒14, whereas the yields of haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloketones (HKs) were decreased. Either decreasing in the chlorine dosage and cleaning temperature or adjusting the pH of cleaning reagents toward acidic or alkaline could effectively reduce the toxic risks caused by DBPs. After the EPS extraction pretreatment, the formation of DBPs was accelerated in the first 12 h due to the damage of biofilm structure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images showed that EPS, particularly polysaccharides, were highly resistant to chlorine and might be able to protect the cells exposed to chlorination.     

Biosorption of chromium(VI), nickel(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions using Pithophora algae

The biosorption of heavy metals is considered to be one of the best alternatives for the treatment of wastewater. The metal binding capacity of algae and acid-treated algae is investigated to find out the removal characteristics of Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from single metal solutions. Batch experiments are conducted and the study is extended to investigate the effect of pH, amount of adsorbent and adsorbate concentration on the extent of biosorption. The results indicate that the adsorption capacity of algae depends strongly on pH. The maximum adsorption of Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Cu(II) occurs at pH values of 2, 7 and 4.3, respectively. The adsorption process follows first-order kinetic equation. The data obtained are correlated with Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms.     

青霉菌对活性艳蓝 KN-R的吸附作用

研究了青霉菌(Penicillium X5)对活性艳蓝KN—R的吸附作用．通过对培养液的波谱分析和宏观现象的观察，结果表明，在72h内，脱色是由吸附引起的．当染料的浓度为100mg/L时，活菌体对染料的吸附率可达88．66％．本实验还研究了对实际应用和吸附过程有影响的几个因素，包括葡萄糖、NaCl、温度和pH.结果表明：葡萄糖浓度在0-20g／L时，随着葡萄糖浓度的增加，菌体的干重相应增加，说明对活性艳蓝KN—R的吸附具有促进作用，但浓度在10-20g／L时，吸附作用不显著；而随着NaCl浓度(0-2％)的增加，吸附率却显著降低．最佳脱色温度为25℃，pH为4．0．活菌体与死菌体的生物吸附均符合Langmuir方程，活菌体比死菌体具有更好的吸附性能．吸附在菌丝体上的染料可以用甲酵进行洗脱，菌丝球在下次使用前用蒸馏水冲洗至pH中性，此菌丝球可重复使用3次．固8表2参11     

氨基化氧化石墨烯(AGO)的制备及其对六价铬的吸附机制

以乙二胺盐酸盐(EDH)为改性剂改性氧化石墨烯(GO),水热法制备氨基化氧化石墨烯(Amino-functionalized;graphene;oxide,AGO).SEM、XRD、FTIR和Zeta电位表征分析发现,AGO表面含有羟基、羧基及氨基基团,Zeta电位为pH=10.14.以水中低浓度六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)为污染物,探讨了乙二胺盐酸盐(EDH)用量、pH、AGO用量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度以及常见干扰离子对AGO吸附Cr(Ⅵ)影响.结果表明,在pH=6.0、7-AGO用量为0.8;mg·L^-1和Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为2.0;mg·L^-1,7-AGO对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率可达95.1%;SO₄^2-会明显抑制AGO对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附.AGO对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程符合二级动力学模型,吸附机制主要为静电作用.     

优势菌种活细胞对天然水体中Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋的吸附

通过对天然水环境———伊通河中优势菌种活细胞吸附Pb2 、Cd2 的研究发现 :pH对Pb2 、Cd2 吸附的影响是不同的 ,对Pb2 的吸附量在 pH =5 .0～ 7.0时变化不大 ,对Cd2 的吸附量在 pH =6 .0～ 8.0时变化不大 ;温度对活细胞吸附Pb2 、Cd2 影响明显不同 ;活细胞对Pb2 、Cd2 的吸附量随着细菌密度的增加而增大 ,随着渗透压的增大而降低 .图 5表 1参 8     

人居生活废弃物生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd^2＋的吸附研究

以人居生活废弃物生物黑炭为材料,探讨生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的吸附动力学及热力学特性,通过平衡吸附法研究吸附时间、Cd^2＋初始质量浓度、吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值以及黑炭粒径对Cd^2＋吸附率的影响。结果表明,吸附时间为2h时基本达到吸附平衡,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的吸附过程。Langmuir模型能较好地描述生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的等温吸附过程,根据该模型模拟得到25℃条件下Cd^2＋最大吸附量为6．22 mg·g^-1 Cd^2＋去除率随生物黑炭投加量的增加而增大;生物黑炭对Cd^2＋吸附量随其粒径减小而增大;溶液初始pH值为4．0-7．5时,pH值变化对Cd2’吸附量的影响不显著。采用人居生活废弃物生物黑炭去除水溶液中Cd^2＋时,控制溶液Cd^2＋初始质量浓度30mg·L^-1,粒径小于0．25mm,投加水平8g·L^-1,反应温度25℃,反应时间1-2h,Cd^2＋去除率可达80％。人居生活废弃物生物黑炭可以作为去除污染水体中Cd^2＋的吸附剂。     

A comparative study of Cu (II) biosorption on Ca-alginate and immobilized live and inactivated Cladosporium sp

Spores of Cladosporium sp. were immobilized into Ca-alginate beads via entrapment. The alginate beads and both entrapped live and inactivated spores of Cladosporium sp. were used for comparison of biosorptive capacity from aqueous solutions. The factors affecting the adsorption ability on Cu (II), such as the contact time, initial pH, temperature were investigated. The results showed that the Ca-alginate beads containing live spores of Cladosporium sp. had the maximum biosorptive capacity. The biosorption equilibrium was established in about 3 h. The maximum biosorption of Cu (II) on Ca-alginate entrapping spores and no spores were obtained between pH 4.0 and 3.5. Temperature over the range of 15-45 degrees C had no significant effect on the biosorption capacity. The biosorptive capacity increased with initial concentrations in the concentration range of 30-800mg/l. The equilibrium was well described by Langmuir biosorption isotherms. The Ca-alginate beads could be regenerated using 0.1M HCl, The biosorbents were reused in three biosorption-desorption cycles with negligible decrease in biosorptive capacity.     

Biosorption of hexavalent chromium and malachite green from aqueous effluents,using Cladophora sp.

Biosorption potential of green macroalgae Cladophora sp., (GAC) for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and malachite green (MG) from aqueous medium was investigated. Optimal conditions for biosorption experiments were determined as a function of initial pH, GAC dosage, temperature and initial concentration of Cr(VI) and MG. The biosorption equilibrium data were fitted with the isotherm models of Langmuir, Freundlich, Kiselev, Frumkin and Jovanovic, while the experimental data were analysed using the kinetic models such as pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Ritchie's and intraparticle diffusion. The Langmuir maximum biosorption capacity was calculated as 100.00?mg/g (Cr(VI)) and 142.85?mg/g (MG). The biosorption kinetic data showed better agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters indicated spontaneous and endothermic nature of the biosorption process for Cr(VI) removal, whereas exothermic in the case of MG removal. Furthermore, the biosorption efficiencies of the GAC reusability were found significant up to five cycles and tested using 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0?M HCl, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that GAC is a suitable biosorbent for the sequestration of Cr(VI) and MG from aqueous solutions.